At birth, head circumference is _______ compared to chest circumference
Larger
Define proximodistal
From the trunk to the extremities
Define cephalocaudal
From head to toe
At what age does the first tooth appear?
6-10 months (usually two lower incisor teeth)
What should the child's weight be at 6 months compared to birth weight?
Double birth weight
What should a child's weight at 1 year be compared to his/her birth weight?
Tripled birth weight
What is the average rate of growth (length) for the first year of life?
Ten inches
What are two factors that determine birth weight?
Maternal nutrition, genetics
What is the average birth length?
20 inches
What is the average birth head circumference?
35 cm
What part of the body grows the fastest in infancy?
The head
At what age does the pincer grasp develop to where the infant can place small objects in a container and
hold a crayon and mark with it?
10-12 months
At what age does the posterior fontanel close?
2-3 months
At what age does the anterior fontanel close?
12- 18 months
At what age does the infant hold up their head?
Three months
At what age does the infant roll over?
5-6 months
At what age does the infant hold their head steady when sitting?
6 months
What is Erikson's psychosocial theory of development of the infant?
Trust vs mistrust
What is Piaget's cognitive theory of development of the infant?
Sensorimotor
What is Freud's psychosocial theory of development of the infant?
Oral
How many teeth does the infant have by the end of the first year?
6-8
At what age should solids be introduced?
6-8 months
At what age should cow's milk be introduced?
After 12 months
At what age does the infant voluntarily grasp and release objects?
7-9 months
At what age does the infant develop object permanence and search for objects outside their perceptual
field?
7-9 months
At what age does the infant say "mama" and "dada" with meaning, wave bye-bye, and enjoy rhythm
games?
10-12 months
What immunizations should be administered to a 4 month old infant?
Hib, IPV, DTap, PCV, Rota
Why should the MMR vaccine not be given before 12 months of age?
Because antibodies infants receive from their mothers may interfere with the efficacy of the MMR
vaccine if given prior to twelve months. In the event of a measles outbreak or foreign travel, an infant
less than twelve months may be given a dose of MMR vaccine, but it WILL NOT COUNT toward the two
required doses for immunity.
At what age would you expect an infant to display separation anxiety?
4-8 months
At what age would you expect an infant to display stranger fear?
6-8 months
A maternity nurse is providing instruction to a new mother regarding the psychosocial development of
the newborn infant. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse would instruct the
mother to:
A) Allow the newborn infant to signal a need
B) Anticipate all of the needs of the newborn infant
C) Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 minutes of crying
D) Attend to the newborn infant immediately when crying
A) Allow the newborn infant to signal a need. Trust vs Mistrust stage-This will allow the infant
opportunity to gain trust.
A clinic nurse assesses the communication patterns of a 5-month-old infant. The nurse determines that
the infant is demonstrating the highest level of developmental achievement expected if the infant:
A) Uses simple words such as "mama"
B) Uses monosyllabic babbling
C) Links syllables together
D) Coos when comforted
B. Using monosyllabic babbling occurs between 3 and 6 months of age. Using simple words such as
"mama" occurs between 9 and 12 months. Linking syllables together when communicating occurs
between 6 and 9 months. Cooing begins at birth and continues until 2 months.
The nurse is aware that the earliest age at which an infant is able to sit steadily alone is _____ months.
a. 4
b. 5
c. 8
d. 15
C. The infant can sit alone without support at about 8 months of age.
The nurse is aware that the earliest age at which the infant should be able to walk independently is
_____ months.
a. 8 to 10
b. 12 to 15
c. 15 to 18
d. 18 to 21
B. For the majority of children, the milestone of walking alone is achieved between 12 and 15 months.
The parent of a 3-month-old infant asks the nurse, "At what age do infants usually begin drinking from a
cup?" The nurse would reply:
a. 5 months.
b. 9 months.
c. 1 year.
d. 2 years.
A. The infant can usually drink from a cup when it is offered at about 5 months.
The nurse would expect a 4-month-old to be able to:
a. hold a cup.
b. stand with assistance.
c. lift head and shoulders.
d. sit with back straight.
C. Because development is cephalocaudal, of these choices, lifting the head and shoulders is the one
that the infant learns to do first. The infant can usually sit with support at about 5 months of age and can
sit alone at about 8 months.
The abnormal finding in an evaluation of growth and development for a 6-month-old infant would be:
a. weight gain of 4 to 7 ounces per week.
b. length increase of 1 inch in 2 months.
c. head lag present.
d. can sit alone for a few seconds.
C. The infant should be holding the head up well by 5 months of age. If head lag is present at 6 months,
the child should undergo further evaluation.
A parent brings a 6-month-old infant to the pediatric clinic for her well-baby examination. Her birth
weight was 8 pounds, 2 ounces. The nurse weighing the infant today would expect her weight to be at
least _____ pounds.
a. 12
b. 16
c. 20
d. 24
B. Birth weight is usually doubled by 6 months of age.
The nurse would advise a parent when introducing solid foods to:
a. begin with one tablespoon of food.
b. mix foods together.
c. eliminate a refused food from the diet.
d. introduce each new food 4 to 7 days apart.
D. Only one new food is offered in a 4- to 7-day period to determine tolerance.
When assessing development in a 9-month-old infant, the nurse would expect to observe the infant:
a. speaking in 2-word sentences.
b. grasping objects with palmar grasp.
c. creeping along the floor.
d. beginning to use a spoon rather sloppily.
C. The 9-month-old tries to creep, has developed pincer movement, and can grasp a spoon without
keeping food on it.
The nurse observes a 10-month-old infant using her index finger and thumb to pick up pieces of cereal.
This behavior is evidence that the infant has developed:
a. the pincer grasp.
b. a grasp reflex.
c. prehension ability.
d. the parachute reflex.
A. By 1 year, the pincer-grasp coordination of index finger and thumb is well established.
The most appropriate activity to recommend to parents to promote sensorimotor stimulation for a 1-
year-old would be to:
a. ride a tricycle.
b. spend time in an infant swing.
c. play with push-pull toys.
d. read large picture books.
C. Push-pull toys are appropriate to promote sensorimotor stimulation for a 1-year-old child.
The nurse explains that by the age of 6 months an iron-rich formula should be offered because the infant
has:
a. limited ability to produce red blood cells.
b. ineffective digestive enzymes.
c. exhausted maternal iron stores.
d. need of the iron to support dentition.
C. Exhausted maternal iron stores
The nurse explains that the second process of self-mobility an infant learns is seen at the age of 9
months, when the infant begins to ___________.
Creep-- At 7 months the infant begins to crawl, using arms and dragging trunk and legs. At 9 months the
infant begins to creep, holding his or her trunk above the floor. The next self-mobility activity is cruising,
where the child walks from one piece of furniture to the next before it begins to walk independently.
A 3-month-old infant, born at 38 weeks of gestation, will hold a rattle if it is put in her hands, but she will
not voluntarily grasp it. The nurse should interpret this as:
a. Normal development.
b. Significant developmental lag.
c. Slightly delayed development caused by prematurity.
d. Suggestive of a neurologic disorder such as cerebral palsy.
A. This indicates normal development. Reflexive grasping occurs during the first 2 to 3 months and then
gradually becomes voluntary. No evidence of neurologic dysfunction is present.
In terms of fine motor development, the infant of 7 months should be able to:
a. Transfer objects from one hand to the other.
b. Use thumb and index finger in crude pincer grasp.
c. Hold crayon and make a mark on paper.
d. Release cubes into a cup.
A. By age 7 months infants can transfer objects from one hand to the other, crossing the midline. The
crude pincer grasp is apparent at about age 9 months. The child can scribble spontaneously at age 15
months. At age 12 months the child can release cubes into a cup.
In terms of gross motor development, what would the nurse expect a 5-month-old infant to do?
a. Roll from abdomen to back.
b. Roll from back to abdomen.
c. Sit erect without support.
d. Move from prone to sitting position.
A. Rolling from abdomen to back is developmentally appropriate for a 5-month-old infant. The ability to
roll from back to abdomen usually occurs at 6 months old. Sitting erect without support is a
developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. The 10-month-old infant can usually move from
a prone to a sitting position
In terms of gross motor development, what would the nurse expect a 5-month-old infant to do? Choose
all that apply.
a. Roll from abdomen to back
b. Put feet in mouth when supine
c. Roll from back to abdomen
d. Sit erect without support
e. Move from prone to sitting position
f. Adjust posture to reach an object
A, B. Rolling from abdomen to back and placing the feet in the mouth when supine are developmentally
appropriate for a 5-month-old infant
The nurse would expect a 4-month-old to be able to:
a. hold a cup.
b. stand with assistance.
c. lift head and shoulders.
d. sit with back straight.
c. lift head and shoulders.
The nurse outlines what principles of discipline for an infant? Select all that apply.
a. Firmly say "No."
b. Distract child to another activity.
c. Bribe the child with a sweet treat.
d. Remain consistent.
e. Ignore child until behavior improves.
A. Firmly say "No."
B. Distract child to another activity
D. Remain consistent
The nurse is aware that the 7-month-old can signal feeding readiness by which action(s)? Select all that
apply.
a. Pulling spoon toward mouth
b. Biting at spoon with upper and lower incisors
c. Pointing to food bowl
d. Bouncing up and down with excitement at sight of food
e. Manipulating finger foods
A. Pulling spoon toward mouth
E. Manipulating finger foods
The nurse reminds the parents that their 2-month-old should receive three immunizations for which
illnesses.
a. Pertussis (whooping cough)
b. Influenza
c. Diptheria
d. Tetanus
e. Polio
A, B, C, D, E
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