Pathology Test 2 Terms
Immunity
•Host- any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth
requirements of another.
•Infection- the presence and multiplication within a host of another living organism, with
the subsequent injury to the host.
•Abscess- a localized pocket of infection composed of devitalized tissue, microorganisms,
and the host’s phagocytic white blood cells, in essence: a stalemate in the infectious
process. A collection of pus that is restricted to a specific area in tissues, organs, or
confined spaces.
•Microflora- the bacteria that normally and harmlessly inhabit the external and internal
exposed surfaces of the human body.
•Severity of infection-
•Pathogens- a select group of microorganisms that are so virulent that they are rarely
found in the absence of disease. Disease-causing organism.
•Symptomology- the collection of signs and symptoms expressed by the host during the
disease course.
•Immunity- the ability of the body to resist many agents (both living and nonliving) that
can cause disease. Resistance to disease.
•Incidence- the number of new cases of an infectious disease that occur within a defined
population over an established period of time.
•Epidemiology- the study of factors, events, and circumstances that influence the
transmission of infectious diseases in human populations.
•Nosocomial infection- infections that develop in patients while they are hospitalized.
•Disease prevalence-
•Opportunistic pathogens- microorganisms that are capable of producing an infectious
disease when the health and immunity of the host have been severely weakened by
illness, malnutrition, or medical therapy.
•Diaphoresis- excessive perspiration
Disorders of Blood Flow in the Systemic Circulation and Heart Failure
•Hyperlipidemia- excessive levels of fat in the blood
•Lipoproteins- phospholipids and proteins; transport cholesterol and triglyceride to
various tissues for energy utilization, lipid deposition, steroid hormone production, and
bile acid formation
•Cholesterol- important dietary lipid found in the blood
•Hypercholesterolemia- elevated levels of blood cholesterol
•Atherosclerosis- type of arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries; there is a formation
of fibrofatty lesions in the intimal lining of the large and medium-sized arteries
•Vasculitis- vessel inflammation and necrosis
•Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger disease)- inflammatory arterial disorder that
causes thrombus formation
•Raynauds Disease- intense vasospasm of the arteries and arterioles of the fingers and
sometimes toes
•Aneurysm- an abnormal localized dilation of a blood vessel (can occur in arteries or
veins; most common in the aorta)
•Varicose Veins- primary varicose veins originate in the superficial saphrenous veins and
secondary varicose veins result from impaired flow in the deep venous channels.
Prolonged exposure to increased pressure causes the venous valves to become
incompetent so they no longer close properly; the reflux of blood causes further venous
enlargement, pulling the valve leaflet apart and causing more valvular incompetence in
sections of adjacent distal veins (the leg veins support the abdominal veins since
abdominal veins don’t have valves- intra-abdominal pressure increases stress on veins in
the legs)
•Venous Thrombosis (thrombophlebitis)- the presence of thrombus in a vein and the
accompanying inflammatory response in the vessel wall
•Compartment Syndrome- increased pressure within a limited space that compromises
the circulation and function of the tissues in the space
•Pressure Ulcer- ischemic lesions of the skin and underlying structure caused by
unrelieved pressure that impairs the flow of blood and lymph. Caused by pressure,
shearing forces, friction, and moisture.
•Left heart failure- impairs the movement of blood from the low-pressure pulmonary
circulation into the high-pressure arterial side of the systemic circulation
•Right heart failure- impairs the ability to move deoxygenated blood from the systemic
circulation into the pulmonary circulation
•Cardiac Output- the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute; measures the
efficiency of the heart
•Heart rate- the number heart beats per minute.
•Stroke volume- how much blood is pumped with each beat.
•Preload- reflects the volume of loading conditions of the ventricle at the end of diastole,
just before the onset of systole
•Afterload- represents the force that the contracting heart muscle must generate to eject
blood from the filling heart.
•Cyanosis- the bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by excess
desaturated hemoglobin in the blood. It’s often a late sign of heart failure.
•Cachexia- cardiac cachexia is a condition of malnutrition and tissue wasting that occurs
in persons with end-stage heart failure.
•Diaphoresis- excessive perspiration
•Tachycardia- abnormally fast heartbeat that is over 100 beats per minute.
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