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I have been inclined to study the relationship between
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and friendships in
adolescents. I found that several studies have been conducted during the
past five years about the correlation of these topics. I discovered two
empirical articles of interest that I’d like to discuss with you. The first
article is called ‘Friendship Quality in Adolescents with ADHD.’ This article
was written in 2017 with a research question of: does the quality of
friendships differ for adolescents with and without ADHD? The sample
size was 115 adolescents and 61 of them were diagnosed with ADHD
while 54 of them were not (Rokeach & Weiner, 2017). Parental consent
was obtained for each participant per the requirements of the Ethical
Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological
Association, 2022). The variables of interest were the diagnosis or lack or
diagnosis of ADHD (independent variable) and friendship support
(dependent variable).
 The research study utilized a survey method where the
participants self-identified as having or not having an
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis. Their diagnosis was also
confirmed using the third edition of the Conners rating scale. The results
of the dependent variable were gathered using a self-reporting measure
where the participants listed their perceived levels of social support and
negative interactions within their friendships. This information was
gathered using a 24-item survey with a 5-point scale. The results showed
that social support decreased for individuals with ADHD; but the number
of negative friendship interactions did not differ between the two groups.
It was concluded that the quality of friendships was diminished by having
an ADHD diagnosis (Rokeach & Weiner, 2017).
 An alternate study by Cynthia Beristain and Judith Wiener, who
was also involved in the previous study, asked: what are the friendship
experiences adolescents face due to their ADHD? The sample size for the
study was nine adolescents between the ages of 16 and 18 with a
diagnosis of ADHD. There were four male participants and 5 female
participants. The participants of this study also had their diagnoses
verified using the Conners rating scale. The independent variables for the
study were the adolescents with ADHD and the dependent variable was
their friendship experiences. Interviews were used to collect the data by
asking the participants open-ended questions. Cross-case analysis was
conducted to ensure the questions validly related to social problems
caused by ADHD. The results concluded that the social issues the
adolescents faced were loneliness, isolation, peer rejection, feeling
‘different or weird,’ and conflictual friendships (Beristain & Wiener,2020).
 These articles worked together to verify my hypothesis that
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder negatively affects friendships in
adolescents. The articles used two different approaches to studying
ADHD and friendships. The first study measured the social support
differences between people who did and did not have ADHD. The second
study already assumed the negative correlation between ADHD and
friendships. It studied the types of problems adolescents with ADHD face
in their social lives. Both articles conclude that there is a strong
relationship between ADHD and friendships in adolescents. I believe it
would be conducive to study the relationship between ADHD and
friendships in other populations such as children and adults.
References
American Psychological Association. (2022). Ethical Principles of
Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.apa.org/ethics/code (Links to an external site.)
Beristain, C. & Wiener J. (2020).Finding True Friendships: The friendship
Experiences of Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder.Canadian Journal of School Psychology.Retrieved
fromhttps://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1177/0829573520931679 (Link
s to an external site.)
Rokeach, A. & Weiner, J. (2017). Friendship Quality in Adolescents with
ADHD.Journal of Attention Disorder. Retrieved fromhttps://doi-
org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1177/1087054717735380
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