Descriptive statistics were used for this section.
Frequencies
Frequency statistics were used for the sex variable because the data was
a categorical variable. Therefore, descriptive statistics would not have
been helpful as the categories are not ordered.
Table 1
Participants
Statistics
Sex
N
Valid
Missing
20
0
This table indicates that the total number of participants involved in the
study was 20, with no missing information.
Table 2
Number of Participants
Sex
Frequency Percent Valid
Presentation
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Female
Male
Total
10
10
20
50.0
50.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
From the output above, male participants were ten and female
participants, each representing 50% of the participants in the study.
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive analyses of the age variable indicated that the
youngest participant was 18 years old while the oldest was 56 years. The
mean age of the sample was M = 40.25, SD = 12. 62 years.
Hypothesis Testing
In the current section, statistical analyses were used to test the
significance of the relationship between job satisfaction and spirituality.
The study projected a significant positive relationship between job
satisfaction and spirituality based on the reviewed literature. A simple
regression was the appropriate statistical test since the dependent (job
satisfaction) and the independent (spirituality) were quantitative
variables.
Table3
Variables
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Job
satisfactory 68.50 16.195 20
spirituality 90.70 26.232 20
Table 3 above shows the descriptive summary of the independent and
dependent variables of the study. Mean Job satisfaction was M – 68.50, SD
= 16.20. On the other hand, the mean spirituality among the participants
was M =90.70, SD = 26.23.
Table4
Regression Model
Model Summary
Mode
lRR
Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. The
error in the
Estimate
1.642a.412 .379 12.758
a. Predictors: (Constant), spirituality
Table 5 above summarizes the goodness of fit of the regression model.
The model had a coefficient of R2= 0.412, which indicated it accounted for
41.2% variation in job satisfaction. The coefficient correlation suggests a
moderate positive relationship between job satisfaction and spirituality.
An increase in spirituality with one score led to a 0.642 increase in job
satisfaction.
Table 5
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares df Mean
Square F Sig.
1
Regressio
n2053.109 1 2053.109 12.613 .002b
Residual 2929.891 18 162.772
Total 4983.000 19
Table 4 above shows ANOVA for the regression model. The result of the
ANOVA suggests that spirituality is a significant predictor of job
satisfaction, F (1,18) = 12.61, p = 0.02, at a 0.05 level of significance.
Therefore, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that the level of spirituality is significant in determining job
satisfaction among workers.
Table6
Model Coefficient Summary
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients t Sig.
BStd. Error Beta
1
(Constant
)32.558 10.515 3.096 .006
spirituali
ty .396 .112 .642 3.552 .002
a. Dependent Variable: Job satisfactory
Table 5 above shows a summary of the model coefficients. The model
suggests that the job satisfaction score for absolutely non-spiritual
individuals was M = 32.56, SE = 10.52. Job satisfaction increased by 0.396
for each unit increase in spirituality. The table also indicates the
significance of spirituality in predicting jobs satisfaction.
Discussion
The study described above used a sample of ten male and ten female
participants to investigate the relationship between spirituality and job
satisfaction. The study used regression analyses to evaluate the
significance of spirituality in predicting job satisfaction. The regression
results indicated that spirituality predicted job satisfaction significantly
and accounted for 41.2% of the variation in job satisfaction.
The study results align with Dennis et al. (2003), who found a positive and
significant correlation between religiousness and job satisfaction in a
multinational study that included participants from 38 countries. The
study noted that religious workers view their work as a service to others,
leading to a higher satisfaction level. The result of the current research is
also supported by Horvath (2015), who found that religious bank CEOs
were more satisfied with their work than non-religious CEOs. The study
attributed the positive correlation to spiritual leaders' trust levels, leading
to better job performance and, ultimately, job satisfaction. Finally, the
results are backed by Koenig and Bussing's (2010) findings. Their study
found that job satisfaction mediated the relationship between spirituality
and health outcomes. Koenig and Bussing's study found evidence
suggesting that spiritual workers exhibited better physical results,
including BMI, than non-spiritual workers. The study further found that the
relationship was mediated by satisfaction.
While the study found a significant relationship between spirituality and
satisfaction, its results are limited by scales used to measure the
variables. There were no tests to establish the relationship between the
validity and reliability of the measures. Therefore, there is a chance that
the scales do not measure the intended attributes of spirituality and job
satisfaction.
The current study results have implications for managers and business
owners worldwide. The study suggests that job satisfaction can be
improved by spiritual practice. Given the importance of job satisfaction in
improving job efficiency, managers can encourage spirituality to enhance
job satisfaction. The study suggests a similar analysis to investigate the
relationship between spirituality and mental health outcomes. The
research is imperative due to the growing number of mental health
patients worldwide.
References
Dennis, D., & Dennis, B. (2003). [email protected]. American
Journal Of Health Education, 34(5),297-301.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2003.10603566 (Links to an external
site.)
Horvath, M. (2015). Predicting Work Outcomes from Religiosity and
Perceived Calling. The Career Development Quarterly, 63(2), 141-155.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12010 (Links to an external site.)
Koenig, H. G., & Bussing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index
(DUREL): a five-item measure used in epidemiological studies.
Religions, 1(1), 78-85
