Annotated Bibliography 1
Annotated Bibliography
Kiara D. Robinson
Liberty University: Helm School of Government
PADM 530
May 5, 2024
Annotated Bibliography 2
Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., & Scharf, T. (2012). Ageing in urban environments: Developing 'age-
friendly' cities. Critical Social Policy, 597-617.
The article discusses how urban areas are adapting to the changing demographics as more
people are living longer. With a portion of the population over the age of 50 years old
cities are working on creating plans to cater to their needs and become more age friendly.
Policy makers are focusing on providing resources for adults while also considering the
needs of millennials. The older population has requirements that impact development
requiring additional planning for housing, employment and sustainable living. Cities
nationwide aim to create welcoming environments for residents by becoming age friendly
offering connections and financial benefits to the community. The author emphasizes the
importance of including age strategies in urban planning processes to accommodate the
growing population and involve them in decision making.
Cloutier, S., Larson, L., & Jambeck, J. (2014). Are sustainable cities "happy" cities?
Associations between sustainable development and human well-being in urban areas of
the United States. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 633-647.
This article points out that many urban development’s focus on meeting needs, without
planning for potential future challenges that may arise from these present developments.
The writer emphasizes the importance of planners considering the long term effects of
prioritizing growth through projects that could harm future sustainability deeming it
problematic. Some communities are already experiencing issues such as pollution, energy
shortages, water quality issues, climate change impacts and habitat degradation stemming
from development decisions. The author argues that while survey data may suggest a link
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between happiness and sustainable economic growth the sustainability issues become
negligible if leaders fail to account for consequences during development planning. There
is a call to shift the route of economic development planning towards an approach. The
study discussed in this article used surveys to assess happiness levels in relation, to
economic development strategies and outcomes. It revealed that cities focusing on growth
tended to have higher levels of population happiness. These cities recognized the need to
address poverty concerns by adjusting their approaches to ensure a better tomorrow for
both the community and its growing population.
Dube, J., Theriault, M., & Des Rosiers, F. (2013). Commuter rail accessibility and house values:
The case of the Montreal South Shore, Canada, 1992-2009. Transportation Research Part
A: Policy and Practice, 49-66.
The article emphasizes on the significance of promoting eco transportation options to
help city residents access job opportunities in an urban environment. The writer points
out that research indicates the extension of the railway line, for commuters led to a rise in
property values near the station. This surge in real estate prices contributes to increased
tax revenues for the region paving the way for growth. Data reveals a shift towards
people relying on modes of transportation rather than owning personal vehicles resulting
in an uptick in commuter traffic. As the south shore rail passes through the city stands to
benefit from downtown rejuvenation efforts and a boost in housing demand. The
construction of mixed use buildings caters to both millennials and empty nesters who rely
on transportation options for their commutes within the city.
Annotated Bibliography 4
“Economic Development | Baton Rouge, LA.” Www.brla.gov, www.brla.gov/1128/Economic-
Development.
The article constitutes and an economic development plan for people living in East Baton
Rouge Parish along with group and stakeholders involved sharing their input for
FUTUREBR by participating in workshops, interviews and surveys. They emphasized
principles guiding the parish’s direction. These principles encompass ensuring growth by
creating job opportunities across sectors advocating for fairness through accessible
education, services, housing and employment for all residents embracing diversity and
cultural inclusivity nurturing vibrant communities with a range of housing choices and
amenities and advancing sustainability, across fiscal responsibility, physical
development, environmental conservation, economic viability and fair practices.
Faulk, D. (2006). The process and practice of downtown revitalization. The Review of Policy
Research, 23(2).
The article highlights the importance of incorporating a sense of place" in downtown
revitalization efforts to create a refreshed atmosphere by utilizing developmental
structures effectively. While there is plenty of research, on revitalizing downtown areas
in cities there is a lack of focus on the needs of cities within these urban markets. The
author introduces strategies for downtown revitalization projects, including pedestrian
friendly initiatives, indoor shopping options, historic preservation efforts, waterfront
development projects, office space enhancements, event programming, transportation
improvements and housing developments. By examining renovations in cities through
case studies the article aims to provide insights into the necessary policies for successful
Annotated Bibliography 5
economic growth through revitalization efforts. This is a process that emphasizes
progress rather, than instant results.
Freeman, L., & Schuetz, J. (2017). Producing Affordable Housing in Rising Markets: What
Works? Cityscape, 217-236.
The article explores the impact of a housing market following the recovery, from the
recession and its effects on low income urban neighborhoods. Various strategies are
being used to address the challenges faced by lower income individuals in accessing
housing amidst rising costs, including zoning, tax increment financing and housing
subsidies or vouchers. However, the effectiveness of these programs has not been fully
confirmed by data prompting communities to devise approaches to ensure equality in
affordable housing options as the market continues to grow. With growth flourishing in
areas housing markets are on the rise necessitating local leaders to assess how best to
meet the housing needs of low income residents.
Horsford, S. D., & Sampson, C. (2014). Promise Neighborhoods: The Promise and Politics of
Community Capacity Building as Urban School Reform. Urban Education, 955-991.
The article discusses a funding program called the "Promise Neighborhood" (PN) that
aims to tackle interconnected issues in urban areas including struggling education,
poverty, racial segregation, violence and unemployment. It promotes an approach to
improving education and involving the community to establish support systems in cities.
This community centered educational model covers needs like assistance, healthcare
services and adult learning that require significant financial backing. While the PN
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initiative provides a way for education leaders to access funds for reforms meeting
criteria and overcoming challenges are necessary. The success of education reforms relies
on enhancing community capabilities addressing disparities and fostering trust and active
participation from stakeholders such as parents, educators, students and local
collaborations. Although federal funding could bring advantages to underserved
communities it might require customized approaches based on community needs, than a
uniform educational strategy.
Jacquelyn, Kisic. “MSN.” Www.msn.com, Dec. 2023, www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/mayor-
broome-unveils-2024-budget-priorities-for-east-baton-rouge-parish/ar-AA1jqO5B.
In this article, Mayor President Sharon Weston Broome has revealed the budget
priorities, for the East Baton Rouge Metropolitan Council in 2024 highlighting a focus on
revenue sources. The budgets are designed to showcase Broome’s dedication to
delivering services with an emphasis on areas such as safety, drainage, transportation and
economic development to elevate the well-being of residents. The proposed General Fund
for 2024 stands at $381,269,450 reflecting a 6.09% increase from the year and allocating
resources towards employee benefits, court services and infrastructure investments.
Across all funds the total proposed budget for 2024 amounts to $1,154,752,720. Marking
a 5.9% uptick from the year. Discussions have revolved around recruitment hurdles and
heightened financial requirements for the Baton Rouge police and fire departments; $6.2
million is earmarked for equipment upgrades and training initiatives aimed at enhancing
efficiency. Initiatives are also in progress to bridge pay differentials and enhance
remuneration within government and law enforcement domains through assessments of
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job roles and compensation structures. Broome is optimistic that these measures will
entice individuals to consider employment opportunities, within the city parish
administration.
Kilgore, S. (2005). Comprehensive Solutions for Urban Reform. Educational Leadership, 44-47
The article discusses the importance of school reform (CSR) and highlights the role of a
dedicated superintendent, with clear goals in addressing issues within urban education. It
emphasizes the need to not just conceptualize a CSR model but to actively implement it
within schools for long term student success. By improving outcomes communities can
also benefit from enhanced growth by attracting businesses and residents. Educational
systems are crucial in shaping the appeal of an area for stakeholders.
Kim, H. S. (2017). Patterns of Economic Development: Correlations Affecting Economic
Growth and Quality of Life in 222 Countries. . Politics & Policy, 83-104
The article discusses how successful economic development is closely tied to the quality
of life in a community. The author highlights that economic development hinges, on three
factors; growth, quality of life and human development. While economic development
can manifest in ways it fundamentally relies on freedom for progress. Various elements
contribute to development at national and global levels influenced by shifts in the
political landscape. The study proposes strategies for policymakers to bolster growth and
achieve overarching goals. The author advocates for a framework that promotes
competition acknowledging the need to address governmental corruption for effective
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implementation. Emphasizing technology in institutions is crucial as economic growth
occurs in these sectors. Additionally the author suggests implementing measures for
population control to prevent issues stemming from growth as timing plays a role, in
economic strength.
Martin, C. J., Evans, J., & Karvonen, A. (2018). Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the
visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 269-278.
The article explores the framework for developing cities to replace industrialization in
urban areas aiming to foster sustainable economic growth that meets the needs of city
residents. The author presents three visions for the future of cities; digital transformation,
entrepreneurship promotion and sustainability enhancement all geared towards boosting
economic progress and ensuring social equity. The article outlines five arguments related
to smart city development; sustainability as a priority distribution of innovation benefits
potential disempowerment and marginalization of citizens through innovation, limited
impact of digitizing urban infrastructure on environmental protection and the
unsustainability of consumerism culture. While highlighting the benefits of cities in
revitalizing spaces the article falls short in articulating comprehensive measures for
sustainability and equality that should be prioritized for local community members. It
stresses the need for initiatives to guarantee equality, within economically advancing
smart cities.
Annotated Bibliography 9
Matthews, R., Pendakur, R., & Young, N. (2009). Social Capital, Labour Markets, and Job
Finding in Urban and Rural Regions: Comparing Paths to Employment in Prosperous
Cities and Stressed Rural Communities in Canada. The Sociological Review, 306-330.
The article reviews employment opportunities and the direct correlation to the social
capital of a given community. The evidence is solid that strong social capital is
synonymous with tangible economic benefit within the communities that possess it and
employment is directly represented as a component of the economic benefit. The research
exhibits that strong social capital plays a vital role in employment because it is estimated
that half of jobs are gained through some form of social connections. The urban
community with lower status employment with non-educational background relates to
strong connection ties in social capital whereas professional employment with
educational backgrounds trends are weaker ties in the social capital realm. Each area has
significant impacts with the social capital whether strong or weak ties when gain
employment opportunities. The weak ties can be correlated to social capital of a
community rather than a strong tie of personal friend or acquaintance, and the social
capital of the community has stronger ties to sustainable employment and opportunity.
The author’s study suggests that urban communities with strong social capital and
community partnerships display a stronger employment ties with individuals than the
rural areas. This is an important part of the economic development for an urban
community seeking to boost the employment of the lower-income population.
NOTICE of FUNDING AVAILABILITY CITY of BATON ROUGE, PARISH of EAST BATON
ROUGE 2021.
Annotated Bibliography 10
This article discuss a Notice of Funding Availability, in light of the COVID 19 situation
President Trump approved the CARES Act on March 27 2020 which includes funding for
HUDs Community Planning and Development Grant Program. The Mayor’s Office of the
City of Baton Rouge in East Baton Rouge Parish has been granted $3,257,954 in CDBG,
ESG and HOPWA funds to address the impacts of the crisis. They are currently in the
process of choosing projects for funding to prevent prepare for and respond to COVID
19. Specifically the CDBG program aims to ensure housing offer services to at risk
communities and generate employment opportunities. The City Parish has received
$1,932,038, in CDBG funds is now inviting proposals to support program initiatives.
Novak, M. (2017). Framing the issue: Urban form's impact on downtown redevelopment. Journal
of Urban Regeneration & Renewal, 191-206.
The writer points out the importance of revitalizing downtown areas and the trend of
enhancing the hub of a community. However, they also acknowledge the challenges that
could arise from revitalization efforts due, to a lack of foresight. Economic planners need
to adopt strategies to identify and develop business opportunities. While large shopping
complexes may not thrive in settings like they did in eras the emergence of new and
improved mixed use developments is becoming more successful. Revitalized downtown
areas present challenges for businesses particularly regarding logistics and foot traffic.
The key to success lies in creating a mix of shops and retail spaces that attract visitors.
Transforming existing structures into shopping centers, with office spaces or residential
units adds a touch of creativity. Appeal to consumers. A designed morphological
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framework is essential for downtown areas to attract both businesses and residents
effectively.
Obbie, Mark. “A City Tries to Measure the Violence It’s Preventing.” The New York Times, 22
Apr. 2024, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/04/22/headway/gun-violence-
intervention-baton-rouge.html.
This articles speaks about the rising crime rate in Baton Rouge and the escalation of
violence only serves to perpetuate it. Individuals impacted by these incidents, including
victims, perpetrators and their loved ones often find themselves embedded in knit circles
that're distrustful of law enforcement. Chief Paul was determined to overcome these
barriers. He embraced the prevailing approach, to police reform; viewing law
enforcement as protectors of the community than adversaries. According to this
philosophy when the police are seen as trustworthy witnesses are more likely to come
leading to the resolution of crimes and disrupting cycles involving a small group of
heavily armed young individuals. In 2019 Chief Paul met with Ms. Robinson and others
who had lost family members due to violence. Reflecting on the experience he remarked,
"I was not prepared for the emotions – the passion, outrage, anger and sorrow." Ms.
Robinson especially vocalized her grievances. Despite facing challenges Chief Paul
stressed that while improved policing was crucial it alone was not sufficient. During
discussions with family members affected by violence he emphasized the need, for
collective assistance saying, “We can't do this alone."
Pappas, L. (2016). Millenials: The Greatest Age Transformation in History. New Jersey
Business, 38-40.
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As society evolves and the millennial generation takes the lead economic progress
must adapt to meet their changing needs. It's crucial to come up with ways to
attract opportunities that appeal to this new generation and contribute to
community growth. The article discusses how shifts, in development, such, as
employment, housing, retail and entertainment play roles in catering to millennials
preferences. Young workers value technology proficiency and prefer office spaces
that foster collaboration. Embracing technology is essential requiring cities to
invest in their infrastructure to attract new businesses. Moreover millennials
prioritize affordable housing options, public transportation accessibility and
enhanced quality of life amenities. These factors collectively drive business
growth population influx and job creation within the economy.
Pinheiro, R., & Pillay, P. (2016). Higher education and economic development in the OECD:
policy lessons for other countries and regions. Journal of Higher Education Policy and
Management, 150-166.
Times and populations have evolved with a larger number being replaced by others. The
article discusses how higher education and economic development play roles in creating
an environment on a global, sectoral and regional scale. In the eras of growth higher
education was not as vital, for economic development goals. However, in today’s era, the
importance and justification for learning are yielding significant benefits for successful
development strategies and sustainability while emphasizing on education institutions
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and economic developers are implementing strategies that integrate ideology into
programs to support economic growth particularly in technology related fields.
Communities with levels of focus on education show limited technological advancement
and struggle to keep up with the rapidly growing industry. Through case studies of
Finland and Korea we see how successful economic development practices prioritize
education opportunities as a response to advancements in technology fields. As regional
development plans are devised and analyzed leaders must prioritize strengthening
education to pave the way for a future of sustainable economic growth.
Rathi, A. (2019). Connect and Engage: Community Engagement at the Heart of Downtown
Revitalization. Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal, 40-45.
The article examines the success of downtown revitalization efforts when community
members have interest and voices in the development process and outcome. The
community studied engaged the members in multiple ingenuities to gain the information
derived for outreach and facilitate an action plan conducive to revitalization efforts.
Using the outreach theory specifically to planning community “walk audits” to gain
insight and visualize the prospective plan and gather criticism data that may be
overlooked and under researched. This progressive thought process gains the viability
and buy in from the community needed for public and private sector development. As
part of the overall revitalization master plan, a series of reaching community outreach
research should be conducted to change or finalize prior to action plan implementation.
Ribant, M., & Chen, X. (2018). A Typology of U.S. Shrinking Cities. The Professional
Geographer, 152-164.
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The article aims to investigate the population decline and its impact, outlining areas, for
future research to drive enhancements. The migration of residents from suburbs has been
identified as a factor contributing to the decrease in urban populations following the
transition from industrialization to a service based economy. The authors study highlights
an anomaly in cities experiencing population decline despite efforts towards revitalization
and promising prospects. Data indicates that while some cities have shown signs of
revitalization they continue to face challenges in supporting lower income residents
whereas other major cities are still grappling with decline in both aspects. The research
sheds light on the need for exploration into strategies, for revitalizing communities to
promote holistic economic development within these areas.
Smith, T. A., & Brown, A. (2019). Community-led housing and urban livelihoods: Measuring
employment in low-income housing delivery. Habitat International, 2-8.
The article delves into the demand, for housing, resources and jobs in densely populated
urban areas that have become a global issue. The author emphasizes solutions driven by
communities with initiatives aimed at supporting housing through funding for improving
deteriorating buildings. Addressing the housing challenge through community led efforts
is intricate. Cannot be standardized across all communities. The government’s role is
about enabling than providing, empowering communities to enhance outcomes through
functionality and design. While housing poses a concern for income urban residents
ensuring sustainable employment becomes crucial, for maintaining individual’s economic
well-being. This community driven initiative can strategize ways to promote employment
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opportunities. By taking action community members can lead the progress within their
locality. It is essential to address the needs of the community in question to adequately
meet employment requirements by offering training, education and job placement
opportunities.
Tretter, E. (2013). Sustainability and Neoliberal Urban Development: The Environment, Crime
and the Remaking of Austin's Downtown. Urban Studies, 2222-2237.
The article highlights the aspects of Austin as a growing center that emphasizes an
ecofriendly approach, to economic progress while fostering a sustainable community.
Austin has cultivated an environment in economic opportunities, recreational facilities
and environmental initiatives encouraging technological innovation and enhancing the
quality of life to attract both businesses and residents. Prior to revitalizing downtown
Austin efforts were made to clean up the area by addressing crime and homelessness
creating an eco-conscious environment for living and working. The integration of
principles into planning goes beyond just buildings and infrastructure; it underscores the
significance of green spaces and communal living in downtown rejuvenation promoting
resilience and sustainability. Successful downtown revitalization involves collaboration,
among businesses, communities and government entities towards a future built on
development.
Team, BRAC. “BRAC to Forgo City-Parish Funding, Continue as EBR Economic Development
Partner.” Baton Rouge Area Chamber (BRAC), 24 Jan. 2023, brac.org/brac-to-forgo-city-
parish-funding-continue-as-ebr-economic-development-partner/.
Annotated Bibliography 16
In this article, The Baton Rouge Area Chamber (BRAC) focused on supporting business
recovery and developing post COVID economic strategies. They successfully secured 17
business development announcements advocated for transportation funding and tax
reforms and worked on projects, like passenger rail and economic growth in
communities. Additionally BRAC initiated a loan program for women and minority
owned businesses collaborated on higher education recruitment efforts and finalized a
plan. Encouraging signs of progress include unemployment rates, population growth,
increased college enrollments, job opportunities and a positive outlook, among
businesses. BRAC is set to unveil its five year plan in February 2022.
WAFB Staff. “MSN.” Www.msn.com, Mar. 2024, www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/mayor-
announces-new-initiative-to-combat-homelessness-in-east-baton-rouge-parish/ar-
BB1iYTDD.
This article talks about Mayor Broomes decision to use $1 million from the HOME
American Rescue Plan funds to build the congregate shelter, in East Baton Rouge Parish
at St. Vincent de Paul. In addition to this an extra $5 million from the Louisiana Housing
Corporation will be utilized for this project. The shelter aims to address housing needs for
families every year. Will function as the parishes inaugural 24 hour shelter. Positioned at
the intersection of North Blvd and Brice Ave the two story structure will consist of 32
rooms, each with four beds catering to a total of 128 individuals. This endeavor expands
on Mayor Broomes collaboration with St. Vincent de Paul in enhancing shelter capacity
in Baton Rouge, which was demonstrated through the establishment of the Bishop Ott
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Emergency Disaster and Overflow Shelter in March 2020. Thanks, to this commitment
St. Vincent de Paul offered 30,000 shelter bed nights to individuals in 2023.
Warren, M. R. (2005). Communities and Schools: A New View of Urban Education
Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 133-173,244.
This article emphasizes the significance of integrating an ideology to embrace
urban school reform drawing parallels between struggling schools and struggling
communities. The author highlights the challenges in urban school reform
attributing them to power struggles and lack of community engagement in
implementing changes and holding administrators accountable for shortcomings.
Achieving equality for income schools requires strong community organization
that bridges the gap by fostering collaborative relationships between school
stakeholders and parents to advocate for school reform measures. Social capital
emerges as a focus of study to identify the community’s strengths in integrating
school reform initiatives and assessing the role of community organizations. The
author then delves into three types of school community collaborations. Service
model, development model and organizing model. Providing insights from studies
conducted under each model. Each collaboration model plays a role in the
education reform process by building capital and empowering parents as active
partners in education. The organizing model appears effective in encouraging
community involvement in education reform efforts leading to economic
development advancements, alongside reforms.
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Wolf-Powers, L., Doussard, M., Schrock, G., Heying, C., Eisenburger, M., & Marotta, S.
(2017). The Maker Movement and Urban Economic Development. Journal of the
American Planning Association, 365-376.
The article outlines the framework, for embracing cutting edge technology in
growth through what's known as the maker movement. This movement centers on
utilizing technology for designing creating and producing consumer goods. It
envisions a fusion of entrepreneurship and small scale manufacturing that
emphasizes both design and production aspects. Political leaders are keen on
drawing in this trend to stimulate economic development initiatives. The maker
movement’s technology primarily focuses on three areas; micro makers, global
innovators and emerging local manufacturers. While each sector contributes to
community prosperity emerging manufacturing stands out with statistics in
creating job opportunities within the community. Areas that have seen a decline in
manufacturing and industrial prowess may find value in attracting these business
prospects to spur economic growth and sustainability. With technological
advancements enabling the showcasing of designs and produces the
manufacturing and design sectors stand to gain by offering opportunities, for
communities while city leaders should actively seek out these fresh prospects to
replace declining industries.
