Research Report Final 1.0 infectious disease paper

Week-5infectiousdiseasepaper

Choose a topic rabies the list provided to you by your course faculty. Apply the

concepts of population health and epidemiology to the topic.

2. SynthesizeCourse content from Weeks 1-5according to the following sections:

oIntroduction:Analysis of the communicabledisease(causes, symptoms, mode

of transmission, complications, treatment) to include demographic break down

that includes age, gender, race, or other at-risk indicators (dataper

demographics should include mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence).

oDeterminants of Health:Define, identify and synthesize the determinants of

health as related to the development of the infection. Utilize HP2020.

oEpidemiological Triad:Identify and describe all elements of the

epidemiological triad: Host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and

environmental factors. Utilize the demographic break down to further

describethe triad.

oRole of the NP:Succinctly define the role of the nurse practitioner according to

a national nurse practitioner organization (National Board of Nursing orAANP,

for example) and synthesize the role to the management

ofinfectiousdiseases(surveillance, primary/secondary/tertiary interventions,

reporting, data collecting, data analysis, and follow-up). This includes the

integration ofa modelof practice which supportsthe implementation of an

evidence-based practice. Refer to your course textbook for models of practice

examples.

Preparing thepaper

Submission Requirements

1. Application: Use Microsoft Word™ to create the written assessment.

2. Length:Thepaper(excluding the title page and reference page) should be limited toa

maximum of four (4) pages. Papers not adhering to the page length may be returned to

you for editing to meet the length guidelines.

3. A minimum ofthree (3)scholarly research/literature references must be used. CDC or

other web sources may be utilized but are not counted towards the three minimum

references required. Your course text may be used as an additional resource but is not

included in the three minimum scholarly references.

4. APA format current edition.

5. Include scholarly in-text references and a reference list.

6. Adhere to the Chamberlain College of Nursing academic policy on integrity as it pertains

to the submission ofstudent created original work for assignmentst.S

Introduction

COVID-19 is one of the most infectious diseases in the world today. Since its

outbreak in 2019, COVID-19 has burgeoned into a global pandemic that continues to kill

hundreds of people. The disease is caused by a novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which

spread easily among people through direct contact with other infected persons' respiratory

droplets. The key symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, chills, cough, tiredness, Shortness

of breath or difficulty breathing, chest pains, headache, sore throat, and muscles aches.

COVID-19 complications include pneumonia, heart problems, blood clots, kidney failure,

and other bacterial and viral infections. So far, a few vaccines have been developed but the

FDA has approved only one medication (vaccine) for the treatment of COVID-19- remdesivir

(Veklury). However, the FDA has granted an emergency use authorization for the rheumatoid

arthritis drug baricitinib (Olumiant) to treat COVID-19 in some cases (Mayo Clinic 2021)./

COVID-19 mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence continue to rise even as

world governments continue to roll out the newly-developed vaccine. According to the World

Health Organization (2021), the COVID-19 death toll globally stands at 2.27 million, while

the cases have hit a record 104 million. Notably, the virus does not affect all demographic

groups equally. The WHO reports that 63 percent of deaths related to Coronavirus have been

among men. The risk of developing life-threatening COVID-19 symptoms increases with

age, with individuals aged 85 and older at the highest risk of serious symptoms. The WHO

reports that about 80% of deaths in the U.S from COVID-19 have been in people age 65 and

older.//

Determinants of Health

The Healthy People 2020 describes various personal, social, economic, and

environmental factors that influence an individual's health status. For COVID-19, the

key social determinants of health for COVID-19 patients include poverty, physical

environment, race, and ethnicity. Mayo Clinic (2021) reveals non-Hispanic American

Indian or Alaska Native people have an age-adjusted COVID-19 hospitalization rate of

about 5.3 times their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Economic determinants of

health include employment status, level of income, and homelessness, among others.

Epidemiologic Triad

The COVID-19 epidemiologic triad consists of external agents, susceptible host, as

well as environmental factors that bring together the host and agent./

External Agent

COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),

which spreads easily and rapidly among people through droplets spread when infected

persons sneeze and cough./

Host

The Coronavirus is a zoonotic disease whose natural ecological reservoir has been

found to be bats. Scientists have theorized that this virus relied on another intermediate

animal host to break the species barriers and reach/affect humans. However, the exact

intermediate host animal has not yet been identified, although scientists believe that they may

include domesticated world animals, domestic animals, and more./

The Environment

Various intrinsic environmental factors influence the exposure, spread, and

susceptibility of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the words of Saadat et al. (2020), "the

characteristics of environmental air quality and environmental surfaces contaminated by the

virus are important factors that determine the infectivity retention and extent and speed of the

spread of the virus." Temperature, humidity, and sunlight have been found to have a

significant influence on the spread of Coronavirus. Persons who come into contact with

surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 become infected by touching their eyes, nose,

mouth, and other body parts. The virus is then transmitted when people come into direct

contact with respiratory droplets of other infected persons through coughing and sneezing).

The virus may survive on surfaces for several hours, which contributes to its high virulence.

Other environmental factors that exacerbate the spread of COVID-19 include crowded

situations, enclosed spaces, and long durations of direct contact with infected persons./

Role of Nurse practitioner

The American Association of Nurse Practitioners defined a nursing practitioner (NP)

as advanced practice registered nurse trained to perform activities such as assessment of

patient needs, order and interpretation of diagnostic and laboratory tests, disease diagnosis,

and prescription of treatment plans. NPs provide primary, acute, as well as specialty care

services to diverse populations. With their advanced clinical training, NPs are authorized to

diagnose illnesses, treat conditions, and provide evidence-based health education to their

patients./

One of the primary roles of NPs in the treatment and management of COVID-19 is

documentation of patient health history in order to ensure a proper diagnosis. Moreover, NPS

performs patient observation, tests, procedures as well as physical exams on patients brought

to their respective facilities with the COVID-19 symptoms mentioned earlier. As the virus

spread rapidly across the globe, many NPs answered calls to serve and volunteer in the

frontline. Besides recording patient's symptoms and medical history, NPS also helps create

patient care plans that have been recommended for COVID-19 patients. They may also order,

administer or analyze the necessary diagnostics tests that have been recommended in the

treatment of the virus./

The other key role of NPs is making necessary follow-ups on patients diagnosed with

the Coronavirus. This is particularly vital for patients with critical symptoms and conditions

such as pneumonia and breathing problems. In the words of Buheji & Buhaid (2020),

effective follow-up systems help NPs ensure any missed appointments or medications, which

helps avoid delayed diagnoses, treatments, or referrals. All these are guided by the procedures

and standards recommended by the WHO. Notably, WHO has recommended that patients

confirmed or suspected of COVID-19 should have good access to all necessary follow-up

care, especially if they exhibit persistent or new symptoms. NPs intervention is essential for

patients with 'long COVID', which refers to when a patient recovers from COVID-19 but

continues to have longer-term health problems such as persistent respiratory problems,

extreme fatigue, or exercise intolerance.//

NPs also perform surveillance duties to keep COVID-19 patients safe. In the acute

care setting, such as in the ICU, NPs perform surveillance to identify potential threats to

Coronavirus patient health and safety. They achieve this through ongoing acquisition,

interpretation, and synthesis of the patient data to make clinical decisions./

As the world continues to grapple with the pandemic, nurse practitioners (NP) have a

critical to play. NPs are among the frontline healthcare professionals who play a vital role in

managing the killer virus. The pandemic is dramatically changing the role of NPs in the

healthcare systems in many unprecedented ways. According to Buheji & Buhaid (2020), NPs

role has expanded to include providing psychotherapy to patients experiencing anxiety,

stress, depression, and other mental issues associated with COVID-19. The virus has caused

physical ailments and poor health, especially for economically devastated the crisis. Buheji &

Buhaid (2020) state that NPs caring for groups of people who have been disproportionately

affected by COVID019 (such as the homeless, substance abuse addicts, and the unemployed)

are providing counseling and other mental health services./

References

American Association of Nurse Practitioners (2020). What's a Nurse Practitioner (NP)?.

Retrieved from/https://www.aanp.org/about/all-about-nps/whats-a-nurse-practitioner

Buheji, M., & Buhaid, N. (2020). Nursing human factor during COVID-19

pandemic./International Journal of Nursing,/10(1), 12-24.

Mayo Clinic (2021). COVID-19: Who's at higher risk of serious symptoms? Retrieved

from/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/

coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301/

World Health Organization (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019?

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Topic: Assessment of glucose technologies in measuring glucose levels in Diabetes

Introduction

The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in

2014 in the world (WHO, 2021). Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low- and middle-

income countries than in high-income countries such as Zimbabwe a developing country with

low income. Between 2000 and 2016, there was a 5% increase in premature mortality from

diabetes in the world. In 2019, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by

diabetes (Dorer, 2017).

“In Zimbabwe, it is estimated that 10 in every 100 people have diabetes, and

currently, diabetes statistics represent over 100 000 visits or consultations at outpatients’

departments per year,” said Mrs. Gutu (Rebel, 2012) This shows the prevalence of diabetes

each year raises concern.

According to Herrero, et al (2013), women are four times more than males who have

diabetes. In addition, the death rate for women with diabetes has risen radically since the

1970s, while it has not for men with the disease. Age and overweight are the most common

traits that make someone likely to develop diabetes. However, women of 45 years and above

are more vulnerable to diabetes than men. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease in

women four times more than it does in men, and women have worse outcomes after a heart

attack. Women are also more likely than men to develop diabetes complications such as

blindness, kidney disease, and depression and chest pains which make them more prone to

new diseases such as Covid -19. (Office on Women’s Health (OWH) at the U.S. Department

of Health and Human Services)

Diabetes is not curable, but there are steps taken to manage blood sugar and reduce

risk of complications. This includes the use of different technologies that measure blood

glucose as a way of regulating its level. In Zimbabwe diabetic patients are struggling to

access drugs such as metformin, glibenclamide and insulin injections and the treatment is

costly, running into hundreds of dollars per month (Cook, 2007). Testing equipment, used at

most public hospitals, is obsolete and while that in private clinics is expensive to access.

Hence, this research will bridge the gap of showing how many types of glucometer are there

in the market and how much they cost.

Baum (2006) asserts that diabetes technology has progressed extensively for the past

half a decade which involved developing and improving markers for diabetes control,

sophisticated monitoring tools, mathematical models and assessment procedures. Continuous

Glucose Monitoring (CGM) was introduced in 1999 and has evolved from retroactive review

of blood glucose profiles to resourceful reliable devices, which monitor the course of glucose

fluctuations. This gives an insight to the patient and doctor about the level and length the

disease has gone.

Glucometers are chosen by how they suit the needs of the user, the cost of the strips

and the prescription availability./

Table 1

Technologies used for glucose testing

Technologies used for glucose

testing

Examples

Blood glucose monitoring series Safe Accu, Safe AQ Angel, Gold AQ Plus

Multi-functional monitoring series Safe AQ KG,Safe AQ UG, Lipid and Blood

Point of care testing FR CRP, PT INR, Urea Creation UA

Digital Management Tool Solution Digital Management kit

Non-invasive Screening Products AGE Scan

Diabetes Peripheral Products Sinodraw lancing device, Sinocare minute

SARS-CoV-2 test Products SARS-CoV-2 Antibody test strip or Antigen

Note. Examples of technologies used for glucose testing

Aim and Objective

To assess the different types of glucometers available in testing for glucose level.

Educating and empowering changes in one’s lifestyle to living healthy each day

Method

The assessment of technologies used to measure glucose levels adopted a mixed

research approach which integrates a qualitative and quantitative method within a single

research. In light of the nature of this research, a case study of health sectors was used.

Relying on the tradition of practicality, the researcher based the analysis on the assumption

that collecting diverse types of data best provides a more complete understanding of a

research problem than either quantitative or qualitative data alone. The study population used

comprised of pharmacies, private and public health centers. Participating in the research

study was a subset of two pharmacies including pharmacist and sales workers and two private

and public centers were selected out of the entire population of the population. A simple

random selection of the participants took place on the various types of pharmacies in

Borrowdale, Harare after the names are grouped according to gender and services offered.

A total of 3 females and 3 male pharmacists and sales workers were selected to ensure

a fair and equal participation of male and female participants from all lists of pharmacist.

However, purposive sampling was also adopted for two private and public health centers in

Borrowdale, Harare. A purposive sampling is the deliberate choice of an informant due to the

qualities the informant possesses (Reynolds, 2008) and depends on how you feel that you can

learn a great deal from these individuals. The researcher made sure that the group being

interviewed had a variety of health practitioners: doctors and nurses. The main instruments of

data collection used were the self-administered questionnaires and interviews. The chosen

instruments sought to enhance the inclusiveness of the sample participants by relaying

instruments that allows them to express themselves explicitly. This also facilitated in the

triangulation process of obtaining maximum data from pharmacies, private and public health

practitioners.

Results

Figure 1

Data collection and survey response rate

40%

30%

participants response rate

pharmacies

public sector

private sector

Note. Percentage response rate of the participants

Figure 1 shows that response rate was very efficient and had a positive feedback.

Pharmacies had a more positive feedback response compared to public and private sector.

Figure 2

Gender participation rate

pharmacies public sector private sector

females

males

Participants

Percentage %

Note. Quantitative data showing gender participation rate

Figure 2 shows that the quantitative data was collected from both female and male

participants. The bar graph indicates that pharmacies had equal experience and knowledge

about the different technologies used for glucose monitoring and testing while the females

out-numbered the males in the private sector.

Table 2 below stipulates that blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) and point of

care testing (POC) are the most available and well known to all health sectors. However, the

performance rate of BGMS and SARS-CoV -2 test is most accurate while POC is not

reliable.

Table 2

Availability and Performance of each technology system

Technologies used for

glucose testing

Pharmacies Public

Sector

Private

Sector

Performance

(%)

Blood glucose monitoring

series

   80

Multi-functional

monitoring series

x60

Point of care testing    55

Digital Management Tool

Solution

x

Non-invasive Screening

Products

x x 50

Diabetes Peripheral

Products

x x 

SARS-CoV-2 test

Products

x x 90

Note. Blood glucose monitoring systems and point of care testing

Discussion

Blood glucose monitoring system is one of the most significant in improving in

diabetes management as they demonstrated to be clinically valuable due to its accuracy,

convenience and improvement software (Kuupiel, 2020). Blood glucose monitoring system

promotes glycemic and weight control which helps reduce the risk of hypoglycemia and

hyperglycemia and improve relevant lifestyle behaviors. Hence, has been found through this

research that most pharmacies and private sectors do have these available including the

public health institutions. Pharmacy technicians indicated that most blood glucose monitoring

systems are quick result based, less painful, have customized test reminders and have

continuous tracking calendar. Despite its long clinical success, the system has a number of

problems in use like just testing glucose level only instead of testing other molecules such as

lipids and ketones which also have an impact on a diabetic individual and several types are

expensive.

Kost, et al (2018) posits that non-invasive screening products were designed to

alleviate pain as the primary goal from the continuous pricking the patients have to go

through each time testing. For this reason, these are gaining recognition in the market and are

becoming a preference although still expensive for most clinical practices and other health

institutes together with most pharmacies. Despite its safety and efficacy, non-invasive

products suffer from several major drawbacks such as availability due to most pharmacists

indicated that these can only be available to the patients upon order from outside the country

and at a costly fee. Most diabetic patients in Zimbabwe do not have sufficient funds to

provide themselves with these continuously since they have to continually monitor the

glucose levels each day.

Point of care (POC) testing kits are widely used and available due to its primary use

that is to provide the physician with analytical information that can be used to make a quick

decision at a patient’s bedside as compared to laboratory tests (McNay and Gold, 2001).

Accurate POC glucose testing requires attention to factors before, during and after

performance tests which increases the probability of POC are widely used in public hospital

care for patients to be accurately tested for abnormal glucose levels while in the hospital.

Recommendations

The ways of improving accuracy for POC products is to firstly by improving the

accuracy of the monitoring device and eliminate sources of error which are the methods of

preparation for tests after identifying the correct tests needed by the patient together with

better ways of documentation.

References

Baum, J. M., Monhaut, N. M., Parker, D. R., & Price, C. P. (2006). Improving the quality of

self-monitoring blood glucose measurement: a study in reducing calibration errors.

Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 8(3), 347-357.

Cook, C. B., Moghissi, E., Joshi, R., Kongable, G. L., & Abad, V. J. (2007). Inpatient point-

of-care bedside glucose testing: preliminary data on use of connectivity informatics to

measure hospital glycemic control. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 9(6), 493-

500.

Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group*. (2005). Eight-point

glucose testing versus the continuous glucose monitoring system in evaluation of

glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &

Metabolism, 90(6), 3387-3391.

Dover, A. R., Stimson, R. H., Zammitt, N. N., & Gibb, F. W. (2017). Flash glucose

monitoring improves outcomes in a type 1 diabetes clinic. Journal of diabetes science

and technology, 11(2), 442-443.

Herrero, P., Georgiou, P., Oliver, N., Reddy, M., Johnston, D., & Toumazou, C. (2013). A

composite model of glucagon-glucose dynamics for in silico testing of bihormonal

glucose controllers. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 7(4), 941-951.

Kost, G. J., Tran, N. K., Louie, R. F., Gentile, N. L., & Abad, V. J. (2008). Assessing the

performance of handheld glucose testing for critical care. Diabetes technology &

therapeutics, 10(6), 445-451.

Kuupiel, D., Adu, K. M., Bawontuo, V., Adogboba, D. A., Drain, P. K., Moshabela, M., &

Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2020). Geographical accessibility to glucose-6-

phosphate dioxygenase deficiency point-of-care testing for antenatal care in Ghana.

Diagnostics, 10(4), 229.

McNay, E. C., & Gold, P. E. (2001). Age-related differences in hippocampal extracellular

fluid glucose concentration during behavioral testing and following systemic glucose

administration. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and

Medical Sciences, 56(2), B66-B71.

Rebel, A., Rice, M. A., & Fahy, B. G. (2012). The accuracy of point-of-care glucose

measurements. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 6(2), 396-411.

1. Research

Topic:Week2:HP2020ImpactPaper:DisabilityandHealth(please refer to

theHP2020web site link for this topic and review the assignment directions

in the course).

2. Identify your target population (for instance, age or other demographic,

aggregate population); this must be in your city or state.

3. Discusspopulation-basedhealth education interventions for your target

population that is aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality for the

problem. Be sure to review the research literature andHP2020for

interventions.

4. Identify how and what data for interventions is being tracked.

5. In a four (4) pagepaper, address the following.Refer to rubric for expanded

details related to grading expectations.

oIdentify the problemin the introduction section.

oProvide an overview of the problemin yourstate/national.

oReview ofdescriptiveepidemiological and demographic data on

mortality/morbidity and risk.

oHP2020:Present the goal, overview and objectives of Healthy People

2020 for thepapertopic.

oPopulation level prevention andhealthpromotion

review.Describepopulation and/or primaryhealthcare focused

interventions.Use of scholarly literature andHP2020isrequired. There

should be direct correlation to evidence for all strategies.



Best Practices in Preparing the Project

1. Review directionsand rubric through carefully.

2. Follow submission requirements.

3. Make sure all elements on the grading rubric are included. Organize

thepaperusing the rubric sectionsand appropriate headings to match the

sections.

4. Rules of grammar, spelling, word usage, and punctuation are followed and

consistent with formal, scientific writing.

5. Title page, running head, body ofpaper, and reference page must follow APA

guidelines as found in the current edition of the manual. This includes the use of

headings for each section of thepaperexcept for the introduction where no

heading is used.

6. Ideas and information that come from scholarly literature must be cited and

referenced correctly.

7. A minimum ofthree (3)scholarly literature referencesmust be used. Not all

references should be from scholarly web sites. You may use your textbook, but

this will not count towards the three (3) scholarly literature references.

8. Length: Papers not adhering to the page length may be returned to you for

editingto meet the length guidelines.

Introduction: Problem Identification

Disability is one of the direst problems faced by the elderly population as they age.

Essentially, disability is more common among older individuals. According to the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (2020), individuals aged 65 years and older account for

approximately 41.4 percent of people with disabilities in the U.S. The common types of

disabilities affecting older people include mobility impairment, vision and hearing

impairment, mental/intellectual health conditions, autism spectrum disorder, other physical

disabilities. The primary target group of people chosen for this exercise is the elderly-those

aged above 60 years. This is a group of people whose bodies are more prone to a wide array

of other health problems compared to their younger counterparts.//

Epidemiology and Demographics

The elderly make up a substantial portion of the U.S population. Statistics have

indicated that the U.S population is increasingly aging, with baby boomers shaping the

country's age dynamics and states. The state of Illinois is one of the states with the oldest

population. According to United States Census Bureau (2020) “One of every eight Illinoisans

are over age 60. That number will rise to one in five by 2030. By 2030, Illinois is expected to

experience a 76 percent gain (648,129 residents) in the population aged 65 to 74, an 80

percent gain (418,798 residents) in those aged 75 to 84, and a 65 percent gain (152,866

residents) in those over 85.” As the state’s population continues to age, their risk of

disabilities increases hence the need for effective interventions to help this big population to

live healthier and happier lives. This calls for effective health promotion initiatives that are

guided by the mission and objectives laid out under Healthy People 2020.

In the state of Illinois, the prevalence of disabilities tends to increase across the age

groups from 11.3 percent among individual aged between18 and39, to 21.4 percent for those

middle age adults aged between 40 and 64. 37.8 percent of the state’s population aged over

65 years have disabilities. Disabilities have far-reaching effects on the overall health and

quality of life for most elderly people. This necessitates effective health interventions to assist

the elderly group of people in order to improve their well-being and quality of life. Necessary

population-based health education interventions should be adopted to help address this major

problem facing elderly people in Illinois Adults living with disabilities are 19.92% more

likely to die compared to adults without any disability. The elderly are also among the largest

groups of people without health insurance covers in Illinois, which further exacerbates their

disabilities and health status. For these reasons, it is important for health providers in the state

of Illinois to make effective interventions to help the elderly population overcome the many

health problems caused or associated with their disabilities.//

Healthy People 2020

Goal

The overarching goal is to educate and build capacity for elderly Illinois older adults living

with disabilities in order for them to live more productive, happier, and quality lives.

Overview

As mentioned earlier, 37.8 percent of Illinois’ population aged over 65 years have

disabilities. However, having a disability should not be a barrier for the affected individuals

to suffer or lead inferior lives. The program will seek to maximize health, prevent chronic

disease while also improving the social and environmental living conditions of the elderly

people living with disabilities in Illinois. The health promotion program will seek to promote

positive choices, health equity, and quality of life among elderly people with disabilities

within the state. In accordance with the World Health Organization's model of social

determinants of health, this program recognizes that disabilities or lack of them do not define

individuals. The program appreciates that health outcomes largely depend on older adults'

community, including social and environmental circumstances.//

Objectives

The program is geared towards achieving the following objectives:

i. Improvement of the conditions of daily life for elderly Illinois residents with disabilities.//

ii. To expand their knowledge base and improve their awareness about the determinants of

their health.

iii. To ensure equitable distribution of resources among elderly Illinois residents with

disabilities.//

Population-level prevention and health promotion review

Numerous types of population-based health education interventions can be adopted to

provide learning experiences on disabilities and use this information to develop effective

health education strategies tailored to suit the needs of elderly people, especially those living

with disabilities. Various population-level prevention methods can be employed to help this

group of people. These include community outreach programs, health teaching, disease and

health event investigation, screening, case management, counseling, and consultation. Also,

various health promotion strategies can be adopted to reduce morbidity and mortality

associated with disabilities. Some of the effective health promotion interventions that may be

adopted include:

Seminars

These are programs where the attendees are provided with information/education and

training about a specific topic. Seminars can be employed to educate the elderly population in

Illinois about healthy living, support organizations, safety, independent living, and finding

support from other health organizations. The seminars should bring together patients, health

professionals, support organizations, and other interested stakeholders to discuss and presents

information on health topics such as capacity building and support behavior changes./

Workshops,

These are interactive activities where participants learn and perform a number of

training activities rather than passively listening to presentations and lectures. According to

the Godwin & Heymann (2015) workshops provide important opportunities for the target

population to learn and develop new proficiencies on how to live quality lives without being

held back by their disabilities. Workshops can be used to educate and train elderly people in

Illinois about living and overcoming challenges that come with disabilities.//

Tutorials and classes

These are oral talks and presentations intended to present information and teach the

elderly people in Illinois about health and disabilities. Wellness by providing health

education. Lectures and tutorials allow health professionals and other specialists to connect

with the community and address general and specific concerns associated with disabilities.

The other types of population-based health education interventions that may be adopted

include courses, webinars, and online classes.//

Conclusion

In a nutshell, this program is geared towards improving the health and lives of elderly

people living with disabilities in the state of Illinois. As mentioned earlier, elderly people

with disabilities are at a higher risk of many diseases and death compared to those without

disabilities. The new program aligns well with Healthy People 2020, which aims to build a

healthier nation. By addressing the various health and other changes facing the elderly

community in Illinois, the new program will help the federal government achieve its health

goals and objectives outlined in the Healthy People 2020 initiative./

References

Godwin, H., & Heymann, S. J. (2015). A call to action: Training public health students to be

effective agents for social change./American journal of public health,/105(S1), S34-

S37.

United States Census Bureau (2020). Illinois Quick Facts. Retrieved from

https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IL

Healthy People 2020. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/

Oral Presentation

Introduction

Infectious diseases are very contagious as they are spread fast from one person to

another. In this era with COVID 19, there is a rise in contamination and a rise in infection.

Infectious diseases are such as chickenpox, influenza, COVID 19, common cold, cholera, and

typhoid. The causes of these infectious diseases can be caused by poor hygiene and lack of

proper disposal of waste materials in a care home. N most care homes most wastes are

usually contaminated with germs and bacteria that cause damage to other patients and even

staff as they clean the entire facility. It explains the reason why the most subordinate staff is

encouraged to clean such facilities while they have protected themselves so that they do not

contract the germs and bacteria that can lead to sicknesses and diseases. It is another reason

that makes people fear care homes so much as they come with a lot of issues and problems on

their own (Hey, 2015). Throughout history infectious diseases such as Ebola, they have

caused so many losses of life and damage to society. The outbreak of cholera has been

experienced in many countries and it has resulted in the understanding of the importance of

planning, and the procedures that will be undertaken in planning, implementation, and

evaluation (Morens & Fauci, 2013).

There are many ways of contracting these diseases according to the type of

transmission. Some of the diseases are water-borne and airborne. For example, COVID 19 is

transmitted through saliva and body contact or touching a surface that is infected. Well, this

means that all these diseases need specific control measures so that they can be curbed. In a

care home, there should be a plan for the way forward and a reasonable plan should be

implemented and after a given time they should be assessed and evaluated on their

effectiveness (Çiriş Yildiz et al., 2022).

Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

In planning, there were various aspects that were considered will be placing

consideration to ensure the exercise takes place. The first one is the introduction of hand

hygiene where patients, visitors, and staff will maintain constant hand hygiene when they

enter and leave care homes. They will wash their hands with soap and water for about one

minute before they rinse their hands with clean water. They will be required to do so while

they are handling various activities and whenever they entire new buildings and departments

to ensure they do not affect those with the same germs and bacteria.

In case of any doubt of a disease outbreak, the people will require to ensure that there

is a good way of detecting and taming the disease before it spreads. It can only be achieved

through isolation and testing which is a good step to take in care homes. Care homes are

easily prone to such activities which make it very difficult to control these infectious

diseases. However, with the assistance of these methods, it can result in easy management

and containment of the disease till it is eradicated. Isolation and testing mean that in a care

home if a certain room is detected to have an outbreak of a disease, the entire room will be

isolated and tested; to separate the ones who are infected and the ones who are safe. It will

prevent a lot of spread and thus lead to the control, of the disease accordingly (Gordon et al.,

2020).

Sterilization of instruments and equipment should be done frequently and ever after

patients are assisted. It assists in controlling the spread of infectious diseases; there should be

ways in which people are supposed to maintain cleanliness until the whole care home gets

infected with diseases that can be avoided. When equipment and instruments are sterilized

germs and bacteria are killed and therefore, they cannot be transmitted to another person. The

staff as well are protected in that when they constantly and regularly keep their equipment in

the check they will not suffer like other residents. It goes hand in hand with cleaning the

residents’ beddings, clothes, and utensils. If they share these things they will be prone to be

infected with diseases anyhow and there will be no control. Sterilization of instruments and

devices is a way of controlling the spread of infectious diseases (Hashimoto et al., 2016).

Staff is advised to use protective garments to protect them while they are taking care

of the infected persons. Wearing gloves makes them avoid risks such as contamination of

workers' hands with blood and body fluids of people, for example, mucous membrane and

non-intact skin. Skin diseases are also transmitted easily depending on the type of skin

disease. For these reasons when the workers are handling residents they need to do so with a

lot of caution lest they carry the skin diseases to their own bodies. The concerned agencies

should ensure the staff and even visitors are issued with protective garments to ensure they

maintain control over these diseases. In this era of COVID 19, every person is encouraged to

wear a mask to protect them from contracting the disease. It is a control measure that was set

two years ago and it had contained the disease till we are almost completely free of it (Karim

et al., 2020).

Handling of sharp objects is an aspect that should be considered in any home and

organization. In a care home, there are different people starting from those who are old to

those who are young. The old at times behave as if they are young children and thus they

need to be watched every now and then. When a child picks up a sharp object such as a razor

blade they will start playing with it. They might later cut themselves and get infected with

even HIV/AIDS just because of carelessness and poor waste disposal. If a resident used a

sharp object and got cut and for instance, they were infected. They will transfer the infection

to the sharp object and thus if it cuts another person the person suffers the disease that the

other person suffered (Ford, 2014).

Waste disposal is a vital aspect that needs to be learned and exercised by everyone.

When wastes are disposed of in the wrong way such as in water they will result in an

outbreak of cholera as soon as people start drinking that water. In a care home, the staff needs

to be observant not to dispose of waste anyhow as it might contaminate the food of the

residents. The residents should be handled with so much care and maintain cleanliness to

keep them safe. Especially when it comes to those residents that are elderly, they need top

priority and cleanliness lest they are infected and lose their lives. The elderly usually do not

have a strong immune system and they cannot fight diseases like strong men and women who

are not old (Wafula et al., 2019).

When all these ideas have been implemented in a care home, there is needed to ensure

that these homes are a safe haven for the residents. They should be excited to be living in

these care homes while they know they are well protected from any disease. When the

residents know these nothing will stop them from enjoying their lives there. Implementation

of all the activities that have been discussed above will create a culture in care homes that

will not be broken easily. It will create a platform of caring for one another and ensuring that

the other neighbor is doing fine when we protect one another.

Evaluation is a way of assessing whether these methods have been implemented or

whether they are effective or not. The importance of evaluation is to rule out those methods

that are not working in care homes so that new ones can take control. It is as well a way of

knowing how to adjust or upgrade different methods to suit certain circumstances. Evaluation

of these methods and implementations acts as a way of ensuring whatever methods and

strategies that were implemented were up to date and were not tampered with. The

assessment gives an estimation of the percentage that different methods and strategies were

effective in a given time. It shows what worked and what need to be abolished or rather what

needed a slight adjustment for it to function well.

Professional Development

Medical and public health practitioners should be educated in various ways of

maintaining a good platform for them to do their work while protecting other people and

themselves. Their awareness should be from how they are supposed to treat patients safely to

how they are supposed to protect themselves even as they are doing their work. The workers

should be able to promote good future roles and practices to keep the culture going in the

years to come. They should be given a platform to make a change and allow individuals to

create good roles that may be used in the future to teach other workers in the same field.

Teamwork has been a challenge that has been experienced, where workers are not united to

do the same goal and thus it creates a lot of arguments and stress at work. There should be

interactive sessions for workers that burn the bridge between them and keeps them in check

so that they are not in any way affected by unity while at work. It is because, when there is

teamwork there is confidence, understanding, and courage to perform any task (Owen &

Meyer, 2012).

The professionals are the only ones who can encourage and promote practices and

guidelines that enhance infection control. When they adhere to these guidelines they

encourage the residents to do the same and thus promote a good platform for them to work in

harmony. There is nothing peaceful as working knowing that the environment is safe from

harm or any disease. When the professionals start maintaining hygiene the residents will

automatically blend in without struggle and care homes will be a conducive place to take care

of and bring up children, adults, and old people (Greene et al., 2018). The workers should be

encouraged to leave rooms that can act as isolation rooms whenever there is an outbreak of

any disease. They should create strategies and policies that will always govern their care

home in case such matters arise. The professionals should develop a culture of being friendly

to the residents so that they can get any feedback whether positive or negative and work on

them accordingly. They should be friendly to the residents for harmony encouraging them to

perform work easily and reduce stress. When there is cooperation, it saves a lot of time as

there will be mutual understanding, and thus controlling infections will be easy unlike when

there is misunderstanding and poor relations and communication (Wilder-Smith & Freedman,

2020).

Conclusion

In conclusion, there are many ways in which people can control infection even

without guidelines in care homes. Wearing of protecting garments, isolation and testing, hand

hygiene and general hygiene and lastly, sterilization of instruments are just but to mention the

methods that can curb infection in a workplace. The following should be encouraged to

participate in these activities without fail and the professional development encourages a

better way of getting feedback and learning to live with residents.

References

Çiriş Yildiz, C., Ulaşli Kaban, H., & Tanriverdi, F. Ş. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic and

personal protective equipment: Evaluation of equipment comfort and user

attitude./Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health,/77(1), 1-8.

Gordon, A. L., Goodman, C., Achterberg, W., Barker, R. O., Burns, E., Hanratty, B., ...&

Spilsbury, K. (2020). Commentary: COVID in care homes—challenges and dilemmas

in healthcare delivery./Age and aging,/49(5), 701-705.

Ford, D. A. (2014). Implementing AORN recommended practices for sharps safety./AORN

Journal,/99(1), 106-120.

Greene, C., Canning, D., Wilson, J., Bak, A., Tingle, A., Tsiami, A., & Loveday, H. (2018).

I-Hydrate training intervention for staff working in a care home setting: An

observational study./Nurse education today,/68, 61-65.

Hashimoto, D., Chikamoto, A., Arima, K., Taki, K., Inoue, R., Imai, K., ... & Baba, H.

(2016). Unused sterile instruments for closure prevent wound surgical site infection

after pancreatic surgery./journal of surgical research,/205(1), 38-42.

Hey, A. (2015). History and practice: antibodies in infectious diseases./Microbiology

spectrum,/3(2), 3-2.

Karim, N., Afroj, S., Lloyd, K., Oaten, L. C., Andreeva, D. V., Carr, C., ... & Novoselov, K.

S. (2020). Sustainable personal protective clothing for healthcare applications: a

review./ACS Nano,/14(10), 12313-12340.

Morens, D. M., & Fauci, A. S. (2013). Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health

and global stability./PLoS pathogens,/9(7), e1003467.

Owen, T., & Meyer, J. (2012)./My Home Life: Promoting quality of life in care homes.

Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Wafula, S. T., Musiime, J., & Oporia, F. (2019). Health care waste management among

health workers and associated factors in primary health care facilities in Kampala

City, Uganda: a cross-sectional study./BMC public health,/19(1), 1-10.

Wilder-Smith, A., & Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quarantine, and social distancing and

community containment: a pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the

novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of travel medicine.

New Assignment:

Instructions below:

Background

All fifty states have statutes that establish the requirement to be licensed to practice

in a specifichealthprofession (ie., medicine, dentistry,nursing, etc.).A professional

must be licensed in the state in which s/he intends to practice.One aspect of the

state statute defines the “scope of practice” for each specialty.In other words, the

statute defines what type(s) ofhealthcareservice the professional’s license permits

them to do. 

Assignment:

In your memorandum identify your choice of one (1) state and three (3) different

typeshealthprofessions, other thanmedicaldoctor, licensed by your

state.Compare each of the threehealthprofessions’ allowed scope of practice to

that of amedicaldoctor. Your memorandum should illustrate that all

licensedhealthcareprofessionals, other than physicians, have limits on their scope

of practice. Include a list of sources for your research at the end of your

memorandum, as an appendix.

Three types ofhealthprofessions ( Respiratory therapist , physical therapist,

radiologist )

Choose one State

TO:

FROM:

RE: Scope of Practice

Date: September 15th, 2019

The state chosen for this exercise is Massachusetts, and the three health professions chosen

are Respiratory therapist, physical therapist, and radiologist. Any professional in the

aforementioned occupations must be licensed in Massachusetts in order to practice.

Respiratory therapist: Scope of Practice

In the state of Massachusetts, respiratory therapists' scope of practice across all the different

patient, the client as well as resident populations in various in-patient and outpatient settings

such as sub-acute care, acute care, and long-term care among others. They can also work in

sleep labs, maternity wards, patient's residents, therapy offices, clinics and emergency rooms

(Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2019). Respiratory therapist's primary responsibilities

include; conducting pulmonary function tests, sleep duties, conducting both invasive as well

as diagnostic procedures, laboratory analyses, and interventional diagnostics.

Noteworthy, respiratory therapists work alongside nurses and doctors to provide care to

patients. They also perform ongoing quality assurance operation, optimal care, and assist in

the maintenance of medical records while observing and respecting the confidentiality and

the established policies. Moreover, respiratory therapists identify, prepare and administer

medications and provide optimal patient care. These professionals provide patient education

and train them and their families on how to properly and effectively use home ventilators.

Evidently, the scope of practice is broader for medical doctors compared to respiratory

therapists. Physicians, unlike respiratory therapists, can broadly practice medicine as

provided by the law. Their primary responsibilities include diagnosis, treatment, correction,

advising and prescription of medications.

Physical therapist: Scope of Practice

By definition, "physical therapy practice is evaluation, treatment, and instruction related to

neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory functions" (Commonwealth

of Massachusetts, 2019). The scope of practice of physical therapists entails public health

strategies advocating for patients. These strategies include health supervising as well as

delegating to others leading managing teaching research developing and implementation of

health policy at all levels including local, state, national and international.

However, unlike medical doctors, physical therapists are responsible for restore,

maintenance, and promotion of both optimal physical function and fitness and optimal quality

of life. They also have the responsibility to prevent the onset of disease symptoms and other

limitations that may cause disorders, injuries, and diseases.

Radiologist: Scope of Practice

A radiologist is a specialist trained in the interpretation of medical images, radioactive

substances, and sound waves. In the state of Massachusetts, a radiologist performs non-

invasive and invasive radiology procedures by following the Practice Standards for Medical

Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Radiologist Practice Standards. They use the findings

obtained from radiological procedures and tests to diagnose illnesses, and in certain instances,

use medical radiation to treat patients. Radiologists work in a wide variety of settings

including general hospitals, diagnostic imaging centers, and private clinics among others

(Department of Health and Human Services, 2019). Some of the core procedures within a

radiologist's scope of practice include; interpretation of radiology imaging and providing the

final reports, interpretation of radiology and issuance of preliminary reports, providing

consultation services within the interventional radiology realm, monitoring and

administration of intervascular contrast.

Comparatively, the scope of practice for a radiologist is narrower than that of a medical

doctor. While a radiologist's practice is strictly within the scope of radiology, a medical

doctor's practice is broader. For example, a medal doctor performs responsibilities such as

physical examination of patients and takin down medical/personal history, creating treatment

plans, and performing routine physicals.

References

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, (2019). "Section 23A: Definitions applicable to Secs. 23A

to 23P." Retrieved from

https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXVI/Chapter112/Section23A

Department of Health and Human Services (2019). “Licensing Of Radiologic Technologists.”

Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2017/09/11/105cmr125.pdf

Blood Pressure Questions

1. The history of blood pressure shows vivid description of the problems, components as

well as the distribution of blood pressure complications and diseases associated with blood

pressure. Research shows that between a ratio of 15-20% of the population of African

Americans was conducted under the basis of the people who had higher chances of getting

diseases associated to blood pressure, with the statistical claim of 120/80, as an indication of

the morbidity of the hazard. In the ancient time, blood pressure has been termed as the greater

causative of strokes. However, research has shown that hypertension in most cases precede

the problem of stroke. The statistical distribution of the disease and complications associated

with blood pressure such as heart failure and kidney diseases have been presented as having a

relation with blood pressure.

The history of blood pressure and the data analysis has resulted in to the realization of

the adverse issues and complications associated with blood pressure. Recommendations

about blood pressure and strokes have shown that low blood pressure results in to reduced

chances of strokes. Different interventions have been developed to reduce the effects and

impacts on blood pressure on patients through methods such as lowering the amount of salt

intake, and encouraging clients to lose some weight. Medications have been recommended to

patients having pressure issues, normally taken in their entire lifetime (Leung, A. A.,

Daskalopoulou, S. S., Dasgupta, K., McBrien, K., Butalia, S., Zarnke, K. B., ... & Gelfer, M.

2017). It also involved the interventions in implantation, due to the higher chances through

analysis of low cost and reduced risks.

The justification of the update in the definition of healthy blood pressure was the

analysis of data collected from the population of African Americans, having the old mentality

of the that healthy blood pressure resulted in to risks of stroke inclusive of heart diseases.

Therefore, it was the role of the PERIE in implementation and development of cycles of

identifying the range of blood pressure which should be used for determination of reduced

risks of stroke as well as heart diseases, which was set to be 120/80. The fluctuation in the

blood pressure level got from data presented by researchers from different individuals

showed that the normal and healthy blood pressure level is the prior stated one.

The history of blood pressure is suited and developed under four criteria. These

include: deaths and disabilities resulted by this disease, in that strokes, kidney and heart

diseases are caused by high blood pressure, resulting to people having impairment in both

cognitive and motor. The other criterion is that if the disease is detected early enough, there

are measures that can be taken for the improvement of the outcome via screening, balanced

and managed diets through ways such as reducing amount of salt consumption. The next

strategy imposition and development of screening strategies meant for monitoring the blood

pressure on different individuals (Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., Blowey,

D., Carroll, A. E., Daniels, S. R., ... & Gidding, S. S. 2017). The last criterion is the

acceptance of screening historically, especially understanding the harm, the costs and the

willingness of the patients.

Based on the interventions of blood pressure in terms of testing and monitoring, it has

been termed as the most effective in relation to cost increasing net effectiveness and

reliability. The fourth quadrant shows the relation existing between effectiveness in cost in

comparison with the other criteria. According to research, the amount to be incurred by an

individual in seeking for treatment should be categorized in according to increment in cost as

well as increment in effectiveness. Incurring expenses and costs in treating illnesses related to

blood pressure should lower the chances of the effects and impacts. Contrary, on the case of

diabetes, the categorization would include lower costs, increase in effectiveness. Groups with

higher chances spent considerable amount in treatment, in stages, than compared to late

detection.

References

Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., Blowey, D., Carroll, A. E., Daniels,

S. R., ... & Gidding, S. S. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for screening and management

of high blood pressure in children and adolescents./Pediatrics, e20171904.

Leung, A. A., Daskalopoulou, S. S., Dasgupta, K., McBrien, K., Butalia, S., Zarnke,

K. B., ... & Gelfer, M. (2017). Hypertension Canada's 2017 guidelines for diagnosis, risk

assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults./Canadian Journal of

Cardiology,/33(5), 557-576.

Application of Socioecological Model on Physical Activity Behavior

Introduction

Research after research has established that physical activity is one of the most

effective strategies for addressing childhood obesity. According to Ickpyo et al, physical

activity significantly lowers the risk of obesity and it is the most variable and easily modified

factor among compared to the other factors that influence the number of calories burned each

day (2016). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2018), reveals that "Only

21.6% of 6 to 19-year-old children and adolescents in the United States attained 60 or more

minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on at least 5 days per week." These

statistics further confirm that indeed lack of physical activity is a common problem in the

United States and this puts them at a higher risk of obesity and other related health problems.

Even as the United States seeks to improve the health of all Americans, children should be

prioritized because they are the future of this nation. It is against this background that this

paper seeks to apply the Social-Ecological Model in increasing physical activity behavior

among Children in the U.S as part of the interventions to minimize the rates of childhood

obesity in America.

Applicable Theory

Social Ecological Model

The Social Ecological Model is one of the most effective theories that can help

address the issue of physical activity among children as part of the measures for managing

this health issue. The Social Ecological Model was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner and it

was meant to further the human understanding of the dynamic interrelations that exist among

different persona and environmental factors (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2009). This model is

a dynamic way of presenting the different factors that influence a child's physical activity

levels. Worth noting, this model recognizes that there is no factor that single-handedly

accounts for how much physical activity people do. On the contrary, these factors interrelate

in different dynamic ways to determine how much physical activity individuals achieve. Lack

of physical activity, as pointed out earlier, is among the major causes of the increased obesity

levels among children. Hence, what prevents children from engaging in physical activity to

the required levels?

Physical activity is a health behavior that involves the interaction of the individual

and they are physical as well as the social environment. In order to understand the underlying

barriers to children's physical activity, it is necessary to understand the individual factors that

influence an individual's physical activity participation. These factors include knowledge,

age, and sex, level of education, socioeconomic status, employment status, and lastly self-

efficacy. The socioecological model recognizes four levels that determine how an individual

does; individual, social environment, physical environment, and policy ((Bronfenbrenner &

Morris, 2009).

Individual

The population chose for this project are children between the ages of 5years-15 years

of age. At this level, the factors that promote or hinder an individual's likelihood of being

physically active and they include knowledge, age, and sex, level of education,

socioeconomic status, employment status, and lastly self-efficacy.

Social

This level basically entails the social environment which is made up of relations, the

culture, and the society in which the child lives in his or her day-to-day life. These include

factor such as family, peers, institutions, access to social support networks, norms of the

community, cultural background as well as the family's socioeconomic status. For example,

having other people in the family who the child can be physically active with positive

influence his or her physical activity behavior.

Physical Environment

This refers to the natural environment as well as the man-made environment. The

physical environment can have both positive and negative influence on a child's physical

activity. For example, some physical environments such as bike paths, or sports field have

been designed to support physical activity. Other environments such as workplaces and

movie theaters discourage or limit physical activity. However, the main physical

environmental factors include natural factors like geography, access or availability of

sporting grounds, sports facilities, playgrounds and cycling tracks, aesthetics, and also public

transport. However, safety and community designs can also have influenced the child's

physical activity.

Policy

This environment factor entails legislation or regulatory policy-making actions that

can potentially influence physical activity. For instance, it can include formal legal actions

planned or implemented by the local, state, or even federal governments as well as informal

policies established in schools or even at home in some instances.

Implementation

According to King & Gonzalez, (2018), interventions for increasing physical are more

effective when they are implemented or operated on multiple levels and account for the

various physical activity domains that can be considered to increase "active living." Through

the Social-Ecological Model framework discussed above, there are a number of interventions

that could be implemented to address lack of physical activity among children as part of the

strategies to curb childhood obesity and other related health problems.

The first intervention is talking to the child about the importance of physical activity

in their health. Children most of their time at home hence the need for parents to talk to them

about the need for engaging in physical activity. Also, parents can involve a physician in

encouraging children to engage more in physical activity. For instance, the doctor can help to

suggest a sport or activity that suits his or her needs. Therefore, the first step in addressing

children's lack of physical activity is talking to them about the benefits of being physically fit.

By so doing, the first level of the Social Ecological Model will have been realized.

Secondly, parents, teachers and any other individual in charge of children's welfare

should choose activities that are developmentally appropriate for a child. Children at different

age require different types of physical activities. For instance, a 4-year child is not ready for

weightlifting hence the need to find a more appropriate physical activity that will enable him

or her to achieve the required levels of fitness. The second intervention is making time for

exercise. Some children lack adequate time for engaging in physical activity activities due to

lack of time. Social Ecological Model. Other children are also overscheduled with

homework, music lessons, and other scheduled activities scheduled activities hence they lack

time to participate in physical activities. Therefore, it is necessary for teachers, parents, and

guardians to set aside time for children to be physically active.

Further, in order to address the environmental factors that hinder chidden from

participating in physical activities, active toys ought to be provided to children. According to

Hughes (2009), children naturally build their skills through play. Kids usually practice their

cognitive, emotional, and social skills through creative thinking through toys. Children

especially need balls, jumps, ropes, and other active toys through which they can develop

their developmental skills while also boot their physical activity and fitness. There are many

other interventions that could be made to increase children's physical activity. These include

increasing neighborhood safety, introduction of modern aesthetics, the creation of streets

where children can bike safely, and active involvement of adults to motivate and provide

support to the children.

Research Articles

Hesketh, K. R., Lakshman, R., & van Sluijs, E. M. F. (2017). Barriers and facilitators to

young children's physical activity and sedentary behavior: a systematic review and synthesis

of qualitative literature. Obesity Reviews, 18(9), 987-1017.

In their systematic review on the barriers and facilitators of young children's physical

activity and sedentary behavior, Hesketh et al, (2017) established that the home, out‐of‐home

childcare, parent–childcare provider interactions, environmental factors, safety, and weather

are some of the factors that influence young children's physical activity.

Hatfield, D. P., & Chomitz, V. R. (2015). Increasing children's physical activity during the

school day. Current obesity reports, 4(2), 147-156.

From their review, Hatfield & Chomitz, (2015) established that schools have an active

role to play in increasing children's physical activity during the school day but there is no

adequate research to explain the levers that impact the implementation of various school-

based physical activity policies and programs.

Conclusion

This paper has applied the Social-Ecological Model in increasing physical activity

behavior among Children in the US as part of the interventions to minimize the rates of

childhood obesity in America. The Social-Ecological Model is a dynamic way of presenting

the different factors that influence a child's physical activity levels. It recognizes that there is

so factor that single-handedly accounts for how much physical activity people do. Rather,

these factors interrelate in different dynamic ways to determine how much physical activity

individuals achieve. Even as the United States seeks to improve the health of all Americans,

children should be prioritized because they are the future of this nation. Lack of physical

activity is among the primary cause of the increased childhood obesity rates in the US but

through the various physical activity recommendations made above, the Healthy People 2020

dream will be more achievable.

References

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2009). The ecology of developmental processes.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2018). "Physical Activity Facts." Retrieved

from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/facts.htm

Hatfield, D. P., & Chomitz, V. R. (2015). Increasing children's physical activity during the

school day. Current obesity reports, 4(2), 147-156.

Hatfield, D. P., & Chomitz, V. R. (2015). Increasing children's physical activity during the

school day. Current obesity reports, 4(2), 147-156.

Hesketh, K. R., Lakshman, R., & van Sluijs, E. M. F. (2017). Barriers and facilitators to

young children's physical activity and sedentary behavior: a systematic review and

synthesis of qualitative literature. Obesity Reviews, 18(9), 987-1017.

Hong, I., Coker-Bolt, P., Anderson, K. R., Lee, D., & Velozo, C. A. (2016). The relationship

between physical activity and overweight and obesity in children: findings from the

2012 national health and nutrition examination survey national youth fitness survey.

American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(5), 7005180060p1-7005180060p8.

Hughes, F. P. (Ed.). (2009). Children, play, and development. Sage.

King, K. M., & Gonzalez, G. B. (2018). Increasing Physical Activity Using An Ecological

Model. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 22(4), 29-32.

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