LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT
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Literature Review Assignment
Royal P McHenry
Helm School of Law/Government- PLCY-804
Liberty University
Dr. Howard Cheek
June 16, 2024
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT
Introduction
"Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you who hunger
now, for you will be satisfied. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh"(Luke 6:20-2).
"He saves the needy from the sword in their mouth; he saves them from the clutches of the
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powerful. So the poor have hope, and injustice shuts its mouth"(Job 5:15-17) "Whoever shuts
their ears to the cry of the poor will also cry out and not be answered"(Proverbs 21:13). "The
generous will themselves be blessed, for they share their food with the poor" (Proverbs 22:9).
"But now as for what is inside you, be generous to the poor, and everything will be clean for
you"(Luke 11:41). "When you give a banquet, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, the blind,
and you will be blessed. Although they cannot repay you, you will be repaid at the resurrection
of the righteous" (Luke 14:13–14). According to https://gfmag.com/data/richest-countries-in-
theworld/ the United States is within the top ten richest countries in the world.
Research Question:
R1: It is not known and to what extent federalism interact with homelessness’s securing
medical services, food, clothing and shelter.
Descriptive Analogy
An important conceptualization from a Christian’s prospective of the people who
appears to be suffering most in this country are the homeless. The scriptures provide the earlier
Israelites legitimate collected taxes in political and religious sectors. Unlike the olden days of
citizenship and human rights, our covenant documentation provides human and unalienable
rights. The constitution of the United States of America centralize and decentralized provide an
functional federalism that incorporates taxes, funding and grants for urban renewal, Medicaid,
social work, homeland security, infrastructure and a few other government funded programs as
maybe necessary for the greater good of the people.
According to Lopez, L. (2021) “The United States is a nation composed of 300 million
people with an estimated 554,000 individuals experiencing homelessness on any given night”
(Taylor, 2019 & Lopez, 2021 p 3). “The latest PIT count found that out of the estimated 650,000
homeless individuals in the United States (HUD, 2023), 7% of them were homeless in rural areas
(National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2023)” (Flores, 2023 p 1 & Williams, 2024 p 1). There
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are several phases of federalism that is essential for the intergovernmental day to day operation
to be effective such as, (1) Cooperative Federalism (Fischman, 2005 p 183), (3) Devolution
Federalism (Hassan, 2019 p 1) (3) Dual Federalism (Sofi 2021 & Barsky, 2022), (4) New
Federalism (Johnson, 1966). Federalism it is not constitutionally directive by the federal
systems. However, in further analogy we look toward the science of politics. Elazar’s view of
federalism declares, in order to have political order there must be political justice; (2)
maintaining a reality of political power is empirical in nature and exercise with the
understanding of the empirical findings” (Elazar 1987 p 1). “That is, federal theory, to be good
theory, must prove itself empirically, and the practical application of federal arrangements must
always rest on some set of theoretical principles” (Elazar 1987 p xii).
To analysis the U.S. intergovernmental relations. “Federalism can be used to better learn
about and understand the establishment and evolution of U.S. intergovernmental relations”
(O’Toole, et al 2013 p 168). From an empirical point of analogy federalism is to political science
as research methods such as qualitative, quantitative and mix-methods is to scientific research.
Each of the methods can define what empirical data represents by designs. Therefore in order
to conclude the significance of federalism we must understand the meta-analysis of (1) dual
federalism (1789– 1933); (2) cooperative federalism (1933–1981); (3) creative federalism (1963–
69) (4) regulatory federalism (1981-1989) (5) new federalism (1977-1981–present) and
(6) fiscal federalism-1959-1972, and how they apply as specific designs to get empirical data.
After the expansion of dual federalism, cooperative federalism became the grounds of common
operation for both levels of government to thread upon. This means the designs of federalism
must be implemented in order for the intergovernmental relations to remain functional.
On November 11, 1966, “The Memorandum on the Need for Creative Federalism
through cooperation with state and local officials was implemented by Lyndon B Johnson
declaring the most effective model of federalism was creative federalism by way of cooperation
of the states and federal systems.
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“If Federal assistance programs to State and local governments are to achieve their
goals, more is needed than money alone. Effective organization, management and
administration are required at each level of government. These programs must be
carried out jointly; therefore, they should be worked out and planned in a cooperative
spirit with those chief officials of State, county and local governments who are
answerable to their citizens. To the fullest practical extent I want you to take steps to
afford representatives of the chief executives of State and local government the
opportunity to advise and consult in the development and execution of programs which
directly affect the conduct of State and local affairs” (Johnson 1966).
Johnson suggested creative federalism would be more applicable to the circumstance of
the unmet needs of the homeless populations as well as programs that’s developed outside the
administrative departments. “Creative federalism is the process of the federal government
providing financial aid for states to implement, improve, and develop programs aimed to
alleviate poverty through various initiatives” (Johnson 1966; O'Toole Jr & Meier, 2004 p 1).
Nationally, hardships and deprivations of health care affect the minority populations in
most inner city and rural areas. In particular, individuals experiencing homelessness often
encounter numerous obstacles to receiving health care services (Lee 2023). “In one survey done
nationally, it had been noted that 73% of the respondents reported at least one unmet health
need. These unmet needs included the inability to obtain needed medical or surgical care
(32%), prescription medications (36%), mental health care (21%), eyeglasses (41%), and dental
care
(41%) (Travis, 2010)” (Lopez, 2021 p 1).
Application
The Biden administration of the United States of America cabinet member Todman, Adrianne
heads the housing and urban department. “Each year federal agencies receive funding from Congress,
known as budgetary resources. In FY 2024, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
had $278.37 Billion distributed among its 8 sub-components” (HUD 2024 p 1). Just recently, “May 7,
2024 Biden-Harris Administration Announces $5.5 Billion in Grants for Affordable Housing, Community
Development, and Homeless Assistance to Drive Economic Growth” (HUD 2024 p 1) These funds are
distributed to 1,200 communities for programs for local need, community resilience, creating jobs, and
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facilitating housing. Some of these programs are not derivatives of the administration of either federal or
state but local municipalities and city ordinances. ). It has been established the 1946 Administrative
Procedure Act, was best practices to engage overlapping and intergovernmental traditions due
to bureaucratic system our government is built upon (Ernst, 2014).
Conclusion
However, it is my belief the additional empirical findings of the cooperative federalism
may not have been as effective in the distribution of funds for programs to meet the unmet
needs of the minorities and homeless. The vision of Lyndon B Johnson in 1966 establish the
creative operation of federalism under the umbrella of cooperative federalism was of necessity.
Thank you Dr. Cheek for this great and blessed opportunity to share. Happy Father’s Day. Your
brother in Christ, Minister: Royal McHenry.
REFERENCE
Barsky, B. A. (2022). Dual federalism, constitutional openings, and the Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities. U. Pa. J. Const. L., 24, 345.
Elazar, D. J. (1998). Covenant and constitutionalism: the great frontier and the matrix of federal
democracy (Vol. 3). TransactionPublishers.https://www.google.com/books/edition/
Exploring_ Federalism/0CQBBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Elazar,+D.+J.++
(1987).+Exploring+Federalism.++The+University+of+Alabama+Press&pg=PR7&prints
Ernst, D. R. (2014). Tocqueville's nightmare: the administrative state emerges in America,
19001940. Oxford University Press,USA.https://commons.stmarytx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1540&context=facarticles
Fischer, D. H. (1989). Albion's seed: Four British folkways in America (Vol. 1). America: A
Cultural History.
https://jessewoodsonjames.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/0/8/
12083819/fischer-albionsseed.pdf
Fischman, R. L. (2005). Cooperative federalism and natural resources law. NYU Envtl. LJ, 14,
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https://www.nyuelj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/v14_n1_fischman.pdf
Flores, I. (2022). Homelessness Update. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5cb7e5637
d0c9145fa68863e/t/65c2caa7a7b4665db9b19ca9/1707264679872/Isaiah+Flores+
+BHUA+-+EDITED.pdf
Hassan, M. (2019). Federalism and devolution. In Routledge Handbook of Democratization in
Africa (pp. 91-103). Routledge.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/
10.4324/9781315112978-7/federalism-devolution-mai-hassan
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (2024) https://www.usaspending.gov/
agency/department-of-housing-and-urban-development?fy=2024179. https://www.
nyuelj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/v14_n1_fischman.pdf
Johnson, L. B. (1966). Memorandum on the Need for «Creative Federalism» Through
Cooperation with State and Local Officials. URL: http://www. presidency. ucsb. edu/ws.
Kirk, R. (2023). The roots of American order. Simon and Schuster.
https://www.usni.org/ magazines/ naval-history-magazine/2024/june/invasion-
fleet-liberated-europe
Lee, J. J., Jagasia, E., & Wilson, P. R. (2023). Addressing health disparities of individuals
experiencing homelessness in the US with community institutional partnerships: An
integrative review. Journal of advanced nursing, 79(5), 1678-1690.
Lopez, L. (2021). Homelessness, Health, and Health Care: A Scoping Review of the Literature.
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8b64z944
O’Toole, Jr., Laurence J., and Robert K. Christensen, eds. 2013. American Intergovernmental
Relations: Foundations, Perspectives, and Issues. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press.
ISBN: 978145222629.
https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/americanintergovernmental-relations-
foundations-perspectives-and
O'Toole Jr, L. J., & Meier, K. J. (2004). Public management in intergovernmental networks:
Matching structural networks and managerial networking. Journal of public
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administration research and theory, 14(4), 469-494.https://research.utwente.nl/en/
publications/public-management-in-intergovernmental-networks-matching-structure
Sofi, W. A. (2021). Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of Federalism. In Autonomy of a
State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir (pp. 1-28). Singapore:
Springer Singapore. https://www.academia.edu/69485686/Autonomy_of_a_
State in a Federation.
Williams, D. (2024). Disaggregating Trends In Homeless Subpopulations: Quantifying the effects
of Latin American asylum seekers and the growth of West Coast unsheltered
homelessness on spiking homeless estimates. doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01521-9 [Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
