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Phil1001 unit 1 practice milestone
Philosophy and Contemporary Ideas (Liberty
University)
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Practice Milestone
Ancient Greek Philosophers 4 Practice Milestone 1
Taking this practice test is a stress-free way to find out if you are ready for the Milestone 1 assessment. You
can print it out and test yourself to discover your strengths and weaknesses. The answer key is at the end
of
this Practice Milestone.
1.
Philosophy pursues by using logic, reasoning, and critical thinking.
a.) opinion
b.) science
c.) wisdom
d.) reality
2.
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the gods.=
The ancient philosopher most likely to make this statement was
.
a.) Thales
b.) Protagoras
c.) Empedocles
d.) Xenophanes
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Ancient Greek Philosophers 4 Practice Milestone 1
3.
Choose the true statement about a central belief of the Greek atomists.
a.) In atomism, the ultimate nature of reality is static, making all change an
illusion.
b.) Complex phenomenon are explained as the configuration of
atoms.
c.) Everything is temporary in atomism; reality is in a constant state of
change.
d.) The world is composed of opposites that create a system of connection
through
atoms.
4.
All of the statements are central themes of Parmenidean metaphysics, EXCEPT:
a.) The opinions of mortal men are universally
unreliable.
b.) The world we sense is
genuine.
c.) The Parmenidean worldview contradicts the world we are familiar
with.
d.) The universe is one, unchanging
entity.
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Ancient Greek Philosophers 4 Practice Milestone 1
5.
Heraclitus went further than his predecessors by considering reality from an entirely human point of view.
He claimed that there is one true reality, which he called
.
a.) Logos
b.) the Doctrine of
Flux
c.) Ethos
d.) the Unity of
Opposites
6.
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approaches.
a.) Socrates believed that all living things were ordered and governed by universal
laws.
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.
c.) Socrates claimed that man could never know whether the gods exist or
not.
d.) Socrates focused on ethics, as well as concepts and methodologies of
knowledge.
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7.
Choose the FALSE statement about the philosophical value of the Socratic Method.
a.) Truth is discovered through
reasoning.
b.) Existing knowledge is the basis for new
knowledge.
c.) The teacher imparts knowledge based on
experience.
d.) Students understand why the answer is what it
is.
8.
Budapest is a city in Hungary.
Roland was born in Budapest.
Therefore, Roland was born in Hungary.
Assuming that both premises are true, evaluate the argument and determine which of the answer options
describes it.
a.) Inductive, weak, uncogent
b.) Inductive, strong,
cogent
c.) Deductive, valid, sound
d.) Deductive, invalid, unsound
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9.
Choose the FALSE statement about the
Apology
.
a.) Observing that death was either something or nothing, Socrates argued it was not to be
feared.
b.) Socrates was charged with denying the gods and corrupting the youth of
Athens.
c.) Socrates demonstrated that he was determined to live 4 and die 4 according to his
philosophy.
d.) Socrates claimed that if he had harmed others, it was unintentional and he
regretted
it.
10.
Select the FALSE statement about the Crito.
a.) Not all life has value; only the good life has
value.
b
.
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punishment.
c.) Death is something every man fears and tries to
avoid.
d.) Socrates says the opinion of many is less important than the opinion of one who has
understanding.
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11
.
According to Socrates in the
Phaedo
, why might a philosopher welcome death?
a.) It is only through the loss of the senses that the soul can find worldly
truths.
b.) Death is a continuation of the soul and the body seeking what is true and just.
c.) A philosopher's life has no value unless it is judged by those who have passed
before.
d.) In death, he or she can find answers to the most important
questions.
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12
.
In the Apology, Socrates makes the following statement:
<But you have just admitted that the good do their neighbors good, and the evil do them evil. Now, is that a
truth which your superior wisdom has recognized thus early in life, and am I, at my age, in such darkness and
ignorance as not to know that if a man with whom I have to live is corrupted by me, I am very likely to be
harmed by him; and yet I corrupt him, and intentionally, too&.But either I do not corrupt them, or I corrupt them
unintentionally; and on either view of the case you lie. If my offence is unintentional, the law has no
cognizance of unintentional offences: you ought to have taken me privately, and warned and admonished
me.=
Extract Socrates' argument from the preceding excerpt, then choose the sentence that accurately restates
the main premise of his argument.
a.)
The goal of rhetoric is to persuade, rather than to seek the truth. Winning at any cost is both unwise and
unjust.
b.)
Corruption of youth is either intentional, in which case I would harm myself by doing so, or unintentional,
which is not a crime.
c.)
If everyone else improves the youth and only I corrupt them, then the rest of the world has far greater
influence than I.
d.)
The afterlife will be ruled by true judges who will not fault or punish me for dedicating my life to pursuing
wisdom.
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13
.
Several hours of heavy rain is a condition for a wet yard.
Choose the answer that correctly completes this sentence.
a.) neither necessary nor sufficient
b.)
sufficient, not necessary
c.)
necessary, not sufficient
d.) both necessary and sufficient
14.
Plato believed that knowledge of reality is grounded in knowledge of
.
a.) the
Forms
b.) Platonic Heaven
c.) oneself
d.) metaphysics
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15.
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.
a.) Essences are real entities, not merely abstract
thoughts.
b.) To justify a belief in a thing, one must know the essence of the thing, which is
its
Form.
c.) Forms exist co-dependently with the notions of truth and
knowledge.
d.) Forms such as Goodness and Justice exist in the intellectual realm of Platonic
Heaven.
16.
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?
a.) Yes, if the square is created in our
minds.
b.) No, because a perfect square exists only in Platonic
Heaven.
c.) Yes, if we use a ruler to produce perfectly straight
lines.
d.) No, because no two squares would be exactly the
same.
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17.
Recall the similarities and differences between Plato's and Aristotle's philosophical methods.
Select the statement most likely to have been made by Aristotle, rather than by Plato.
a.) <I begin my inquiries into knowledge in the realm of
metaphysics.=
b.) <My ultimate goal is wisdom through contemplating the Forms between knowledge and
opinion.=
c.)
<I use logic and reason to find the best answers to questions man cannot answer independent of the
world.=
d.) <I search for truth with a scientific eye toward the world in front of
me.=
18.
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?
a.)
Aristotle, unlike Plato, believed that the essence of a thing is located inside the thing, and does not exist
independently.
b.)
In order for a statement to be true, we must grant three qualities: a universal entity, a universal quality, and
a particular.
c.)
Aristotle believed that ontology 4 the kinds of things that exist, and how they exist 4 was the first
philosophy.
d.) Truth is achievable through pure reason, independent of
experience.
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19.
Consider identifying the essence of a pencil. The first question Aristotle would ask is, <What kind of thing is
it?
= The answer might be: <A pencil is a writing utensil.=
Which question would Aristotle ask next?
a.) How does the organization of this pencil reveal its
purpose?
b.) How does a union of form and matter create this pencil?
c.) What distinguishes a pencil from other writing
utensils?
d.) What is the substance that makes up a
pencil?
20.
Select the statement that both Plato and Aristotle would agree is true.
a.)
The Form of Humanity would exist even if there were no
humans.
b.) Humanity is a genuine entity located within each human
being.
c.) Truth must be pursued using logic and reason rather than opinion and
beliefs.
d.) Truth must be arrived at empirically, by examining the world as it
is.
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21.
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.
a.) Virtue is cultivated as a mean between
extremes.
b.) Something is good when it excels at its
function.
c.) Ethics is determined by the consequences of the action.
d.) The important question is <What kind of person should I
be?
=
22.
Dolly was impressed with her new furnace. It kept the house at a comfortable temperature, was energy-
efficient, and ran very quietly.
A
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.
a.) Ethics of Virtue
b.) Function Argument
c.) Doctrine of the
Forms
d.) Doctrine of the Mean
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23.
Choose the FALSE statement about the ethics of Stoicism.
a.) The desire for material things is natural and should be
encouraged.
b.) Freedom lies in our reactions to the world, not in the world
itself.
c.) No good comes from becoming upset about things you cannot
change.
d.) Focus only on those things that you can
control.
24.
Angie makes a New Year's resolution to start a diet. "Read this," her brother says, and gives Angie a book on
Stoicism. Puzzled, she flips through the pages and begins to read.
Choose the statement that indicates how a Stoic approach to ethics can help Angie with her diet.
a.) She can replace her desire for sweets with a desire for healthy
food.
b.) When she views thinness as a desirable virtue, she can achieve
it.
c
.
)
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it.
d.) She can judge the eating habits of her friends to eliminate her guilt when she over-
eats.
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Ancient Greek Philosophers 4 Practice Milestone 1
25.
Nancy was talking with a friend about immigration in the U.S. Nancy believes that illegal immigration to the
United States is harmful to the nation, and that anti-immigration laws should be strictly applied.
Choose the statement by Nancy that demonstrates an inconsistent belief.
a.) <I will not buy vegetables from farmers who use migrant
labor.=
b.) <I hired an immigrant to landscape my yard for much less than my gardener
demanded.=
c.) <The United States will become a safe nation when all illegal immigrants are
removed.=
d
.
)
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Ancient Greek Philosophers 4 Practice Milestone 1
Answer Key
Q
A
1
c
Concept: What is Philosophy?
Rationale:
Philosophy is a field of study that pursues wisdom, as evidenced by the root words of
its name. "Philosophy" comes from two Greek words, philos (meaning "love") and
sophia (meaning "wisdom"). Science, reality, and opinion are topics that philosophers
investigate, but they are not the ultimate goal of philosophy.
2
d
Concept: Cosmology and the First Philosophers
Rationale:
Xenophanes was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who questioned divine explanations for
natural phenomena. While he was not an atheist, he maintained that it is better to rely
on observation and reason than to interpret events as signs from the gods or
evidence
of their intervention.
3
b
Concept: The Atomistic Worldview
Rationale:
The atomists believed that everything that exists is either an atom or a collection of
atoms. They also maintained that the matter and phenomena we perceive are
produced by different configurations of atoms of different shapes and sizes. The
atomists defined change as a reorganization of atoms, and believed that
arrangements
of atoms may be temporary, but atoms are not.
4
b
Concept: Parmenides and the Doctrine of Permanence
Rationale:
Parmenidean metaphysics establishes a division between the mortal world (i.e., the
world of the senses) and reality. Reality is "what is;" it is eternal and unchanging.
The world of the senses is "what is not," a transient and illusory world of change.
Therefore, Parmenides would not say that the world we sense is genuine. All of the
other statements accurately represent Parmenidean metaphysics.
5
a
Concept: Heraclitus and the Doctrine of Impermanence
Rationale:
Heraclitus believed in one true reality which he named the Logos, a Greek word that
can be translated as <account.= Heraclitus believed that the Logos organizes and
serves as the basis of all things.
6
d
Concept: Socrates: The Father of Western Philosophy
Rationale:
Socrates' approach to philosophy differed from that of the Pre-Socratic philosophers
because it was focused on ethics and epistemology. The Pre-Socratic philosophers
concentrated on topics that included natural philosophy and cosmology.
7
c
Concept: The Socratic Approach
Rationale:
The Socratic Method is not a teaching system in which a teacher communicates
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knowledge based on his or her experience to students. Rather, it is an approach that
involves an exchange between student and teacher. In this exchange, the teacher uses
the student's knowledge to guide him or her to a truth.
8
c
Concept: Evaluating an Argument in Action
Rationale:
The inferential claim in this example is one of logical certainty, and is about definition
and form rather than cause and effect. As a result, this a deductive argument.
Because a case cannot exist in which the premises are true and the conclusion is
false, this argument is valid. Also, this argument is sound because the premises are
true.
9
d
Concept: The Apology: A Defense of Philosophy
Rationale:
The Apology is Plato's transcription of the defense Socrates presented at his trial on
charges of "denying the gods" and "corrupting the youth of Athens." In response to the
second charge, Socrates does not state that if he harmed others, it was unintentional
and he regretted it. Rather, he argues that he did not corrupt the youth of Athens.
Additionally, he states that even if he had corrupted the youth unintentionally, he
would
not have committed a crime by doing so.
10
c
Concept: The Crito: The Duties of the Social Contract
Rationale:
In the Crito, Socrates' friend (Crito) tries to convince Socrates to escape and avoid
execution. Socrates refuses, and explains why escape would be wrong. As he did in
the
Apology
, Socrates asserts that death is not to be feared. He argues that not all
life has intrinsic value; only the good life does. Since he believes that actions to avoid
death would be in opposition to the principles of the good life he lived, Socrates
rejects all
such actions.
11
d
Concept: The Phaedo: The Death of Socrates
Rationale:
The Phaedo is a conversation between Socrates and his students about death that
takes place just prior to his execution. Socrates explains why philosophers should not
fear death, which he defines as the end of the life of the body, but not of the soul.
Socrates believed that the body hindered the efforts of philosophers to gain wisdom
and realize truth. Once they are free of their bodies (after death), philosophers can find
answers that cannot be found during life. They will have access to essences (i.e, pure
knowledge), not inferior worldly truths.
12
b
Concept: The Apology 4 Socrates' Arguments
Rationale:
In this selection, Socrates defends himself against the charge that he has corrupted the
youth of Athens. He argues that corruption of youth is either intentional or
unintentional. If it is intentional, he would harm himself by corrupting the youth, so it
would be absurd for him to do so intentionally. This is indicated when he states that ". .
. if a man with whom I have to live is corrupted by me, I am very likely to be harmed by
him." On the other hand, if an action is unintentional, it is not a crime. This is indicated
when Socrates says that "If my offence is unintentional, the law has no cognizance of
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Ancient Greek Philosophers 4 Practice Milestone 1
unintentional offences." Therefore, Socrates cannot be guilty of this charge.
13
b
Concept: Plato: An academic approach to concepts
Rationale:
Several hours of heavy rain will always make the yard wet, so this a sufficient condition,
or logical guarantee, for a wet yard. However, not all wet yards are caused by heavy
rain, so heavy rain is not a necessary condition, or logical requirement, for a wet
yard.
14
a
Concept: Plato's Forms: The Objects of Knowledge
Rationale:
Plato believed that knowledge of reality is grounded in knowledge of
Forms
. Forms
are the "essences" that make an object what it truly is. For example, we can know that
a good thing is good because we know the Form of Goodness and see that the thing
in
question imitates it.
15
c
Concept: Plato Forms: The Foundations of Being
Rationale:
Plato maintained that Forms are real entities that exist in the intellectual realm called
Platonic Heaven. These Forms enable us to have knowledge (i.e., justified true
belief).
They do not exist co-dependently with the notions of truth and knowledge.
Instead,
they provide the foundation for truth and knowledge.
16
b
Concept: Applying Plato's Metaphysics
Rationale:
According to Plato, the only perfect entities that exist are the Forms in Platonic
Heaven. While humans can access understanding of these Forms, they cannot create
them.
Therefore, a human cannot create a perfect square.
17
d
Concept: Aristotle: The Dissection of Reality
Rationale:
Because Aristotle's philosophy was based on science and empirical observation, he is
most likely to have made this statement. Both philosophers used logic and reason to
pursue the truth. Plato's approach began with his metaphysical notion of Forms.
18
d
Concept: Aristotle on What There Is
Rationale:
Aristotle was an empiricist who based his philosophy on his perceptions of the material
world (i.e., on what he observed). He did not believe that truth can be found
independent of experience.
19
c
Concept: Aristotle on What There Is
Rationale:
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e
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ct
,
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must identify its genus (i.e., what kind of thing it is) and its differentia (i.e., what sets it
apart from other things of the same kind). Therefore, after asking the question "What
kind of thing is it?", Aristotle would ask "What distinguishes a pencil from other writing
utensils?"
Concept: Plato vs. Aristotle: The Mathematician or the Biologist
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20
c
Rationale:
Plato and Aristotle disagree on all of these points except for the statement that truth
must be pursued using logic and reason rather than opinion and beliefs. As
philosophers who were interested in metaphysics and epistemology, both Plato and
Aristotle believed that knowledge (or truth) must be grounded in justification. They
differed as to how that justification is achieved.
21
c
Concept: Aristotle's Highest Good
Rationale:
Aristotle did not believe that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined
by the consequences of that action. Rather, he proposed in his ethics that an action
is good when it enables a human to excel at its function. This is known as his
Function
Argument.
22
b
Concept: Aristotle's Highest Good
Rationale:
Aristotle's Function Argument states that something is good when it excels at its
function. Because Dolly's new furnace excels at its purpose, it is good.
23
a
Concept: Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion
Rationale:
Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages people to focus only on what they can control
(e.g., their desires, emotions, judgments, and reactions). They should not be concerned
by things that are beyond their control. Stoicism
does
not lead
people
to
desire
material things. Instead, it teaches people to abandon their desires, including desires
for material things, to live free of emotional struggle.
24
c
Concept: Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion
Rationale:
Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages people to focus only on what they can control
(e.g., their desires, emotions, and reactions). People
should
not
concern
themselves
with things that are beyond their control (e.g., the behavior of others). Angie cannot
control whether her co-workers bring candy to the office, but Stoicism can help her to
control her response to the presence of sweets.
25
b
Concept: Philosophical Analysis as a Way of Life
Rationale:
To live philosophically, it is necessary to examine beliefs to ground them in knowledge,
and to then act according to those beliefs. By making an exception to her position on
immigration to hire a migrant laborer at low cost, Nancy displays an inconsistent
philosophical worldview.
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