Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
Alesia N. Hicks
Annotated Bibliography:
Area Study I Criminal Justice
Liberty University
Annotated Bibliography 2
Caman, S., Kristiansson, M., Granath, S., & Sturup, J. (2017). Trends in rates and characteristics of
intimate partner homicides between 1990 and 2013. Journal of Criminal Justice, 49, 14-21.
doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.01.002
The study focuses on the investigation of trends between lovers. Once research was conducted it
provided gender essentials and overall characteristics of them all. The authors refer to these
particular crimes as intimate partner homicides (IPHs). Research shows that there aren’t many
studies on intimate partner homicides. The study resulted in a decrease in male intimate partner
homicides and no real change in female homicides. But it also revealed that alcohol was also a
factor in female intimate partner homicides.
Fox, B. (2017). It's nature and nurture: Integrating biology and genetics into the social learning theory
of criminal behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 49, 22-31. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.01.003
With many studies presenting information on human behavior, this study suggest that human
behavior has other influences. The study tries to distinguish theories between sociological and
biological reasoning for criminal activity. This article also shows how to make nature and nurture
work together in presenting an updated presentation on criminal behavior.
Ha, O. K., & Andresen, M. A. (2017). Unemployment and the specialization of criminal activity: A
neighborhood analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 48, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.11.001
Unemployment and criminal activity goes hand in hand majority of the time. This article studies
the relationship between unemployment and crime specialization. Researchers used the Cantor
and Land model of 1985 to identify the crime specialization in the community. Crime
specialization is the criminal career path that a person takes. Unemployment in any community
can have a negative effect on the types of crime committed.
Annotated Bibliography 3
Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of crime?
Journal of Criminal Justice, 49, 32-44. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.02.001
Every city has an increase and decrease of crime rates. Some cities see more crimes than others.
This study examines the recent changes in crimes on a city level. As the population of a city
increase the crime rate decreases. An increase in finances gives a decrease in crimes, but for
those cities that experience an elevated level of low income, then crime begin to increase.
Those who don’t have income or a decrease in income, find themselves committing crime to
provide for their families.
Kahn, K.B., Lee, J.K., Renauer, B., Henning, K.R., & Stewart, G. (2016). The Effects of Perceived
Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality and Social Identity Threat on Racial Minorities’ attitudes
About Police. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157, (4), 416-428.
doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1215967
This study breaks down and inspects phenotypic racial stereotypes on minorities and their
cooperation with the police. Minority races that encounter police interactions, are prone to
developing distrust with the police. Not only blacks but other minorities took a simple survey on
their encounters with the police and the attitudes of the police. Phenotypic racial stereotypically
has a major effect on future encounters with the police though self-identity threats and trust.
Kastellec, J.P. (2016). Race, Context and Judging on the Courts of Appeals: Race-Based Panel Effects in
Death Penalty Cases. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2594946 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2594946
The author studied court interactions as it pertains to the judicial decision making. This narrows
down the effects of how the death penalty is administered as it relates to the race of the
defendant in the court of appeals. Findings show that having a black judge with an all-white or
Annotated Bibliography 4
other race panel, results in an increase of no sentencing the death penalty. This result happens
only when the person trial is African American. The results also show that an all-Black panel will
grant greater reprieve than a non-black panel. The purpose of this study is to develop diversity
within the federal courts to grant lighter sentencing for the death penalty in the United States.
Lehmann, P.S., Chiricos, T., & Bales, W.D. (2016). Sentencing Transferred Juveniles in the Adult Criminal
Justice Court. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 15, (2), 172-190.
Doi:10.1177/1541204016678048
Research shows those of different race and ethnicity receives greater punishment in the justice
system. This study focuses how there are less studies to complete research on juvenile offenders
and sentencing. Factors such as race are commonly studies, compared to factors such as age and
gender are least likely to be considered. In study based out of Florida, found that African
American juveniles are transferred and sentenced completely harsher than their counter parts.
They even include information on Hispanics as well and how they are sentenced. The findings
show that African American harsh punishment is sentenced no matter the age.
Nix, J., & Wolfe, S. E. (2016). Sensitivity to the Ferguson Effect: The role of managerial organizational
justice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 12-20. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.06.002
Michael Brown, an unarmed black male was gunned down by a Caucasian officer on august 9,
2014. This was the beginning of an uproar on racial profiling or black men. This study focuses on
the sensitivity and major impact this event has on society. Instead of focusing on the negative
effects on the person, it focuses on the negative effect that it has on the officers called the
Ferguson Effect. The Ferguson Effect is negative publicity that impacts law enforcement.
Research shows that after the tragic event in Ferguson, that citizens have become more hostile
towards officers, not knowing the fate of their safety in the hands of law enforcement.
Annotated Bibliography 5
Parker, K. F., Stansfield, R., & McCall, P. L. (2016). Temporal changes in racial violence, 1980 to 2006: A
latent trajectory approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 1-11.
doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.06.001
Racial discrepancies have been the trend criminal activity. This article has highlighted the
relationship between black and white murders. The research took place in the year 1980 until
2006. The results yielded two factors that contributed to the change in black and white murder
rates; Macrostructural conditions and crime control and drug sales. During this time frame their
development group could identify three progressive homicidal trends. All together the study
discovered the diverse nature of murders done by racial entities.
Pedneault, A., Beauregard, E., Harris, D. A., & Knight, R. A. (2017). Myopic decision making: An
examination of crime decisions and their outcomes in sexual crimes. Journal of Criminal
Justice, 50, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.03.001
This article examines the decision making behind sex crimes. It is said that criminals actually
consider the cost when committing this crime. The study consists of 2296 sexual crimes and the
study was conducted at The Massachusetts Treatment Center. They researched the who when
where and how of the decisions made to commit a sexual crime. This study resulted in 10
positive and 7 negative conclusions for the offenders. This gives satisfaction to why and why not
a sexual offender would commit these crimes.
Sherretts, N., Boduszek, D., Debowska, A., & Willmott, D. (2017). Comparison of murderers with
recidivists and first time incarcerated offenders from U.S. prisons on psychopathy and identity
as a criminal: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice.
doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.03.002
Annotated Bibliography 6
This article observes the difference between psychopathy and criminal identity. Often times
murderers are considered to be cold-hearted and are only concerned with self-satisfaction. This
study shows that criminals who are considered to cold-hearted and thoughtless of others, have a
pattern of psychopathic issues. This research wanted to identify the pattern between criminals
who are repeat offenders and those who are first time offenders.
Taylor, R.B., Miller, R., Mouzon, D., Keith, V.M., & Chatters, L.M. (2016). Everyday Discrimination Amon
African American Men. Race and Justice. 10.1177/2153368716661849
This study consists of the African American male experience of discrimination in the criminal
justice system. As we all know African American men have been a prime target of discrimination.
Not so often other studies focus on the everyday knowledges of discrimination, but African
American have an increase chance in an encounter with the law. This study used the National
Survey of American Life to collect data and assessments on everyday life as an African American
male. They also describe the types of discrimination these men experienced as well. Some of the
subjects’ studies were men who have never been arrested, arrested but not sent to jail, and men
who have been detained by the justice system.
Walters, G. D., & Mandracchia, J. T. (2017). Testing criminological theory through causal mediation
analysis: Current status and future directions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 49, 53-64.
doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.02.002
Unlike other studies and research methods, this study highlights the meditation method for
crimes. The purpose of this study is to highlight three parts of meditation; what is requires for
meditation methods, review the current research of meditation in criminology and criminal
justice, and to present the correct way of the use of meditation while testing theories. The
results identified five requirements for mediation. While identifying these core requirements,
Annotated Bibliography 7
one or more are debased during other research findings. This study has found that meditation
method help tremendously in criminology and criminal justice if done properly.
Watkins, A. M., & Taylor, T. J. (2016). The prevalence, predictors, and criminogenic effect of joining a
gang among urban, suburban, and rural youth. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 133-142.
doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.09.001
Often crimes are committed and associated with gang related activity. The common areas for
gangs are mainly in the inner city. The study focused on gang activity on the lines of the urban
community. The difference between suburban and urban youth is the economic status, but it
doesn’t stop either of them from joining gang activities. The study shows the reason urban and
suburban youth joining gangs is systematic. It confirms the projected hypothesis; are all youth
likely to join a gang, what are the variables that cause the youth to join gangs, and does gang
involvement impact delinquency.
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