DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 1
Method
Introduction
The following study involves a survey being completed by participants who may or
may not experience high levels of spirituality despite their attendance at a religious service.
The hypothesis reveals that church attendance does not influence an individual’s
spirituality. . It is predicted that religion or spirituality can improve stress levels and
decrease negative impacts on an individual’s mental health. The data collection method is
discussed in the following paragraphs.
The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) is a self-report instrument designed to
assess ordinary experiences of transcendent connection in an individual’s daily life
(Underwood, 2011). Studies have found that women reported higher regarding the daily
spiritual experience scale than men in the United States. It is not uncommon to see men
report low due to cultural differences and the lack of being open regarding their emotions
and spiritual experiences. However, it is crucial to understand various variables when
surveying both men and women based on culture, religion, careers, and current destination.
Therefore, it is not uncommon to find that women test higher in spirituality levels
especially when it is predictive that women are more likely to attend a religious service to
improve their well-being and health (Underwood, 2011). Therefore, it is common to see
men focus on their career and never attend a religious service to feel that their well-being
is successful.
Recent studies were able to investigate daily spiritual experiences and potential
mental health benefits based on religion and spirituality (Ken, Henderson, Bradshaw,
Ellison, & Wright, 2021). Therefore, religious and spiritual phenomena have led to positive
DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 2
outcomes by lowering stress and depression. Individuals who are religious or spiritual often
attend a religious service, volunteer, and are open to publicly express their religion or
spirituality. However, recent studies measured the attachment theory regarding individuals
who experienced a negative experience with Christianity or a belief in Jesus Christ when
they experienced any hurtful feelings and emotions whether it was hurt by the church, a
miscarriage, death, or personal offenses. However, research found that stress and mental
health have promoted individuals to increase their religious practices in order to manage
any negative emotions and symptoms that an individual may feel or experience.
Many researchers have linked the measure of daily spiritual experiences in order to
study mental health outcomes including all other issues that may arise in an individual’s
life (Ellison & Fan, 2008). Individuals may seek to find closeness and a relationship with
an invisible being because they find peace in what they believe. The feeling and sense of
closeness with an invisible being is more likely to encourage high levels of spirituality
(Prusak & Wasiewicz, 2021). k Therefore, religion and spirituality is likely to improve an
individual’s well-being and mental health. Daily spiritual experiences have been found to
be a helpful tool and factor for individuals who struggle with daily stressors, depression,
anxiety, and other chronic medical illnesses (Koenig, Pearce, Nelson, & Erkanli, 2016).
Although individuals may not always be able to avoid stress and mental health issues, it is
crucial that an individual is able to find peace and comfort, whether it is through their
religion, spirituality, or anything that provides comfort for their personal well-being.
Participants
DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 3
The study had a total of 20 participants. There were 18 female participants and 2
male participants. All of the participants were volunteers in the study. All of the
participants completed the survey online through a link that was provided by e-mail.
Materials
The survey was administered online with a privacy disclosure which explained that
all answers were anonymous and that their information would not be shared publicly
because the survey is for educational purposes only. The survey is created with two
demographic questions, six daily spiritual experience questions, and three church attendance
questions. The two demographic questions inquired the age of the participant and their
biological gender of each individual. The three church attendance questions inquired how
often they attend a religious service, how often they pray, and whether they feel religion
plays an important role in handling stressful situations.
Procedure
The research method was correlational. The participants took the survey online. The
participants had to confirm that they were 15 years of age or older to participant before
being allowed access to the survey. The participants were given access to the survey
through an internet link by e-mail. The participants were given as much time as they
needed to complete each question and were not allowed to complete the survey more than
once.
Analysis
A Spearman's correlation will be used to determine whether there is a link between
an individual's spirituality and/or religion and their reported stress levels in their daily
lives. Each question that is affiliated with spirituality are averaged ranging from 1-5, with
DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 4
higher numbers which indicated greater spirituality levels. By analyzing each individual’s
answers, this will reveal whether church attendance is an important factor for an individual
to experience spirituality. By analyzing each individual’s answers will also reveal whether
prayer enhances their spirituality and if their spirituality improves their daily lifestyle
including stress levels, anxiety, and depression.
DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 5
References
Ellison, C. G., & Fan, D. (2008). Daily spiritual experiences and psychological well-being
among US adults. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 247-271.
Kent, B. V., Henderson, W. M., Bradshaw, M., Ellison, C. G., & Wright, B. R. E. (2021).
Do daily spiritual experiences moderate the effect of stressors on psychological well-
being? A smartphone-based experience sampling study of depressive symptoms and
flourishing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 31(2), 57-78.
Koenig, H. G., Pearce, M. J., Nelson, B., & Erkanli, A. (2016). Effects on daily spiritual
experiences of religious versus conventional cognitive behavioral therapy for
depression. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(5), 1763-1777.
Prusak, J., & Wasiewicz, J. (2021). The experience and correlates of God’s silence among
christians. Religions (Basel, Switzerland ), 12(7), 532.
Underwood, L. G. (2011). The daily spiritual experience scale: Overview and results.
Religions, 2(1), 29-50.
DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 6
Appendix
Disclosure:
I'm requesting that you complete this survey as part of the requirements for my statistics
project in a graduate level psychology course at Liberty University Online. Your responses
will be kept completely confidential. This survey will not collect any personal information
about you. Please do not fill out the survey with your name or any other identifying
information. The survey results will be used solely for educational purposes and will not
be published or made available to the general public. To participate in this survey, you
must be at least 15 years old.
Directions:
Please select the option that applies to you for the "demographic questions." When
answering the "daily spiritual experience" questions, consider how frequently you have
each of these examples and circle the one that most resonates with you on a scale of 1 to
6, with 1 being "many times a day" and 6 being "never or almost never." Finally, please
fill in your response to the "church attendance" question. Make sure to only respond to
one question at a time.
Example:
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
6
Many times
a day
Every day
Most Days
Some Days
Once in a
while
Never or
almost
never
Demographic Questions
1. What is your gender? (Male/Female)
2. How old are you?
Daily Spiritual Experience Questions
1. I feel or experience God’s presence:
DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 7
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Never
Once a year
or less
Few times
a year
Few times
a month
Once a week
More than
once a week
2. I feel comfort regarding my religion or spirituality:
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Uncertain
Agree
Strongly Agree
3. I experience a sense of strength in my religion or spirituality:
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Uncertain
Agree
Strongly Agree
4. I feel or experience a deep inner peace or harmony based on my spirituality or
religion:
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Uncertain
Agree
Strongly Agree
5. I feel or experience God’s love for me through the comfort of others:
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Uncertain
Agree
Strongly Agree
DAILY SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE 8
6. I feel or experience God’s love for me directly:
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Uncertain
Agree
Strongly Agree
Church Attendance Questions:
7. Based on average visits, I attend a religious service each month (excluding
holidays):
8. How often do you pray privately or pray at a religious service?
9. How involved is your religious or spiritual tradition in understanding or dealing
with stressful situations?
