Hereisastudyguideforthisweek'squiz.Ihopeitwillbehelpfulforyourpreparation.
WhatareGrossman’sstagesthatpeoplegothroughwhentheytakealife?
Firstistheexhilarationstageinwhichtheremightbejoy.Thecommonpsychologicaltermforthisis“survivoreupho
ria”andcombatsurvivorsknowthattherecanbeanintensereliefandsatisfactionthatcomesfromkillingyouroppo
nentandknowingthatyouwillliveanotherday.Thenthereisanoverwhelmingrushofremorseandguilt.Sometime
stheysay,“Ijustkilledaman,andIenjoyedit.What’swrongwithme?Isthisnormal?”Finally,thereisalifelongproce
ssofrationalization.Ifthisprocessfails,itcanbeoneofthepathstoposttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)or,atamin
imum,apathtolifelongdoubt,guilt,andruminationsabouttheevent.Unfortunately,manyofthesemenwillneverc
ometogripswithtakinganother’slife.
WhataresomeofthecharacteristicsofTBI,especiallymildTBI?
MildTBI(mTBI)andposttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)areoftencomorbidinwarveterans,sharingcommonris
kfactors(e.g.,combatinten-
sity),symptoms(e.g.,irritability,sleepdisturbance,mildcognitiveimpairment),andinsomecases,underlyingneu
ralsubstrates(e.g.,prefrontalandhippocampalinvolvement).
Whataresomecharacteristicsofmoralinjury?Whataresomepossibletreatments?
Moralinjurycanoccurinreactiontoatraumaticeventinwhichdeeplyheldmoralsorvaluesareviolated.Theresulti
ngdistressmayleadtoPTSD,depression,andotherdisordersinwhichfeelingssuchasguilt,shame,betrayaland
angerarepredominant,althoughthesefeelingsmayoccurintheabsenceofaformaldisorder.
Researchershavehypothesizedthattrauma-
focusedPTSDtreatmentsuchasProlongedExposure(PE)andCognitiveProcessingTherapy(CPT)canbeeffecti
veforpatientswithmoral
Whataresomecharacteristicsofpost-traumaticgrowth?
Characteristicsofpost-
traumaticgrowth"Examplesofareasforgrowthincludepersonalstrength,appreciationforlife,newpossibilitiesin
life,spiritualchange,andrelationshipswithothers,"Trentsays."ExamplesofPTGcanbevast,rangingfromwritin
gbooks,findingGod,startingcharities,andmanymore.
WhataresomecharacteristicsofREMsleep?
Itischaracterizedbyincreasedheartrateandrespiration,paralysisinvoluntarymuscles,andrapidrhythmicalshiftin
goftheeyes.DreamawarenessseemstobegreatestinREMsleep,althoughresearchhasshownconclusivelythatw
edreaminallstagesofsleep(Cavallero,Foulkes,Hollifield,&Terry,1990).Approximately85%ofindividualswhoar
eawakenedduringREMsleepwillremembertheirdreams;however,fewwillrecallanysignificantdreamcontentonc
etheREMphaseiscompleted(Silber,Krahn,&Morgenthaler,2004).
WhatarethecategoriesofsleepdisordersestablishedbytheAmericanAcademyofSleepMedicine?
sixmaincategories:
Insomnia(unwantedsleeplessness)
Parasomnias(unusualbehaviorsinoraroundthesleepperiod)Sleepbre
athingdisorders
Circadiandisorders(problemsduetoanundesirabletimingofthesleepperiod)Sleepmove
mentdisorders
Hypersomnias(excessivesleeporsleepiness)
WhatdoesFreeman,etalsayaboutresearchandtheroleofspirituality/religion?
Spiritualityaswehavedefineditisconnection–
connectiontothatwhichtranscendsoneself.Itisourhopethatspiritualresourcescanplayaroleinfacilitatinghealthf
orfamiliesandservicepersonnelastheyresumetheirlivestogetheragainfollowingdeployment.
WhataresomeoftheriskfactorsfordevelopingPTSD?RiskFact
orsforPTSD
ThreeprimarytypesofriskfactorsforthedevelopmentofPTSDhavebeenidentified.Thefirstistheriskrelatedtoth
etypeoftrauma(ortraumas)anditsseverity.Thesecondisrelatedtotheindividualsthemselvesandincludesfacto
rssuchasgender,age,socioeconomicstatus,education,intelligence,race,psychiatrichistory,andprevioustrau
maexposure.Thethirdfactoristheindividual’senvironment,whichincludestheindividual’snetworkofsocialsup
portandlifestressaftertraumaexposure.
WhatarethedefiningemotionalconsequencesofmoralinjuryandPTSD?
MoralInjuryDefined:ItsOverlapwithandDifferencesFromPTSDWhatd
oweknowaboutthelinkbetweensuicideanddepression?
WhataresomeoftheriskfactorsforsuicidalbehaviorinArmysoldiers?
Whatareconsideredareasoflossasaresultofwar?
Lossduringwarisabroad,multifaceted,andlikelyuniversalexperience.Usuallyweassociatelosswithdeath–
particularlythedeathsofthoseclosetous;however,itisimportanttoacknowledgeotherseriousformsofloss,aswell.
Inadditiontodeath,manysurvivorsexperiencedevastatingwounds,resultinginpermanentdisabilitybothphysical
andmental.
WhataresomecharacteristicsofMST?
Withregardtophysicalhealth,MSThasbeenassociatedwithimpaired
healthstatus,aswellaswithincreasedchronicityofhealthproblems.Vari-
ousstudieshavereportedthatMSTisassociatedwithincreasedreport-
ingofproblemsthroughoutawidevarietyofmedicalsystems(i.e.,car-
diovascular,pulmonary,gastrointestinal,musculoskeletal,neurological,reproductive/gynecological,urologic
al,endocrine,andrheumatologicalsystems;O’Brien&Sher,2013;Surís,Holliday,etal.,2013).Addition-
ally,thosewhoexperienced
Whataresomecharacteristicsofresilience?
Resiliencyisdefinedas:“(1)anoccurrenceofreboundingorspringingback;and(2)thephysicalpropertyofamateri
althatcanreturntoitsoriginalshapeorpositionafterdeformationthatdoesnotexceeditselasticlimit”(Webster’s,20
08).Theideaofpsychologicalresiliencyhasgainedresearchpopularityinthelasttwodecades.AnOviddatabases
earchrevealedthattheterms“resilient,”“resilience,”and“resiliency”wereusedinarticletitlesonly11timesbefore1
987.Thisincreasedto69timesduringthenext10yearsandthengrewto464usesby2008.Thebulkofresiliencyrese
archhasfocusedonchildrenandfamilies,andlittleisknownaboutthefactorsthatbuildresiliencyinmilitaryservice
members.
