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Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural
racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. The Lancet,
389(10077), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
The article discusses racism as the main reason for racial health inequities in the United States.
This article uses a historical perspective to discuss structural racism relating to health inequities.
The United States reinforces systems such as housing, education, and health care that promote
racial discrimination. Reinforcing systems that foster racial discrimination creates prejudicial
beliefs, principles, and issuing of resources. Therefore, researchers argue to advance health
equity and improve population health policy makers and elected official should focus on
structural racism.
Keywords: structural racism, inequities, health, discrimination, systems
Blas, E., DrPH, Gilson, L., Prof, Kelly, M. P., Prof, Labonté, R., Prof, Lapitan, J., PhD,
Muntaner, C., Prof, Östlin, P., PhD, Popay, J., Prof, Sadana, R., ScD, Sen, G., Prof,
Schrecker, T., MA, & Vaghri, Z., PhD. (2008). Addressing social determinants of health
inequities: What can the state and civil society do? The Lancet (British Edition),
372(9650), 1684-1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61693-1
The article discusses nine networks that were selected and reviewed evidence that supported the
Commission on social determining factors in the healthcare field. There are three reforms that
researchers stated that civil society and national government can develop to help reduce health
inequity. The three forms government can provide is the following: be a facilitator for
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nondiscriminatory healthcare improvement, be a contributor of important resources and human
rights, and collect data regard inequity of their healthcare population. Furthermore, the nine
networks that were reviewed illustrate options the government have with assisting with
healthcare equity.
Keywords: inequity, government, reforms, determinants, health
Dodson, E. A., Stamatakis, K. A., Chalifour, S., Haire-Joshu, D., McBride, T., & Brownson, R.
C. (2013). State legislators’ work on public health-related issues: What influences
priorities? Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 19(1), 25-29.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e318246475c
The article discusses population health and presentative disease are heavily influenced by
policies. Most researchers have an incomplete understanding of what influences legislators’
decisions on policies. Therefore, researcher’s objective in this article is to analysis several factors
that impact legislators’ decisions regarding policies on health issues. Therefore, researchers
conducted a study using a randomize trial to collect data on state legislators. State legislators
were asked a series of questions to determine what health issues they felt need to be worked on.
The findings in the study showed state legislators main factor in decision making when it comes
to health issue is constituents’ opinions and needs. Also, the results of the study showed the
importance of improving distribution efforts to provide evidence related to scientific information
when trying to influence state legislator decisions.
Keywords: policy, healthcare, legislators
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Ford, C. L. (2020). Commentary: Addressing inequities in the era of COVID-19: The
pandemic and the urgent need for critical race theory. Family & Community Health,
43(3), 184-186. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000266
The article discusses health inequalities that are occurring in Family and Community Health.
Understanding and addressing health inequities are necessary because it allows health-related
fields to help eliminate the main factor that’s causing inequities and promote excellent health for
everyone. Everyone should be able to receive excellent health, not just people with an
abundance of resources.
Keywords: Covid-19, inequalities, health, race theory
Gollust, S. E., Nagler, R. H., & Fowler, E. F. (2020). The emergence of COVID-19 in the
US: A public health and political communication crisis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy
and Law, 45(6), 967-981. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8641506
The article discusses the unfavorable outcome that occurred due to conditions of communication
relating to the coronavirus, such as conflicting science, fragment media, and downplayed threats.
The outcome contributed to contrasting responses from the public, media, and partisan leaders.
This led to several different beliefs and attitudes toward coronavirus, which caused members of
the public to take different protective actions their risk of coronavirus. Researchers suggest the
contrasting communication will escalate geographic variations and inequities of coronavirus
outcomes. Therefore, researchers believe there is a need for future research of communication
about inequity and strategies of public health.
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Keywords: Coronavirus, Media, Communication, Public Health
Hu, G., Hamovit, N., Croft, K., Roberts, J. D., & Niemeier, D. (2022). Assessing inequities
underlying racial disparities of COVID-19 mortality in louisiana parishes. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 119(27), 1-e2123533119.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123533119
The article discusses the devastation of coronavirus mortality in the black communities.
The article goes into detail about the heightened Covid-19 in the state of Louisiana. Black
Americans make up 32% of the population in Louisiana and over 50% Black Americans had
Covid-19 related deaths. This article explains that negative determinants of healthcare due to
structural racism caused many Covid-19 deaths in the Black communities. Therefore, researchers
analyze stressors in the Black communities, such as economics, social, and environmental.
Meanwhile, researchers evaluate the difference and similarities between the stressors, the risk of
Covid-19, and the Black population size. As a result, researchers believe that there were serve
determinants in Covid-19 exposure due to structural racism and inequities.
Keywords: structural racism, Covid-19, communities, Black, inequities
Krieger, N. (2014). discrimination and health inequities. International Journal of Health Services,
44(4), 643-710. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.44.4.b
In the article examines over 500 hundred studies on self-reporting of discrimination and health.
These studies focused on many types of discrimination, such as race, gender, age, etc.
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Researchers argue that the studies that were conducted scope was to narrow, because they only
focused on interpersonal discrimination. This caused there to be limited research on population
health and political systems. Therefore, researchers decide to help advance the state of this field
by the following: defining discrimination, using examples to explain, and informing the state on
how discrimination can cause health inequities. Researchers did this by summarizing evidence
that links discrimination and healthcare. Meanwhile, researchers also addressed many principles
of methodological controversies, such as historical content, levels, and pathways.
Keywords: discrimination, health, inequities, population, state
Krieger, N. (2021). Structural racism, health inequities, and the two-edged sword of data:
Structural problems require structural solutions. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 655447-
655447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.655447
The article discusses several factors on how structural racism creates health inequities. The
article examines the United States Capital assault that occurred January 2, 2021, by anti-
democratic white supremacist. Also, there are several other examples that are used to illustrate
the history of support and opposition of racism. Therefore, researchers suggest mandating
publicly funded work that relates to racialized groups healthcare. Mandating public funding work
would allow the government to have an explanation of metrics used to categorize racialized
groups.
Keywords: racism, health, inequities, racism, government
Payne-Sturges, D. C., Gee, G. C., & Cory-Slechta, D. A. (2021). Confronting racism in
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environmental health sciences: Moving the science forward for eliminating racial
inequities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 129(5), 55002-55002.
https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8186
In the article discusses the concern of systemic racism and coronavirus during the year 2020.
There have been many conversations between researchers that agree with the Black Live Matter
movement in concern to health equity and racism. Therefore, this article examines several
systems that maintain and manufacture inequity in healthcare. The article stress that race is used
as a political label that causes inequity in healthcare. Therefore, researchers consider race as the
main reason for racial discrepancy in healthcare. Also, structural racism is important factor
regarding environmental health risk and exposures. As a result, researchers suggest establishing a
metric that sets guidelines use of race within environmental sciences.
Keywords: race, inequities, healthcare, racism, systems
Williams, D. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2019). Reducing racial inequities in health: Using what we
already know to take action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 16(4), 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040606
The article “provides an outline of the important steps needed to reduce racial discrimination and
equities in healthcare based on scientific evidence. Researchers suggest minimizing systemic
racism communities of opportunities must be established. Establishing these communities will
provide healthily housing, reduce childhood poverty, child development resources, and provide
income support opportunities. Also, researchers stress that the health care system needs to
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improve access to excellent healthcare and expand the demographic configuration of patient
population in the healthcare work environment. Also, researchers propose more research is
needed to figure out optimal a plan of action to build political support as it relates to social
equities.
Keywords: systemic racism, inequalities, discrimination, population
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Bibliography
During the outbreak of COVID-19, there was an uprise in racial healthcare inequity, which
caused minorities to not receive proper care. There are several examples that illustrate racial
equity in public health due to structural racism, lack of government resources and environmental
exposures.
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