Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
Annotated Bibliography
Baltimore City Economic Action Plan
Sonya Dease
PADM530
March 3, 2024
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
A Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy. (2022). In Baltimore Together.
https://renewbaltimore.org/wp-content/uploads/Baltimore-Together-Final-Report-
11122.pdf
The final report, "Baltimore Together: A Platform for Inclusive Prosperity," outlines the
city's Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) for the next five years. There’s
an emphasis on collaboration and inclusivity, the plan focuses on four key strategies: breaking
down barriers and fostering collaboration, investing strategically in people and places, leveraging
Baltimore's strengths for economic growth, and addressing competitive imbalances. The
overarching goals include building an equitable economy, leading in key industries, nurturing
innovation and small businesses, strengthening the workforce, increasing the city's population,
supporting equitable neighborhood development, and recovering stronger from COVID-19. The
report aims to create an inclusive and vibrant economy for all residents by eliminating disparities
and fostering growth.
A Portrait of Baltimore: Results of the 2023 Baltimore Area Survey. (2023, December).
Johns Hopkins 21st Century Cities Initiatives. https://21cc.jhu.edu/a-portrait-of-
baltimore-results-of-the-2023-baltimore-area-survey/
This inaugural Baltimore Area Survey, co-designed by Johns Hopkins researchers in
collaboration with community leaders, aims to explore issues crucial to the residents of the city
and county. The survey of 1,352 participants, conducted by mail, highlighted disparities between
Black and white residents. Black respondents are more likely to fear the police, experience
hunger, and face transportation challenges. Food insecurity is prevalent, affecting one in five
respondents, with a significant racial gap—half of Black respondents suffer compared to 15% of
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Economic Development
whites. Police fear disproportionately impacts Black residents, while transportation issues disrupt
the lives of Black respondents twice as much as whites. The survey also delves into drug
addiction, neighborhood satisfaction, and public trust, providing valuable insights into the
community's experiences and perspectives.
Baltimore celebrates historic 20% drop in homicides even as gun violence remains high.
(2024, January 5). AP News. https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-homicides-decrease-
2023-d88000d65d3916d1fbbe6352becd8881
In a significant development, Baltimore recorded fewer than 300 homicides in 2023 for
the first time in almost a decade, marking a 20% annual decrease. The decline in violent crime is
attributed to comprehensive anti-violence efforts, including law enforcement initiatives and
community support. Baltimore Mayor Brandon Scott emphasized the success of the city's
violence strategy, treating gun violence as a public health crisis. The reduction coincides with
court-ordered police reform measures and a drop in unconstitutional arrests. While the decrease
in homicides is celebrated, officials acknowledge the need for continued efforts, emphasizing
that police alone cannot solve the issue. Community leaders also stress the importance of
addressing the root causes of violence, particularly in impoverished neighborhoods. Despite the
positive trend, families affected by violence express that more needs to be done to meet the needs
of marginalized communities.
Baltimore City Department of Planning Programs & Initiatives. (2016, February 19).
Department of Planning. https://planning.baltimorecity.gov/programs-initiatives
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
The Baltimore City Planning Department's Programs and Initiatives webpage outlines a
comprehensive range of efforts aimed at fostering sustainable urban development. The
department focuses on promoting community engagement, equitable growth, and effective land
use policies. Programs include the Transform Baltimore Zoning Code Rewrite, which seeks to
modernize and simplify zoning regulations, and the Complete Streets Program, aimed at
enhancing transportation infrastructure to accommodate pedestrians, cyclists, and public transit
users. The site also highlights initiatives such as the Sustainability Plan and the Vacants to Value
Program, which target environmental resilience and urban revitalization.
Baltimore City Vacant Property Strategy Preliminary Findings – City of Baltimore /
BUILD / GBC. (2023). Public Financial Management.
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/
sites/default/files/PMF%20Baltimore%20City%20Vacant%20Property%20Strategy.pdf
In July 2023, Baltimore Mayor Brandon M. Scott, along with the Greater Baltimore
Committee (GBC) and Baltimoreans United in Leadership Development (BUILD), initiated a
collaborative effort for equitable economic development in neighborhoods with high vacant
property rates. PFM Group Consulting LLC and PFM Financial Advisors LLC were engaged for
financial and economic analysis. Key consensus areas include a transformative investment goal
of at least $3.0 billion in public and philanthropic funds, leveraging nearly $5.0 billion in private
investment. This initiative, spanning 15 years, aims to create returns through economic benefits
and community improvements. PFM's review of existing plans and financial analyses informed
the strategy development, incorporating input from various stakeholders and experts.
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Economic Development
Bovaird, T. (1993). Analysing Urban Economic Development. Urban Studies, 30(4-5),
631–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320081851
This article analyzes emerging patterns and trends in local economies at sub-national
levels, extending discussions from the UK and Western Europe to include the USA, Australia,
and Japan. The primary focus is on theoretical approaches explaining changing patterns and
trends in local economies. A forthcoming review will outline major policy initiatives in local
economic development (LED) in Western Europe and North America since the 1980s, comparing
them to UK initiatives. The present review highlights a crisis in urban economic development in
the UK, with a historic reversal of the trend of wealth polarization and decentralization. Studies
show increased deprivation, especially in conurbations, despite the general reduction in
unemployment during the late 1980s.
Cromwell, P. M., Giloth, R. P., & Schachtel, M. (2005). East Baltimore Revitalization
Project: Opportunities and Challenges in Transforming an Urban Neighborhood. Journal
of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 10(2), 113–126.
The East Baltimore Revitalization Project, a $800 million, fifteen-year redevelopment
initiative, is a collaborative effort between Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, and the Annie E. Casey Foundation have plans to rejuvenate an area near Johns
Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Focusing on both community well-being and physical
infrastructure, the project aims to provide valuable lessons for revitalizing impoverished urban
neighborhoods. At its core is a two-million-square-foot Life Sciences and Technology Park,
accompanied by convenience retail outlets. The initiative seeks to address challenges faced by
low-income neighborhoods and hopes to serve as a model for rebuilding and fostering positive
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
outcomes, particularly in job creation and workforce development. The article explores the early
stages of implementation, emphasizing the potential impact on community residents and the
broader urban landscape.
Evaluation of the Baltimore City Vacants to Value Program | BNIA – Baltimore
Neighborhood Indicators Alliance. (2018). Bniajfi.org. https://bniajfi.org/evaluation-of-
the-baltimore-city-vacants-to-value-program/
The City of Baltimore initiated the Vacants to Value (V2V) program in 2010 to address
vacant properties through code enforcement. A 2015 evaluation by the Center for Community
Progress, BNIA-JFI, and the Schaefer Center analyzed V2V's impact. Vacancies persisted
citywide, but V2V altered market dynamics in treatment areas. The 2010 V2V cohort showed
greater improvements in reducing vacant house notices and boosting median sales prices. In
areas with high development activity, V2V aligned with reduced vacancies and increase prices,
but in less developed areas, its impact was limited. The conversion of vacant properties
positively affected assessed values and taxable revenues.
Freddie Gray & Baltimore Unrest: Exploring the Case Using Op-Eds. (2015, May 8).
Anti-Defamation League. https://www.adl.org/resources/lesson-plan/freddie-gray-
baltimore-unrest-exploring-case-using-op-eds
In 2015, Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American, died a week after being arrested
and injured in police custody in Baltimore, MD. His death led to protests, turning violent on the
day of his funeral, with fires, looting, and injured police officers. Gray's death was ruled a
homicide, and all six involved officers were swiftly charged on May 1, 2015. The speed of
charges is attributed to media attention and protests. This high school lesson delves into the case,
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
encouraging students to analyze op-eds, form opinions, and write argumentative essays,
exploring the complex issues surrounding police accountability.
Goucher College Poll Results. (2023). Scott, Mosby Facing Tough Reelection Bids;
Crime and Public Safety Continues to Be the Key Issue Facing Baltimore City; City
Schools and Services Receive Low Marks; Bates Earns Solid Job Approval Rating;
Baltimore Voters Optimistic about the Future of the City. Goucher College Poll In
Partnership with The Baltimore Banner.
The Goucher College Poll, conducted in partnership with The Baltimore Banner, reveals
insights into the opinions of 711 registered Baltimore City voters. Conducted from September 19
to 23, 2023, the survey covered key city officials, entities, and issues. Approval ratings were
notable, with 57% approving of Baltimore City State’s Attorney Ivan Bates, while Mayor
Brandon Scott received a 37% approval rate. Crime and public safety, litter, and a lack of
affordable housing were identified as major concerns, with 90%, 76%, and 74% respectively.
Public schools and city services received poor grades from voters, with 63% and 59% giving a
"D" or "F" grade, reflecting a general sense of frustration despite maintained optimism about the
city's future.
Hofstaedter, E. (2023, December 12). Coalition teams up to revitalize thousands of
vacant homes in $3 billion Baltimore City plan. WYPR. https://www.wypr.org/wypr-
news/2023-12-12/coalition-teams-up-to-revitalize-thousands-of-vacant-homes-in-3-
billion-baltimore-city-plan
In a $3 billion initiative, a coalition is joining forces to rejuvenate numerous vacant
homes in Baltimore City, aiming to address urban blight and stimulate economic growth. The
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
comprehensive plan involves multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, non-profit
organizations, and private entities, collaborating to revitalize neighborhoods. The focus is on
repurposing abandoned properties and transforming them into affordable housing, community
spaces, and commercial establishments. This ambitious effort not only seeks to enhance living
conditions for residents but also boost economic prospects by attracting new businesses and
fostering a sense of community. The multi-billion-dollar investment demonstrates a commitment
to tackling social and economic challenges while revitalizing Baltimore's urban landscape.
Kantor, P. (1987). The Dependent City: The Changing Political Economy of Urban
Economic Development in the United States. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 22(4), 493–520.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168702200402
The article explores the intricate relationships between city governments and the broader
politico-economic landscape, emphasizing the constraints and influences that shape urban
development policies. The central argument in the article is that within American history, the
interactions of major components within the liberal-democratic political economy have given
rise to three distinct eras of urban development politics. Each era is characterized by different
strategies for promoting urban development and varying political arenas for policy
determination. The article discusses the evolving obstacles to popular control of economic
development policies, which, in turn, limit opportunities for community choice and democratic
governance. Specific attention is given to the post-1930 period, marked by significant political
and economic changes leading to a postindustrial pattern, including the deconcentrating of
businesses and population and the decline of political machines. Lastly, the article notes the
emergence of local business incentive programs after 1930.
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
Lopez, G. (2016, July 27). The Baltimore protests over Freddie Gray’s death, explained.
Vox; Vox. https://www.vox.com/2016/7/27/18089352/freddie-gray-baltimore-riots-
police-violence
This article explores the aftermath of Freddie Gray's death in Baltimore, focusing on the
police violence, riots, and the broader context of systemic issues. It discusses the frustrations
within the African American community regarding police brutality and the lack of accountability.
The piece also analyzes the complex relationships between the police, the justice system, and the
residents, shedding light on the historical backdrop of racial tension in Baltimore. Additionally, it
highlights the challenges of addressing and reforming the deeply rooted problems in the city's
policing and criminal justice systems.
Mayor Scott Announces Enhancements to the Baltimore City Employee Homeownership
Program. (2023, September 6). Mayor Brandon M. Scott.
https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/news/press-releases/2023-09-06-mayor-scott-announces-
enhancements-baltimore-city-employee
Baltimore City Mayor revealed enhancements to the city's employee benefits on
September 6, 2023. The improvements aim to foster a more supportive and inclusive work
environment, reflecting the administration's commitment to prioritizing the well-being of
municipal staff. The enhancements include increased healthcare options, expanded leave
benefits, and a focus on professional development opportunities. There’s an emphasis on the
importance of valuing and investing in the city's workforce as a means of building a stronger and
more resilient community. These changes underscore the administration's dedication to
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
promoting a positive workplace culture and ensuring that city employees have access to essential
resources for their personal and professional growth.
Mayor Scott’s Statement on Baltimore’s Economic Growth. (2023, December 9).
Baltimore City Government. https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/news/press-releases/2023-
12-09-mayor-scotts-statement-baltimores-economic-growth
Baltimore City's has experienced impressive economic growth, citing recent U.S.
Department of Commerce data. The statistics reveal that Baltimore has become one of
Maryland's fastest-growing economies and holds the 8th spot nationally for the fastest-growing
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) among counties with over $50 billion in GDP in 2022. Mayor
Scott attributes this success to post-pandemic initiatives, including attracting new businesses,
developing infrastructure, and investing in workforce development programs like YouthWorks
and HireUp. Emphasizing the importance of a strong economy, he pledges to maintain a
commitment to equitable development, ensuring all communities benefit from Baltimore's
economic resurgence.
Md. Real Property Code Ann. § 14-501: Affordable Housing Land Trust. (2022,
November). https://advance.lexis.com/documentpage/teaserdocument/?
pdmfid=1000516&crid=eb380946-8db1-4d82-b079-
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Economic Development
00&pdcontentcomponentid=234188&pdteaserkey=h1&pditab=allpods&ecomp=bs65kkk
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Maryland Code, Title 14, Subtitle 5, Section 14-501 defines terms related to land trusts
for affordable housing. An "affordable housing land trust" is an entity providing affordable
housing to low and moderate-income families, operated by a nonprofit organization or a
governmental unit. The "affordable housing land trust agreement" establishes the trust's
preemptive right to purchase or repurchase property, restricting transfers and ensuring
affordability. "Family" is defined as a household, with "low-income" families earning up to 80%
of the area median income, and "moderate-income" families earning up to 140%. "Nonprofit
status" refers to IRS recognition of the land trust's tax-exempt status under specific sections of
the Internal Revenue Code.
Mundula, L. (2019). The hidden costs of urban and territorial planning. IOP Conference
Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 603(5), 052041.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/603/5/052041
The article discusses the critical considerations in urban and territorial planning
processes, emphasizing two key factors. Firstly, the influence of pressure groups on decision-
making processes shaping specific policies and, secondly, the potential impact of planning on
various social dynamics, with blurred lines between costs and benefits. Employing economic
analysis tools, the contribution focuses on revealing hidden costs associated with urban and
territorial planning, including transaction, operational, and assessment costs. The analysis
acknowledges the positive aspects of planning in safeguarding public goods and ensuring
competitive markets. However, it warns against excessive or misused planning, highlighting
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
associated drawbacks such as unnecessary costs, corruption, injustice, economic stagnation, and
governmental inefficiency. The author advocates for an improved planning system, incorporating
a more complex decision-making process that involves participation, monitoring, and evaluation
to minimize public institution costs and deter opportunistic behavior.
Noring, L., Ohler, L. P., & Struthers, D. (2020). City Government Capacity and Patterns
in Urban Development Project Governance. Urban Affairs Review, 57(5), 1343–1371.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087419897808
The article investigates the interplay between a city government's jurisdictional capacity
(its ability to plan and implement policy) and its interactions with diverse governance actors in
large-scale urban development projects. The locations discussed include Hamburg, Manchester,
and Pittsburgh, analyzing composition of governance actors at national, regional, and local
levels, encompassing public, private, and civic entities. The research contends that varying
jurisdictional capacities, linked to multilevel distributions of state power, shape how city
governments engage with other actors, influencing project outcomes and reinforcing governance
strategies. It also discusses the evolving dynamics between national governments and cities,
highlighting the role of collaboration and partnership between the public and private sectors in
large-scale urban projects. The study concludes by emphasizing the interconnected relationship
between city government jurisdictional capacity and urban governance processes, offering
insights into the evolving landscape of governance structures.
Prall, M., Olazabal, M., & Lehmann, M. (2023). Socio-economic projections in urban
climate change adaptation planning: Practices and prospects for just adaptation. Habitat
International, 142, 102946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102946
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Economic Development
The article addresses the criticism that urban climate change adaptation efforts often
worsen inequitable impacts. It emphasizes the urgent need for integrating equity and justice
considerations in adaptation planning. While climate justice scholarship has mainly focused on
theoretical aspects, the article argues that existing planning tools, particularly the integration of
socio-economic data, can support justice-centered urban adaptation. Conducting a systematic
review of socio-economic projections in urban climate change adaptation planning, the authors
propose an operational framework for incorporating justice concerns. Although existing literature
doesn't explicitly link socio-economic projections to justice outcomes, the authors identify their
potential for promoting distributive, procedural, recognition, and restorative justice in urban
adaptation.
Robins, H., & HUB. (2023, December 5). Report: Baltimoreans distrust government, fear
police, and face transportation issues, but like their neighborhoods. The Hub.
https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/12/05/baltimore-area-survey/
A Johns Hopkins University survey, part of the 21st Century Cities Initiative, reveals
significant issues facing Baltimore-area residents. 1,352 city and county residents were surveyed
highlighting concerns such as food insecurity, drug addiction, policing, transportation issues,
neighborhood satisfaction, and public trust. Notably, one in five respondents experiences food
insecurity, with racial disparities evident. Three-quarters of Black respondents fear the police,
and transportation issues disproportionately affect city residents. Drug addiction impacts more
than 40% of respondents, and over 25% have lost someone to overdose. Despite dissatisfaction
with local government trust, respondents trust businesses and nonprofits. The survey aims to
inform city stakeholders and address pressing urban challenges.
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Economic Development
Small, K. A., Verhoef, E. T., & Lindsey, R. (2007). The Economics of Urban
Transportation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203642306
The book "The Economics of Urban Transportation," delves into the economic aspects of
urban transportation systems. The authors explore the challenges, policies, and economic
principles surrounding urban transportation, addressing issues such as congestion, environmental
impact, and the efficiency of various transportation modes. Through economic analysis, the book
aims to provide insights into optimizing urban transportation systems, making it a valuable
resource for policymakers, researchers, and anyone interested in the economic dimensions of
urban mobility.
Swartz, H., Santo, R., & Neff, R. (2018). Promoting Sustainable Food System Change
Amidst Inequity: A Case Study of Baltimore, Maryland.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452263518300077)
Baltimore’s food system and its evolution into an international leader in urban food
policy is discussed. After the city gained attention in 2015 due to the killing of Freddie Gray, the
civil unrest revealed socio-economic disparities. The incident highlighted vulnerabilities in the
food system, disrupting supply chains for three weeks, leading to grassroots initiatives like the
Black Church Food Security Network. Despite challenges, Baltimore has been a pioneer in
progressive food policy for over six years, boasting the Baltimore Food Policy Initiative (BFPI)
and signing the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact. The article explores socio-economic patterns,
governance structures, and efforts promoting sustainability, reflecting on the city's resilience
post-uprising and offering lessons for global food policy.
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
Sweeping legislation would responsibly grow Baltimore by bringing back dollar houses
for legacy residents and city workers, helping residents stay in their homes | Baltimore
City Council. (2021, November). Baltimore City Council.
https://www.baltimorecitycouncil.com/content/sweeping-legislation-would-responsibly-
grow-baltimore-bringing-back-dollar-houses-legacy
The Baltimore City Council is proposing legislation to revitalize the city and promoting
responsible growth. The initiative seeks to bring back the legacy of "dollar houses," a concept
where vacant or abandoned properties are sold for a nominal fee to encourage redevelopment.
The proposed legislation aims to address urban blight and stimulate economic development by
making housing more affordable. The specifics of the proposed legislation may include measures
to streamline the acquisition process for interested buyers and incentivize property
improvements. This initiative reflects a comprehensive strategy to tackle vacant properties and
foster community development, ultimately aiming to revitalize Baltimore's neighborhoods while
ensuring responsible and inclusive growth.
Teoli, D., An, J., & Sanvictores, T. (2022). SWOT Analysis. Nih.gov; StatPearls
Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537302/
SWOT Analysis assesses an organization's or individual's strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats. Internal factors like strengths and weaknesses pertain to the entity
itself, while external factors, opportunities and threats, involve the broader environment. The
concept of strategic fit gauges how well these factors align. The tool captures a single time-point,
overlooking the dynamic nature of the evolving environment. SWOT finds clinical significance,
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
applicable in settings, where questions about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
guide strategic decision-making at the organizational level, such as hospitals or local cities.
What is a Community Land Trust? (2023). South Baltimore Community Land Trust.
https://www.sbclt.org/what-is-a-community-land-trust/
Community Land Trusts (CLTs) are non-profit organizations owning land for various
communal purposes, including affordable homeownership, parks, education centers, housing,
agriculture, commercial spaces, and community gardens. Unlike profit-driven approaches, CLTs
prioritize democratic decision-making and community creativity, shifting control from
speculative interests to community needs. By removing land from the private market, CLTs
ensure lasting stability, protecting it from speculative fluctuations. The value of the land is
determined by community needs, not investor forecasts. CLTs, exemplified by the New
Communities model, originated during the Civil Rights Movement, emphasizing community
ownership and governance. In Baltimore, organizations like SBCLT are part of the SHARE
network, committed to development without displacement.
What We Do. (2022). Downtown Partnership of Baltimore.
https://godowntownbaltimore.com/what-we-do/
The Downtown Partnership of Baltimore is actively working to revitalize and enhance
downtown Baltimore as the focal point of the region. Beyond visible Clean and Safe programs,
the organization advocates for essential issues such as parking availability, residential growth,
and improved aesthetics. Other initiatives include the transformation of downtown into a vibrant
neighborhood with thousands of apartments in development, addressing a substantial demand.
The Partnership prioritizes safety through initiatives like the Video Patrol program and Public
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Public Administration 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community
Economic Development
Safety Guides, significantly reducing crime rates. The introduction of the Downtown Area
Shuttle (DASH) offers commuters an alternative, while ongoing aesthetic improvements
contribute to a more visually appealing environment.
White, C., Weisburd, D., & Wire, S. (2018). Examining the Impact of the Freddie Gray
Unrest on Perceptions of the Police. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(4), 829–858.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12404
The article discusses the events surrounding Freddie Gray's death in Baltimore in 2015
and its impact on police-community relations. The aftermath of the events included
investigations, officer charges, and public outcry. The article explores the perceived crisis of
police legitimacy and its connection to public attitudes using the process model of procedural
justice. The authors leverage a survey conducted during the events, focusing on high and low-
crime areas, finding limited evidence of changes in attitudes toward the police among residents,
particularly minorities.
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