k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 1
Descriptive statistics were used for this section.
FREQUENCIES
Frequency statistics were used for the sex variable because the data was a
categorical variable. Therefore, descriptive statistics would not have been helpful
as the categories are not ordered.
TABLEK 1
PARTICIPANTS
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K STATISTICS
SEX
N
Valid
Missing
20
0
This table indicates that the total number of participants involved in the study was
20, with no missing information.
TABLEK 2
NUMBERK OFK PARTICIPANTS
K
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 2
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K SEX
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Presentation
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Female
Male
Total
10
10
20
50.0
50.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
From the output above, male participants were ten and female participants, each
representing 50% of the participants in the study.
DESCRIPTIVEK ANALYSIS
k k k k k k k k k Descriptive analyses of the age variable indicated that the youngest
participant was 18 years old while the oldest was 56 years. The mean age of the
sample was M = 40.25, SD = 12. 62 years.
HYPOTHESISK TESTING
In the current section, statistical analyses were used to test the significance of the
relationship between job satisfaction and spirituality. The study projected a
significant positive relationship between job satisfaction and spirituality based on
the reviewed literature. A simple regression was the appropriate statistical test
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 3
since the dependent (job satisfaction) and the independent (spirituality) were
quantitative variables.
TABLEK 3
VARIABLES
DESCRIPTIVEK STATISTICS
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Job satisfactory
68.50
16.195
20
spirituality
90.70
26.232
20
Table 3 above shows the descriptive summary of the independent and dependent
variables of the study. Mean Job satisfaction was M – 68.50, SD = 16.20. On the
other hand, the mean spirituality among the participants was M =90.70, SD =
26.23.
TABLEK 4
REGRESSIONK MODEL
MODELK SUMMARY
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. The
error in the
Estimate
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 4
1
.642a
.412
.379
12.758
a. Predictors: (Constant), spirituality
Table 5 above summarizes the goodness of fit of the regression model. The model
had a coefficient of R2 = 0.412, which indicated it accounted for 41.2% variation in
job satisfaction. The coefficient correlation suggests a moderate positive
relationship between job satisfaction and spirituality. An increase in spirituality with
one score led to a 0.642 increase in job satisfaction.
TABLEK 5
ANOVA
Model
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
2053.109
1
2053.109
12.613
.002b
Residual
2929.891
18
162.772
Total
4983.000
19
Table 4 above shows ANOVA for the regression model. The result of the ANOVA
suggests that spirituality is a significant predictor of job satisfaction, F (1,18) =
12.61, p = 0.02, at a 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, there is enough evidence
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 5
to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the level of spirituality is significant
in determining job satisfaction among workers.
TABLEK 6
MODELK COEFFICIENTK SUMMARY
COEFFICIENTS
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
32.558
10.515
3.096
.006
spirituality
.396
.112
.642
3.552
.002
a. Dependent Variable: Job satisfactory
Table 5 above shows a summary of the model coefficients. The model suggests
that the job satisfaction score for absolutely non-spiritual individuals was M =
32.56, SE = 10.52. Job satisfaction increased by 0.396 for each unit increase in
spirituality. The table also indicates the significance of spirituality in predicting jobs
satisfaction.
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K DISCUSSION
The study described above used a sample of ten male and ten female participants
to investigate the relationship between spirituality and job satisfaction. The study
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 6
used regression analyses to evaluate the significance of spirituality in predicting
job satisfaction. The regression results indicated that spirituality predicted job
satisfaction significantly and accounted for 41.2% of the variation in job
satisfaction.
The study results align with Dennis et al. (2003), who found a positive and
significant correlation between religiousness and job satisfaction in a multinational
study that included participants from 38 countries. The study noted that religious
workers view their work as a service to others, leading to a higher satisfaction
level. The result of the current research is also supported by Horvath (2015), who
found that religious bank CEOs were more satisfied with their work than non-
religious CEOs. The study attributed the positive correlation to spiritual leaders'
trust levels, leading to better job performance and, ultimately, job satisfaction.
Finally, the results are backed by Koenig and Bussing's (2010) findings. Their study
found that job satisfaction mediated the relationship between spirituality and health
outcomes. Koenig and Bussing's study found evidence suggesting that spiritual
workers exhibited better physical results, including BMI, than non-spiritual workers.
The study further found that the relationship was mediated by satisfaction.
While the study found a significant relationship between spirituality and
satisfaction, its results are limited by scales used to measure the variables. There
were no tests to establish the relationship between the validity and reliability of the
measures. Therefore, there is a chance that the scales do not measure the
intended attributes of spirituality and job satisfaction.
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 7
The current study results have implications for managers and business owners
worldwide. The study suggests that job satisfaction can be improved by spiritual
practice. Given the importance of job satisfaction in improving job efficiency,
managers can encourage spirituality to enhance job satisfaction. The study
suggests a similar analysis to investigate the relationship between spirituality and
mental health outcomes. The research is imperative due to the growing number of
mental health patients worldwide.
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K REFERENCES
Health Education, 34(5),297-301. k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
k k k k k k k k k k k https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2003.10603566 Links to an
external site.
Horvath, M. (2015). Predicting Work Outcomes from Religiosity and Perceived
Calling. The Career Development Quarterly, 63(2), 141-155. k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12010 Links to an external site.
Koenig, H. G., & Bussing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): a
five-item measure used in epidemiological studies. k k k k
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k Religions, 1(1), 78-85
