THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT ON PROTEST PARTICIPATION

Introduction

The context in which a protest event takes place heavily shapes who participates,

why they participate, and how they get mobilized to participate.

Comparative research designs make it possible to reveal how the micro-level

participation of individuals links to the macro-level sociopolitical context.

Such comparisons can be made across different issues, movements, time periods,

and geographic/national contexts (spaces).

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Comparing Protest Participation Across Space, Time, and Movements

Cross-national comparisons of similar protests reveal strong variation in the size,

composition, and motivations of participants based on context.

Comparing protests on different issues shows how the demographics, attitudes, and

motivations of protesters shift based on the issue.

Time comparisons let researchers examine cycles of mobilization and demobilization

within movements over their lifespan.

Understanding the Role of Sociopolitical Context

Relevant Socioeconomic Factors

Economic prosperity gives people more resources to enable participation, but

inequality heightens grievances that spur protest.

Relevant Political Factors

The political system type (democracy level) and openness of institutions shape the

opportunities available for protest.

Perceived corruption reduces efficacy but also heightens grievances, causing complex

protest effects.

Relevant Cultural Factors

Democratic cultural values and norms encourage elite-challenging political

participation.

Social trust facilitates mobilization by enabling cooperative activity.

Protest Participation and Party Politics

Movement politics and party politics offer two routes for citizens to wield political

influence.

The mobilization potential available differs between the electoral/party arena and

protest/movement arena.

There is increasing interplay observed between social movements and election

campaigns.

Lessons from a Comparative Study

A multi-country study revealed different grievances and readiness to protest

between new and old democracies.

Among new democracies, post-authoritarian citizens are generally more politically

active than post-communist ones.

Views on immigration diverge: it mobilizes citizens in old democracies more than

those in new ones.

More than actual context, people's perceived world heavily impacts their

participation.

Conclusion

Context dynamically shapes the demand for protest, supply of opportunities, and

mobilization processes.

The perceived world matters even more than objective contextual factors in driving

behavior.

Thoughtful comparative designs reveal how macro-level sociopolitical contexts link to

micro-level participation.

THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT ON PROTEST PARTICIPATION

Students also viewed