NURS 115 Patho Exam 2 Study Guide.pdf

NURS 115 SCIENCES IN NURSING

Study Guide for Test Two

Miller/Drohn

Page 1

3/18/20191

This is a guide for student preparation for testing in NURS 115. It is understood that the student is responsible for all

course material designated for each test including course readings, in/out of class study / activities and lecture material.

Immunity and AIDS- HIV,

Universal precautions and immunity

Antigen and antibody

Antigen is foreign to body

Antibody is created by the body to tag the non-self-members

Immune response- self vs non-self (Bs and Ts)

B and T cells are Non-phagocytic lymphocytes

B cells

oHumoral immunity

oaware of non-self-members: they can identify antigens, but cannot do anything about it

ospecific for a particular antigen- bind like lock and key

omemory cells and plasma cells

T cells

oCellular immunity

oaware of self-members and can see the antigen tagging by B cells

oFor types:

Helper T (CD4)

Master regulator

Helps make antibodies

Calls in reinforcement

Suppressor

Protects healthy cells

Memory

Stays in circulation for next attack

Cytotoxic (CD8)

Releases cytolytic enzymes, toxic cytokines, and pore forming molecules

Know types of active and passive immunity

Active: your body is doing something, making antibodies

oVaccination, or getting the disease

Passive: preformed antibodies or T-lymphs given to person

oInjection of immunoglobulins, snake bite venom, milk from mother to baby

Components of the immune system

Role of macrophages, lymphocytes, cytokines

Macrophages: phagocytosis

Lymphocytes: B and T cells

Cytokines: small substance used in communicating

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are produced by what cells

Antibodies are produced by B-cells

IgM: first to respond to an infection

oFound in blood and lymph

NURS 115 SCIENCES IN NURSING

Study Guide for Test Two

Miller/Drohn

Page 2

3/18/20192

IgE: associated with allergy response

oFound in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes

IgG: most abundant, only one that crosses the placenta

oFound In body fluids

IgA: Defense against infections in mucosal tissues

oFound in tears, saliva, secretions

IgD: an antigen receptor

oFound on B-cell membranes

Mediators in allergic response, and from where are they released

Cytokines, interleukins, igE, histamine?

oCauses vasodilation, capillary permeability, swelling of bronchioles and bronchospasms

To calm it, you need antihistamine drugs, and epinephrine to cause vasoconstriction and relax

bronchioles

Opportunistic pathogens



Stages of illness

Incubation

Prodromal

Acute

Convalescent

Resolution

Chain of infection



Nosocomial infection

A hospital-acquired infection or health care infection

Ex is a CAUTI (catheter-associated-UTI)- this is the nurse’s fault!!

WBC and infection

Leukocytosis, it increases in cell count

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC I and MHC II)

MHC I:

oRecognizes there is an antigen, calls in CD8 to activate chemotaxis

MHC II

oRecognizes there’s been phagocytosis, calls in CD4 for reinforcement

Inflammation and healing

Signs and symptoms of inflammation

Increased WBC count, Increased ESR, fever, in C reactive protein released from the liver, lethargy

Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, function laeso

Chemotaxis

Chemical warfare

Vitamins and minerals necessary for wound healing

Protein- for building of new tissue

Types of wound drainage and what the color and consistency indicate

Prostaglandins role in inflammatory response

Increases histamine effect

NURS 115 SCIENCES IN NURSING

Study Guide for Test Two

Miller/Drohn

Page 3

3/18/20193

Diabetes Mellitus

Hormones that raise blood glucose

Growth hormone, cortisol,

Signs and symptoms of DKA, HHS, insulin reaction

Where is insulin produced, its effects

Pancreas- beta cells

Only hormone that can lower blood glucose

Know type one and type two diabetes, signs and symptoms, treatments, diagnostics

Insulin types and timing

Signs & symptoms of hypoglycemia, somogi effect

Effect of glucocorticoid on blood glucose

Increases blood glucose

Test Map

40% Diabetes Mellitus

14% Inflammation and Healing

46% Immunity

Cardiac will wait for test three due to fall break and the Thursday sections not having a chance to ask questions on

this material to date.

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