Annotated Bibliography Assignment
Abbas, J., Dogan, E. (2022). The impacts of organizational green culture and corporate social
responsibility on employees’ responsible behavior towards the society. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 29(40), 60024-60034.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20072-w.
In this article, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and organizational green culture
(OGC) are explored and examined to understand their role in shaping employees’
behaviors in society. The OGC refers to a company's values, mission, and beliefs, while
the CSR refers to a company's business needs, such as their identity of goals, profits, and
what sets them apart from other companies. This study employs operant conditioning to
investigate the impact of CSR and OGC on employees in public and private
environments. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning explains that people are more
likely to continue a behavior if there is a positive consequence. Companies rely on
employees who live for their mission, values, and policies. The data is collected by using
a technique called structural equation modelling (SEM). With operant conditioning and
the SEM technique, it was determined that employees behave in a socially responsible
way in society due to the significant role of CSR and OGC activities. In addition to these
findings, this study suggests that all companies should acquire corporate social
responsibility and organizational green culture because their employees feel and act
better, which plays an essential role in all of society. Employees who foster the CSR and
OGC culture start to adopt it as their personality, which strengthens their reputation as
well as the company's reputation in a positive way.
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This study confirms that the operant conditioning theory plays a role in the
connection between how employees act at work and how similar their behavior is outside
of work. This theory solely focuses on how a behavior is more likely to occur frequently
depending on the consequence of the response. With the findings of this article, and that
employees who work at companies that live by the green culture are shown to have the
same energy in society, not just as employees. Employees comply with Skinner’s theory
of operant conditioning, showing that when there is a positive influence on behavior,
there are positive consequences.
Adelina, N., Chiu, C. H. M., Lam, K., Takano, K., & Barry, T. (2023). Social operant
conditioning of autobiographical memory sharing. Behaviour Research and Therapy.,
168, 104385–104385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2023.104385
In this article, social operant conditioning is used to better understand its influence on the
ability to recall specific memories and events. Although it can be challenging in being
able to recall certain memories due to the wide range of different mental health
diagnoses, there is still an importance in understanding the social mechanisms.
Throughout this article, research is conducted to investigate a person’s willingness to
share their memories. Research keeps in mind the effect of verbal and non-verbal social
mechanisms, as they play a vital role in how the participants share their autobiographical
memories. The participants who were involved in this research shared their experiences
and memories with a mediator who logged their memories as specific or non-specific.
Depending on the behavior of the participant, the mediator would respond with an
engaged manner, a dismissive manner, or even no feedback at all. Research showed that
the participants would be reinforced by whether they shared specific or non-specific
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memories; those who did not give specifics were punished. They were more likely to
share specific memories in comparison to when the mediator provided no feedback. With
the research shared in this article, it was determined that how we respond as listeners can
affect and influence a person’s willingness to be vulnerable and share specific details
from their past.
Throughout this article, on social operant conditioning of autobiographical memory
sharing is discussed. An experiment was conducted that was one of the first to determine if it was
possible to modify specific autobiographical memories with the use of operant conditioning,
using reinforcement and punishment. It was pointed out that society and the environments that
surround us play a role in our autobiographical memories, as well as mental health. However, if
people are faced with engaging people who care about what the other is saying and show
interest, it will encourage people to share more specific memories, rather than when people feel
dismissed for sharing non-specific memories.
Kienzler, J., Voss, T., & Wittwer, J. (2023). Student teachers’ conceptual knowledge of operant
conditioning: How can case comparison support knowledge acquisition? Instructional
Science, 51(4), 639-659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-023-09627-7
In this article, operant conditioning highlights the importance for teachers to use this
method as it can contribute to helping students from misbehaving. Throughout the
research, which included 181 student teachers, they were able to determine that case
comparison is promoted by using operant conditioning. It was also shown that knowledge
acquisition increased by having more help and guidance throughout the case comparison.
Typically, if employees are set up for success by having the guidance and support from
others, they will feel more confident and learn more efficiently. In addition to these
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findings, the student teachers’ beliefs and how strongly they felt about the effectiveness
of operant conditioning played an influential role in the case comparisons. By using this
approach more in schools, teachers will learn how to handle misbehaving children better
and learn how to prevent bad behavior in advance. There are numerous challenges that a
student teacher will face daily. In promoting the acquisition of concepts with operant
conditioning, student teachers will feel empowered and learn flexibility in adapting their
behavior in certain situations. The article shared that teachers need to stay proactive to
prevent students from acting in a negative manner, which includes monitoring the
students’ behavior, being aware of their surroundings, ensuring everything is running
smoothly, and establishing a routine that is clear and maintainable for all students.
This article is important in providing a better understanding of operant conditioning and
its benefits by showing insight into how it can be beneficial in everyday life for a teacher or
babysitter. Operant conditioning can cause skepticism for some solely because of people not
having a good understanding of what operant conditioning is or its principles. An example that is
used in this article explains the principle of positive reinforcement and how it is a relational
system followed by a consequence that could strengthen a behavior. Operant conditioning
determines how a person is going to react after a positive or negative consequence is received.
Positive reinforcement can strengthen a behavior by adding positive consequences. However, if
the consequence is negative, there is a punishment, decreasing the likelihood of the behavior.
This article can provide a better understanding for student teachers of how to manage
misbehaving students and how to try and prevent those behaviors in the future.
Schillinger, H. (2021). The impact of B. F. Skinner’s science of operant learning on early
childhood research, theory, treatment, and care. Early Development and Care,
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191(7-8), 1089-1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1855155.
In this article, B. F. Skinner’s discovery of operant conditioning is explained in ways that
share how this type of learning can provide a better understanding of children’s
development, their education, and treatments. The research in this article shows how
behavioral changes that take place in the developmental stages of a child’s life are also
the foundation for Skinner’s experimental, theoretical, and practical methodologies.
Throughout their research, they explain the key factors, such as cultural, biological, and
environmental factors, that are essential and play a vital role in the development of
others. It is shared that the behaviors of infants are already showing signs of operant
conditioning by their fixations, such as head turning, smiling, and imitation. In addition
to the research, it is proven that social interaction influences behaviors in development
that include vocalizing and babbling in the early stages of life. When a parent or
caregiver responds to the infant when they start to vocalize, their behavior with crying or
screaming becomes a reinforcer. The combination of research, theorists, and practitioners
in this article extended the operant conditioning research into the development of early
childhood. Skinner’s discoveries significantly contributed to this article, providing a
better understanding of child education, development, and treatment.
B. F. Skinner is highlighted throughout this article, and his theory of operant
conditioning influenced psychology and other disciplines, making it a possible selection
for a summative final research paper. Even though Skinner was not an early childhood
theorist, and this article heavily focuses on childhood development, his discovery of
operant conditioning made it possible to better understand the behavior of children. In
addition to this study shows how operant conditioning helps treat behaviors and develop
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children. In addition to being beneficial due to sharing aspects on how operant learning
plays a vital role in how certain factors, such as avoidance, can affect humanity.
Singh, T., Frings, C., & Walther, E. (2024). Two roads leading to the same evaluative
conditioning effect? Stimulus-response binding versus operant conditioning.
Cognition and Emotion, 38(5), 825-833. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2024.2323741
This article explains how operant conditioning can influence an evaluative conditioning
(EC) effect. Evaluative conditioning is when there is a behavior change which is due to a
stimulus that can be positive or negative, this stimulus changes in liking or disliking a
stimulus. There are stimulus-based mechanisms and action-based mechanisms; both can
play a key role in influencing evaluative conditioning. As well as pairing a positive or
negative action with a neutral stimulus, which is known as stimulus-response binding (S-
R). In addition to this research, operant conditioning also has evaluative conditioning
effects. A study was done in this article that focused on comparing EC effects that were
influenced by stimulus-response bindings and operant conditioning. The participants who
were involved in this study were exposed to the two different influences, S-R binding
activity and an operant conditioning activity. In the experiment, the participants were
asked to respond to an arrow pointing to the left or right, followed by a positive or
negative response. Since operant conditioning is based upon the learning of
consequences, the responses of the participants were valuable to this experiment. The
results showed that S-R binding and operant conditioning did not show many differences
when comparing how they influence the evaluative conditioning effect.
The importance of this article and how it could be selected for a summative final research
project because it shows how operant conditioning can be a learning acquisition for people, but it
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can also be included in the evaluative conditioning effect. As a society, our attitudes affect the
people around us and our actions on how we decide to live our daily lives. This article sheds
light on how attitudes can be learned by association with other objects, and as a person, they
might have already formed their own opinion if they enjoy or dislike it. By having a better
understanding of the formation of an attitude and how it pairs with other positive or negative
stimuli, society can have a better understanding of not only evaluative conditioning but also
operant conditioning.
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