INDS 400 LU Effect of AI & Machine Learning in Enhancing Learning Proposal Paper assign.pdf

Research Proposal Instructions

Prompt: In 2,000-2,500 words, create a research proposal for your research topic that includes an

abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, rationale, conclusion, and references (the

last of which not counting towards the word count) in that order.

Requirements:

1. You may use first person, but not second person. Only use first person when absolutely

necessary to talk about the fact that you are proposing research. Some sections like the

literature review should not have any at all, but you will likely need it in the

methodology.

2. Your grammar, spelling, and punctuation should be flawless. Visit the Liberty University

writing centers if you want extra help:

https://www.liberty.edu/academics/casas/academicsuccess/index.cfm?PID=38382

3. You must use APA formatting.

4. When proposing that you will be doing an action (like in your methodology) if your

proposal is accepted, speak in the future tense.

5. Use Level 1 APA headings to differentiate between sections.

6. Your abstract should be a 150-250-word summary of what sections and topics are

contained in your research proposal; avoid arguing your case there. Your abstract should

be a scientific description of the parts of your proposal and what purpose they serve in the

context of your proposal.

7. Remember that the introduction of your literature review is not the same as the

introduction overall—the overall introduction usually focuses on the topic and segues

into introducing the research hypothesis or question, which is typically the last sentence

of the introduction.

8. In your conclusion, summarize your main ideas and emphasize the importance and future

helpfulness of what you are doing.

Additional Suggestions:

1. Keep your audience in mind throughout. While your professor will grade your essay,

remember that your audience will likely be someone who can grant money to support

your research. Assume that person, committee, or organization is somewhat interested in

your research topic. How can you show them that your plan to study it is a good one that

deserves financial support? It will be easier to convince them if you can show you’ve

done your research, your reasons for studying this topic lines up with theirs, and your

plan to study it will be effective.

2. Look over the comments your instructor has made on your other related assignments and

be sure to update sections of your research proposal for this assignment. Learn from past

mistakes and successes.

3. Once you have put together all the pieces, read through your proposal several times to

make sure that tone, ideas, and arguments stay consistent throughout. You’ve sorted out

the puzzle pieces, but you need to make sure they all fit.

Research Proposal Grading Rubric

Criteria

Levels of Achievement

Content 70%

Advanced 90-100%

Proficient 70-89%

Developing 1-69%

Not present

Content

72 to 80 points

Proposal has all required sections

and thoroughly develops and

explains the research topic and

question throughout. Arguments

are logical, relevant, and audience-

focused.

56 to 71 points

Proposal has some evident gaps and

arguments are acceptable but may

still leave some questions. All

required sections are present.

1 to 55 points

Proposal has large gaps in ideas,

arguments, and reasoning. Some

sections may be missing entirely.

0 points

Not present

Research

54 to 60 points

Student has taken evident pains to

embed research proposal in the

scholarship surrounding topic.

Proposal is well researched, and

assertions are supported by

citations and research throughout.

42 to 53 points

Research is somewhat lacking, and

some gaps in knowledge are

evident. Some statements are

asserted without proper support or

citation.

1 to 41 points

Proposal lacks proper scholarly

context, and citations or research

mentions supporting ideas proposed

are rare.

0 points

Not present

Structure 30%

Advanced 90-100%

Proficient 70-89%

Developing 1-69%

Not present

Grammar,

Punctuation, Diction,

& Spelling

36 to 40 points

Conventions of proper English

writing and academic tone are

followed throughout with few

mistakes that largely do not

detract from professionalism of

content.

28 to 35 points

Writing is somewhat unclear and

has several mistakes that detract

from the professionalism of the

proposal. Academic tone has some

mistakes, but still serves the

purpose.

1 to 27 points

Proposal has many errors that

severely detract from the

professionalism of the research

proposal. Academic tone is

insufficient.

0 points

Not present

Formatting

18 to 20 points

Conventions of APA format are

followed throughout with only

minor errors that are difficult to

detect.

14 to 17 points

One or two glaring errors in APA

formatting with some smaller ones

also evident that detract somewhat

from professionalism of the paper.

1 to 13 points

Paper has many noticeable APA errors

present that significantly decrease

professionalism of the paper, but APA

style is still evident.

0 points

Not present

In today's generation, technology is widespread and available. It has also drastically changed

how children learn, and the way children are taught. Parent interaction and being the main

resource of learning has shifted by being less traditional, which has created some significant

concerns. Children gain classical and operant conditioning from watching others and imitating

seen behaviors that obtain new skills and customs and discover/explore their daily lives.During

the first 3 1/2 years of age, children's dialect is limited; their inability to articulate causes issues

to figure an infant and toddler intelligence quotient (IQ). A different psychometric approach

focuses on three areas that relate to cognitive development from ages 0 to 3. The impact of the

child's home environment and caretakers become a dependable source that can't be substituted by

technology.

The Bayley scales of infants and toddlers is an assessment instrument design to measure motor,

cognitive, language, social-emotional, adaptive behavior from one-month-old to 3 1/2 years of

age. With each child's score, we gather the child's strength and weekness in those five areas.

Several studies have revealed that the child's primary caregiver interactions within those initial

years of the child's life impact the child's awareness and development; it also indicates that it

could be wrongfully affected if it's not done correctly. Even with early intervention service, "A

service that helps the child work towards meeting development milestones," as well as the

parents, satisfy the requirements of an infant, toddler, or preschool child solely do so much

without the proper and consistent interactions between the child and the caregiver.

According to the article "Don't try this at home": Toddlers imitation of new skills from people in

video" states that although children can view videos that promote skills that can help make

learning more fun, it does not provide the same advantages as direct learning. In the reading, the

research that the article conducted used children under three; they were given information in two

different ways. Some children were given information solely in a video context instead of

directly in person. Those children who were giving video instructions instead of direct were

troubled using the provided information; they did not learn new words, could not solve problems,

recognize and imitate new skills. The article also explains that children, when interacting

directly with another person, look at that person for information about the shared environment,

something people on television can't share as it can't focus on the element of the viewing and

can't respond to the child. Children who learn more with video-based learning developed

differently compared to the other children, showing a lack of interpersonal contingency.

Simultaneously, we as parents can acknowledge that toddlers learn skills from videos, programs

that use catchy characters such as Dora The Explorer, and educational games; there has to be a

limit to how much is bad. Kids who watch television for long periods younger than twelve

months have shown language delays, smaller vocabularies, and disadvantages from the lack of

time spent with parents. Interactive play is crucial as it provides children different learning types,

whether it is social, cognitive, emotional, physical, and moral development. Parent’s need to be

more aware of the importance of imitation and its impact on their child's development. The

practice of healthy screentime habits is critical; therefore, parents need to limit the time spend

using any electronic device or Tv regardless of states that is educational/child friendly.

The scripture says that children are gifts from God, and parenting is the hardest yet rewarding

job given to us. In proverbs 22:6 it states," Direct your children on to the right path, and when

they are older, they will not leave it. In other words, we need to set the right example for our

children; they are watching our every move. Jesus did not spread his message through tablets

using technology; his word was spread by direct teaching, and family time was sacred. Let us

take advantage of how easily available the internet is in our footsteps and how helpful they create

educational ideas to keep young kids entertained while learning. Still, we should never let the use

of the internet and technology. We need to keep the direct teaching and family time alive; what

we do from the beginning must be done right. Lets watch our seeds grow into beautiful plants not

kids who addiction in sitting in front of a monitor.

Reference

English Standard Version Bible. (2001). ESV Online. https://esv.literalword.com/

Martorell, G. (2020). Child (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill.

Running Head: SYNTHESIS ESSAY 1

Synthesis Essay

Lennis Yesenia Ortega

Professor Stumme, April

INDS 400

February 19, 20201

SYNTHESIS ESSAY 2

Psychology and Education is an exciting field that allows individuals to be set in

mentoring and improving young ones' lives for a brighter tomorrow. This field enables one with

skills that build a close and long-lasting relationship between teachers and impressionable

learners. Psychology and Education course are critical in establishing education foundation lives

of next-generation, which has the mandate to make the world better. Teacher lies permanent

footprints in the learner's heart for everlasting guidance. This paper will discuss how the

Psychology and Education program has prepared me for a career path in uncovering potential

stored in young minds.

Psychology and Education graduates mandate to mentor, instruct, and monitor learners

by installing moral and principal standards that build positive student being. This means the

psychology and Education field aims to produce a young generation grounded in social

relationships and the academic sector. Therefore, a teacher should project to a student that

academic go in hand with moral character principles to be complete. Teachers are the healing

platform for the student from broken and hurting families. Liberty University Psychology and

Education program has installed both teaching and parenting figures necessary for students'

growth.

The career of dealing with students requires patient, grace, love, and commitment to be

successful. This because students come from different background with diverse characters, and

all need individual attention. Some students have broken; others are abusive and rude. This

means that regardless of what the student is going through, I should make him/her better. I have

undergone extensive training on how to handle my emotions and physical cycles in the teaching

and psychology profession. This field may require someone to work under rational pressure, and

one should be able to make a decision under controlled emotions. Therefore, as I the Psychology

and Education profession, I should remain disciplined and react calmly.

Liberty Psychology and Education program has installed professionalism trait in my life.

According to Habibi et al. (2019), professionalism is conduct that marks one's profession, and it

is defined by expertise, civility, thoroughness, steadiness, competence, respectability, and

integrity. For instance, I was a bit reluctant to dress code by the program professional dressing

culture during the first years. Dressing reflects what is in the heart, and educators should display

neatness and an organized spirit. This is because one cannot solve a disorder in children life

when he/she not perfect. Being neat and organized as displayed in the proper dressing gives

students a platform to learn from what they see.

Professionalism trait also installed proper communication skills and interaction skills

with fellow Psychology and Education professionals and all other education sector stakeholders.

The psychology and Education program does not offer students alone and to fellow professions,

administrators, and parents (Habibi et al., 2019). For instance, I was exposed to a program

responsible for answering phone calls and emails from parents. This impacted me with skills to

talk to both upset and happy type of parents. I was involved in peer teaching and counselling

class. This section offered advice and Education to my peers, which helped build a strong

relationship with my fellow Psychology and Education professionals. The professionalism

attribute was beckoned with a planning culture, where I learned how to plan my lessons.

Therefore, a professionalism trait installed culture is relevant in defining everyday controllable

situations properly and fashioned manner.

SYNTHESIS ESSAY 3

Liberty University Psychology and Education program helped me in character

development. Stenzel (2019) noted that character development involves the act of installing

unique features as a result of exposure. Unique character is composed of depth, clear motivation

and personality. This exposure prepared me in building a spiritual, social, and academic journey

for my students. However, character development installation should base my activities and

teaching practices on what is permitted by the curriculum. I can comfortably use charts, songs,

service projects, and leadership titles to develop my student's character. I take as my own

responsibility for producing better citizens. Therefore, I am accountable for preparing students

with better skills and knowledge required to bring social order to society.

I benefited much from the psychotherapy integration training, which was credited in my

program. Aafjes-van et al. (2018) stipulated that psychotherapy integration focuses on

empowering persons on visualizing situation from multiple viewpoints. This helps to enhance the

effectiveness and efficiency of one service to others; hence it is critical for its teaching career.

My program has different content on the social studies lessons, which developed psychotherapy

integration skills in me. One of the essential aspects was learning individual learning methods for

each student in my class. This applied to students in different education level, with each level

requiring special treatment for the learning exercise to be successful.

One of the ways to achieve learning effectiveness is by launching an interactive section.

Interactive teaching involves engaging learners in learning activities (Senthamarai, 2018). This

includes critical thinking and reflective thinking, which involves students being part of the

teaching program. For instance, group discussion and peer response are the best methods to

apply interactive teaching. Also, interactive teaching can be achieved through research topics. In

my program, I conducted many kinds of research that aim to develop my thinking and analysis

techniques. I learned to identity, analyze, and prioritize assignments and research questions. My

study involved interacting with other individuals to achieve the needed results. Therefore, I can

attribute interactive teaching in my class to improve the learning outcome for my students.

To sum up, the Psychology and Education program helped enhance both the hard skills

and soft skills required in the workplace. Liberty University comprises trainers and professors

who truly committed, personate, and caring on installing the proper knowledge for a brighter

future generation. The program taught us that success of the education field in shaping learners

future for a better society. Students should utilize their young age to develop a rigid and brighter

future by investing in proper Education. A student is successful in Education when first they love

the exercise and become personate on the same. They should be flexible enough to learn from

diversities, including different teaching techniques and other individuals with diverse

backgrounds and personalities. However, they cannot achieve all these without the proper

guidance of the Psychology and Education professions. Therefore, as a Psychology and

Education professional, I am critical of students' academic and social life.

SYNTHESIS ESSAY 4

Reference

Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Klinar Alfaro, D., Fialová, M., & Kamsteeg, C. (2018). Psychotherapy

integration training around the globe: A personal and empirical perspective. Journal of

Psychotherapy Integration, 28(4), 505.

Habibi, B., Hartinah, S., Umam, R., Syazali, M., Lestari, F., Abdurrahman, A., & Jauhariyah, D.

(2019). Factor determinants of teacher professionalism as development of student

learning Education at school of SMK PGRI in Tegal City, Indonesia. Journal of Gifted

Education and Creativity, 6(2), 123-132.

Senthamarai, S. (2018). Interactive teaching strategies. Journal of Applied and Advanced

Research, 3(1), S36-S38.

Stenzel, N. S. (2019). Character Development in Youth Athletes.

Running Head: METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE 1

METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE

Lennis Yesenia Ortega

Professor Stumme, April

INDS 400

February 18, 2021

METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE 2

Research Question

The research question defines how the researcher will rephrase the study's variables. This

question gives a framework on what questions the study being conducted will answer. In other

words, research questions give research guidelines since as the research answers those questions,

the study is completed (Thabane et al., 2009). The study will aim to understand the effects of

Artificial intelligence and Machine learning in improving teaching and learning in American

Universities and artificial colleges. Therefore, the research question is, is there any connection

between the adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning and enhancement of teaching

and learning experiences of students in American colleges for the past three years? The study's

independent variable will be growth in applying artificial intelligence and machine learning in

learning institutions. Popenici & Kerr (2017) noted that these technologies' adoption is the

measuring variable that affects the teaching and learning exercise in those institutions. Therefore,

the dependent variable will be an enhancement of learning and teaching experience in the

learning institutions

Methodology

Therefore, the sample will be learners and trainers from various institutions that have

utilized these technologies for the last three years. The data will be collected through online

questionnaires as a primary source of data. The individuals willing to be [art of the study will fill

the available questionnaires and submit them online. This will help to reduce the cost of traveling

and printing hard copy questionnaires. The study will also utilize a literature review as the

secondary source of the research data. The data will be analyzed using data analysis tools and

software to give a visual expression, interpreting the results as per the study requirements. Ma &

Siau (2018) noted that the results are expected to indicate that as artificial intelligence and

METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE 3

machine learning technologies are being adopted in American institutions, teaching and learning

are more efficient and effective.

Rationale

This study explores the impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the

teaching and learning experience in American Universities and artificial intelligence colleges.

This is because artificial intelligence has a great potential that can cause rational changes in

education when utilized. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are emerging technologies

that are gaining fame in various sectors. These technologies improve the computing experience,

enhancing multiple operations in multiple sectors, including the education sector. Understanding

the application of artificial intelligence in learning institutions will help establish the need for

more research. According to Popenici & Kerr (2017), artificial intelligence and machine learning

drive dramatic changes in the education sector. The technology is causing various changes in

how teaching services are being admitted to higher education institutions.

This study will help to define how technology can be utilized to improve learning

outcomes. Traditional teaching and learning processes are slowly getting updated and effective.

For instance, many schools have been closed, with different states installing lockdown as

protective measures during the ongoing pandemic. This had limited physical students and

teachers' interaction, posing a challenge on the traditional based education. Therefore, promotion

and advancing the digital era even in teaching is critical.

Artificial intelligence refers to the production of smart devices that are designed to

function with human intelligence. Yang & Evans (2019) argued that artificial intelligence could

be used in the education sector to solve the previously required human mind. Machine learning is

METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE 4

an artificial intelligence subset that refers to finding a computer with data and exposing it in

different environments to adapt and automatically preserve massive unstructured datasets.

Artificial intelligence can personalize education since the smart device can effectively read

students' specific needs and minister. Ma & Siau (2018) noted that artificial intelligence could

enhance education by producing intelligent content. This includes digital lessons, learning

content updates, and information visualization (Sit et al., 2020). It can offer tutoring services that

suit individual learners.

In conclusion, the dependent variable for this study is to evaluate the learning outcome in

various institutions. This is because the process is highly dependent on nature at which education

ministers. Incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies can help to

enhance learning outcomes. Therefore, this study is worthy of funding since it will be essential to

establish more artificial and machine learning technologies in the education sector.

METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE 5

References

Ma, Y., & Siau, K. L. (2018). Artificial intelligence impacts higher education. MWAIS

Proceedings, 42(5).

Popenici, S. A., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and

learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced

Learning, 12(1), 1-13.

Sit, C., Srinivasan, R., Amlani, A., Muthuswamy, K., Azam, A., Monzon, L., & Poon, D. S.

(2020). Attitudes and perceptions of UK medical students towards artificial intelligence

and radiology: a multicentre survey. Insights into Imaging, 11(1), 14.

Thabane, L., Thomas, T., Ye, C., & Paul, J. (2009). Posing the research question: not so

simple. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie, 56(1), 71-79.

Yang, S., & Evans, C. (2019, November). Opportunities and challenges in using AI chatbots in

higher education. In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Education

and E-Learning (pp. 79-83).

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1

Exploring the effect of Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning in enhancing learning and

teaching in American Universities and artificial colleges for the last three years.

Lennis Yesenia Ortega

Liberty University

LITERATURE REVIEW 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Technological advancement especially Artificial Intelligence and machine learning

technologies are transforming how activities are performed daily. The higher education sector

is adapting the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies as a way of

embracing the current technological advancement that fits the recent generation. With the

deployment of AI and Machine learning technologies, the majority of those who interact with

these technologies are yet to understand the causality effect of adopting them which builds the

main thesis for this study.

In determining whether there is any impact caused by Artificial Intelligence and

machine learning technology, Popenici, & Kerr, (2017) examined the same in a study noting

that the future of education system links intrinsically with the development of new technologies

and computing capacities of the intelligence machines. The study found that Artificial

Intelligence is changing the nature of service in higher educations. To support this argument,

the study explained further that university administrative services are structurally changing as

a result of Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. The result from this study

found that the change in administrative service as a result of AI is likely to present a different

set of challenges in the realms of teaching and learning in higher education (Popenici & Kerr,

(2017)).

A study conducted by Ma & Siau, (2018) indicated that Artificial Intelligence impacts

the way we work (teaching), learn (as a student) and how we live. The study perspective

focused on two major areas that are impacted by the Artificial intelligence. The first one was

on universities’ curricular where it stated that, with the accelerating pace of Artificial

intelligence and machine learning technologies, the AI will have a sweeping effect on the

higher education curriculum (Ma & Siau, (2018)). On enrolment, some of the disciplines will

LITERATURE REVIEW 3

be more popular as a result of AI. For example, the Liberal art and humanities which experience

less AI’s invasion.

Still, on the perspective of the impact on the universities, a study was done by Ocaña-

Fernández, Valenzuela-Fernández & Garro-Aburto, (2019), mentioned that revolution of new

technologies such as AI and machine learning have generated new procedures and learning

processes which is supporting modern university learning programs. The study found that with

the AI, the universities have adopted new interactive processes which have made learning more

efficient through online platforms. The teachers and students can interact through an intelligent

tutoring system and online learning platforms. The study also found that most of the

universities are putting effort into embracing AI and machine learning technologies. For

example, as indicated in the study by Ocaña-Fernández, Valenzuela-Fernández & Garro-

Aburto, (2019), North America Universities are battling on the use of intelligent tutoring

system and other AI-based technologies to help teachers during teaching process with the

expectation of expanding the effort significantly.

Most of the scholars have focused on the services offered by the AI and machine

learning technologies to the universities’ administration, but there is an interdisciplinary

perspective that is being left out. When we analyse the impact of AI in universities, the student

performance perspective based on the interaction with the AI should also be a part of the study.

Therefore, the gap that also needs to be researched is the impact of AI and machine learning

technologies on the learners' performance.

Another perspective which is also part of the topic is to explore the different types of

artificial technologies that have been deployed to enhance learning. According to Crompton,

Bernacki & Greene, (2020), the application of technology has been increasing significantly in

the learning institution and the focus on ways to integrate these technologies in the learning

process focus on the psychological process underlying teaching and learning with these tools.

LITERATURE REVIEW 4

Tan Ai Lin, Ganapathy & Kaur, (2018), examined machine learning technology known as

Kahoot which is a gamification learning tool that motivates student during the learning process.

The study stated that gamification technology is a platform that is play-oriented and infused

with learning elements which are designed with the defined outcomes of a particular lesson

related to the learning and teaching.

According to Tan Ai Lin, Ganapathy, & Kaur, (2018), gamification technology builds

upon motivation that encourages learner’s engagement. The study also stated that Kahoot

which a tool for gamification technology is an online game that promotes cooperation and

autonomy in the classroom. Studies by Yang & Evans, (2019), and Popenici & Kerr, (2017),

stated that the universities are also applying the use of Artificial Intelligent Chatbot in the

learning process. According to the studies, Chatbot is a machine learning tool designed to

engage learners by operating as a social and cultural experiment. The chatbot promotes the

interaction between the students and the teachers. AI smart education application is another

tool that is used in the learning and teaching process. This application uses artificial Intelligence

to make education more effective, efficient, flexible and comfortable for both teachers and

learners (Ma & Siau, (2018)). Ocaña-Fernández, Valenzuela-Fernández & Garro-Aburto,

(2019) stated that the chatbot has the capability of interacting with more than one user using

chat programs which emulate operators or individual interacting in real-time.

Ocaña-Fernández, Valenzuela-Fernández, & Garro-Aburto, (2019) and Siau, (2017),

listed some of the applicable Artificial Intelligence and machine learning technologies that are

often used in higher education. Among these are the use of robots and automated systems. An

example of a robot or automated system in learning is the intelligent tutoring system which is

based on the automated tutor that help in learning and teaching sciences, mathematics,

languages and other disciplines. There is also the use of an online learning-teaching system

that applies the Automatic Speech Recognition and Neurolinguistic programmings such as

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

Camegie speech and Duolingo respectively. These technologies provide training in a foreign

language and also assist in detecting language mistakes and provide a possible solution to

correct them (Siau, (2017)). The study also, mentioned that incorporation of AI has also led to

the introduction of new programming tools such as python and Ruby which provides a more

effective interface.

Based on the above scholars, the research on the applicable AI tool is still limited. For

example, Yang & Evans, (2019), the study mentioned that the application of Chatbot is not

sufficient and therefore, this is a potential area of further studies.

The last sub-topic is to assess whether the students are ready to be taught using artificial

intelligence technologies and some of the responses obtained by different scholars are as

follows. A survey conducted by Sit, Srinivasan, Amlani, Muthuswamy, Azam, Monzon &

Poon, (2020), on the attitude and perception of medical students towards artificial intelligence,

found that majority of these students did not adequately feel prepared to work alongside the

Artificial Intelligence. A small number of these students felt more confident working with the

AI after receiving teaching. Others were also attracted to courses such as radiology due to the

presence of AI. The study on the students’ preparedness is still limited since there is little that

has been discussed by the scholars. Therefore, this area is a gap for research and it's much can

still be done to show the relevance of AI in teaching and learning concerning the students'

preparedness.

Conclusion

From the discussion above its evident that the application of Artificial Intelligence and

Machine learning technologies have a significant effect on some of the areas of teaching and

learning. But, other areas such as students’ performance or the interactive capacity of students

with these machines are yet to be explored. On the technological tools, a few have been

discussed but again several remains to be explained. Lastly on the preparedness of student to

LITERATURE REVIEW 6

be taught by application of AI it also requires further research to create strong and detailed

literature for further reference.

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

Reference

Crompton, H., Bernacki, M., & Greene, J. A. (2020). Psychological foundations of emerging

technologies for teaching and learning in higher education. Current Opinion in

Psychology.

Ma, Y., & Siau, K. L. (2018). Artificial intelligence impacts higher education. MWAIS

Proceedings, 42(5).

Ocaña-Fernández, Y., Valenzuela-Fernández, L. A., & Garro-Aburto, L. L. (2019). Artificial

Intelligence and Its Implications in Higher Education. Journal of Educational

Psychology-Propositos y Representaciones, 7(2), 553-568.

Popenici, S. A., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching

and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced

Learning, 12(1), 1-13.

Siau, K. (2017). Impact of artificial intelligence, robotics, and automation on higher education.

Sit, C., Srinivasan, R., Amlani, A., Muthuswamy, K., Azam, A., Monzon, L., & Poon, D. S.

(2020). Attitudes and perceptions of UK medical students towards artificial intelligence

and radiology: a multicentre survey. Insights into Imaging, 11(1), 14.

Tan Ai Lin, D., Ganapathy, M., & Kaur, M. (2018). Kahoot! It: Gamification in Higher

Education. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 26(1).

Yang, S., & Evans, C. (2019, November). Opportunities and challenges in using AI chatbots

in higher education. In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on

Education and E-Learning (pp. 79-83).

LITERATURE REVIEW 8

Topic and Research Question

Lennis Yesenia Ortega

Professor Mrs. April Stumme

INDS 400

February 5th, 2021

Topic and Research Question

Topic: Exploring effects of artificial intelligence and machine learning in enhancing learning

and teaching in American universities and artificial intelligence colleges for the last three years.

Sample: American Universities that have already installed artificial and machine learning

technologies and top ten colleges in offering artificial intelligence courses.

Independent Variable: Progressively enhancement and adoption of artificial intelligence in the

education system for the last three years, is the independent variable for this study.

Dependent Variable: The dependent variable for this study will be the enhancement of the

learning-teaching process in American Universities and artificial intelligence colleges.

Hypothesis: For the last three years, artificial intelligence and machine technologies have

improved learning and teaching processes in American universities and artificial intelligence

colleges. The null hypothesis for the study is there no relationship between the enhancement of

artificial intelligence and machine learning in improving learning and teaching experience in

American universities and intelligence colleges.

Research Question: Is there any impact caused by artificial intelligence and machine learning

technologies in American Universities and artificial intelligence colleges learning and teaching

process?

Which artificial technologies have been deployed to enhance learning and teaching in higher

education for the last three years?

Are higher education students ready to learn and be taught by the use of artificial intelligence

technologies?

Disciplines Incorporated: In the study of the effect of artificial intelligence in America higher

education for the last three years, Education, psychology, and technology academic disciplines

will be used.

Justification: The study will investigate what application of artificial intelligence has been

applied in the education sector. To understand this, it important to understand different

technological information to understand artificial intelligence. According to Popenici & Kerr

(2017), artificial intelligence is the technology that utilizes computer abilities to perform the task

that requires human intelligence. Therefore, technology academic discipline will crucial to

explain what is artificial intelligence.

Educational psychology refers to the discipline that explains human learning from a scientific

perspective. The learning process happens on one’s entire lifespan and the experience can be

highly influenced by the learning methods used. The learning process allows one to experience

intelligence cognitive development which closely relies on multiple education settings.

Therefore, this discipline will help answer research questions.

References

Popenici, S. A., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and

learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced

Learning, 12(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8

Nastasi, B. K. (2017). Cultural competence for global research and development: Implications

for school and educational psychology.

https://webofproceedings.org/proceedings_series/ESSP/SSAH%202018/SSAH_0611021.

pdf

Running Head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1

Exploring the Effect of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Enhancing

Learning and Teaching in American Universities and Artificial Colleges for the Last

Three Years.

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course

Instructor

Date

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2

Abstract.

The advancements in technology have resulted in different emerging technologies,

which in turn have led to substantial changes in the education sector. This paper focuses on

finding out the various effects artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have

had on the teaching and learning processes in American universities and artificial intelligence

colleges for the last three years. The paper focuses on three main concepts, namely the

impacts of AI and ML technologies in the education sector, the different artificial intelligence

tools that have been deployed, and lastly, student preparedness and response to these

technologies. Additionally, the paper points out several existing gaps in previous similar

studies leading to unanswered questions. Hence, more areas for further studies. Both

dependent and independent variables are manipulated to help answer the research questions.

A sample survey is carried out through online questionnaires and references to past similar

studies on this topic. Learners and teachers are the main target population for this study as

they are intrinsically affected. Evaluation of learning and teaching outcomes emphasizes the

adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in the higher education

sector.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3

BACKGROUND

Introduction

Technology is widespread and available in today's generation. Emerging technologies

are slowly replacing traditional based methods of teaching and learning in the education

sector. One impactful technology is artificial intelligence and machine learning that has

gained fame in many industrial sectors. In the education sector, AI and machine learning

technology have altered the learning and teaching experiences for both learners and teachers.

Slowly, higher education institute on are adopting these technologies, and significant

improvements have been made. Hence, this research aims at evaluating the effects of

artificial intelligence and machine learning in enhancing learning and teaching in American

universities and artificial colleges for the last three years.

Purpose of study

The future of higher education is fundamentally connected to emerging technologies

and computing capacities of intelligent machines. Artificial intelligence and machine learning

are emerging technologies that have opened many new possibilities for learning and teaching

in higher education institutions. Currently, artificial intelligence is advancing at a higher pace

in multiple fields. In return, the nature of services has significantly been altered. The

education sector has reaped more benefits from these technologies in the enhancement of

learning and teaching experiences compared to challenges brought about by the same. As

more developments are being made in technology, many industries, including the education

industry, are expected to take a digital shift as they employ these technologies.

This research study explores the various ways in which AI and machine learning

technologies have been employed in the education industry. Additionally, the study identifies

different artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in American universities

and colleges offering artificial intelligence-related courses for the last three years. The study

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 4

also explores how the technologies have led to improvements in teaching for trainers and

learning for students. The learning process experience is highly dependent on the learning

methods used (Crompton et al., 2020). Hence, the study incorporates various academic

disciplines to better understand different artificial intelligence concepts.

Research Objectives

In this research, the main focus is to examine how artificial intelligence and machine

learning technologies have impacted the learning and teaching processes in American

universities and artificial intelligence colleges in the last three years. The study is guided by

three main objectives to better understand the situation and to help answer the research

questions. The first objective is to identify the different impacts that have been felt in

American higher education institutions as a result of artificial intelligence and machine

learning technologies. The second objective is to identify different artificial intelligence tools

incorporated in the education sector's learning and teaching processes. Lastly, the study aims

to examine how students are responding to these technologies. Here, the research evaluates

student preparedness towards artificial intelligence technologies in teaching and learning

processes.

LITERATURE REVIEW.

Introduction.

Advancements made in the technology sector have resulted in a substantial

transformation in daily activities through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. In the

education sector, AI and machine learning are helping students and teachers fit into the recent

digital generation. While there is a wide range of studies on this topic, scholars have

identified major impacts derived from the use of AI and machine learning technology and

such tools in the teaching and learning sector. Different students embrace AI and machine

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5

learning technologies differently. The above findings provide an existing gap that can lead to

some study topics for further research.

Impact of AI and Machine Learning in the education sector

In the teaching and learning industry, both teachers and students have significantly

felt AI and machine learning technology. (Popenici & Kerr, 2017) found out that there a

direct connection between the future of the education system and the development of new

technologies and computing capacities of the intelligence machines. The nature of services in

higher educations is changing with the use of AI. A good example is the administrative

services that have also presented several different challenges in the teaching and learning

realms.

(Ma & Siau, 2018) indicates that AI affects the way we work(teaching). Learn (as a

student) and how we live. In the university curricular, the use of AI is accelerating at a high

pace which is likely to lead to a sweeping effect on the existing higher education curriculum.

As a result, some disciplines are more popular due to AI.

A study done by ((Ocaña-Fernández et al., 2019) 2019) indicates that the revolution

of technologies such as AI and machine learning has generated new procedures and learning

processes that support modern university learning programs. Higher education institutions

have adopted new interactive processes making teaching and learning more efficient through

online platforms. Additionally, more universities are on track to embracing various AI and

machine learning technologies to win a competitive advantage in the education sector.

Applicable AI tools.

(Tan Ai Lin et al., 2018) examined a gamification learning tool known as Kahoot, a

machine learning technology product. Kahoot is a gamification technology that is play-

oriented and infused with learning elements that are designed with defined outcomes of a

particular lesson related to the learning and teaching. Gamification technology is built upon

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 6

motivation that encourages learners’ engagement. The Kahoot is an online game that

promotes cooperation and autonomy in the classroom.

According to (Yang & Evans, 2019) and (Popenici & Kerr, 2017), universities are

employing AI Chatbot in the learning process. A Chatbot is a machine learning tool designed

to engage learners by operating as a social and cultural experiment. It promotes the

interaction between students and teachers.

AI smart education application is another crucial AI and machine learning tool used in

the education sector. Through the application, education is more efficient, effective, flexible,

and comfortable for both teachers and students (Ma & Siau, 2018).

Other tools include robots and automated systems such as the intelligent tutoring

system based on the automated tutor. The automated tutor can help in a wide range of

disciplines. Also, there are online learning-teaching systems that use the Automatic Speech

Recognition and Neurolinguistic programming technology. Through this technology, teachers

and students can efficiently learn other foreign languages and assist in detecting language

mistakes and providing possible solutions to correct them (Siau, 2017). The research findings

also indicate the introduction of new machine programming tools such as Python and Ruby

for interface development.

Student preparedness

Student preparedness for the use of AI and machine learning technologies varies from

one student to the other. A survey carried out by Sit, Srinivasan, Amlani, Muthuswamy,

Azam, Monzon & Poon shows that most medical students depict a lot of unpreparedness in

attitudes and perception towards AI (Sit et al., 2020). A small number of these students show

some confidence working with AI after some teaching. A few are attracted to certain courses

that involve AI, such as radiology. Very little information exists on the attitude, and

perception students show towards the use of AI.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 7

Existing Gap

The different kinds of literature available on this area present several gaps that call for

further research. First, by analyzing the different impacts AI has brought about, the different

scholars leave out the student performance perspective. These studies fail to show how the

interaction between students and various AI tools has impacted their performance. Second,

the research on the Chatbot tool fails to provide adequate findings on the tool. Third, the

research on student preparedness provides limited findings on the same. Hence, all these

areas are potential areas for further exploration.

Conclusion

The above discussions indicate that artificial intelligence and machine learning

technologies have resulted in significant changes in the teaching and learning processes. Both

teachers and students feel the various impacts of these technologies. AI tools enhancing

teaching and learning processes have been identified and discussed and the various benefits

they have provided to both teachers and students. However, there are some areas with limited

findings that present further questions around AI and machine learning technology, giving

rise to several topics for further investigations. This is to help create strong and detailed

literature.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Variables

The study variables are derived from the research questions. They provide a

framework for the questions the study will be answering (Thabane et al., 2008). This means

that, as the research questions are answered, the study comes to a completion. In my research,

the main objective is to understand the effects of artificial intelligence and machine learning

technologies in improving the learning and teaching experiences in American universities and

artificial colleges. My study will try to identify the connection between the adoption of

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8

artificial intelligence and machine learning and the improvements made in students' and

teachers' learning and teaching experiences in applying the technologies mentioned above in

the education sector.

The independent variable in my study will be growth in the application of artificial

intelligence and machine learning in learning institutions. The dependent variable will be the

enhancement of learning and teaching experience in the education sector. Here, the study will

evaluate learning outcomes in different institutions.

Methodology

The research's sample population will be learners and trainers from different

American universities that have already installed artificial intelligence and machine learning

technologies in the last three years. Additionally, it will engage the top ten colleges in

America that offer courses related to artificial intelligence. Data will be collected through

online questionnaires as a primary source of data. This will help reduce traveling and printing

costs. As for the secondary source of data, I will utilize literature reviews from different

scholars. The data will then be analyzed using various data analysis tools and software to give

a visual expression of the outcomes and interpreting the results as per the study requirements.

It is highly expected that the results will indicate that learning and teaching are more effective

and efficient with the adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in

most American educational institutions.

Rationale

The study aims to explore the impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning in

the teaching and learning experience in American Universities and artificial intelligence

colleges. Hypothetically, artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have

significantly improved the learning and teaching processes for the last three years. As a

result, it can be said that AI has a great potential in bringing rational changes in the education

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 9

sector when maximumly utilized. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are emerging

technologies being utilized in various fields. These technologies are enhancing the computing

experience, improving multiple operations across many sectors. Therefore, understanding the

application of artificial intelligence in learning institutions will help establish the need for

more research.

Dramatic changes have been felt in the education sector as a result of AI and machine

learning. These technologies have altered both the learning and teaching experience for

learners and teachers. This study will help define how these technologies can be utilized in

order to improve learning outcomes. Traditional teaching and learning methods are slowly

getting outdated and ineffective (Phillips, 2015). For example, with the ongoing global

pandemic, many schools have closed down to comply with the protective measures put in

place. As a result, physical interactions between teachers and students have become a great

challenge. Therefore, promoting and advancing the digital era even in teaching is crucial.

Artificial intelligence refers to the production of smart devices that are designed to

function with human intelligence. It can be utilized in education to solve the previously

required human mind (Yang & Evans 2019). On the other hand, machine learning is a subset

of AI that refers to finding a computer with data and exposing it to different environments to

adapt and automatically preserve massive unstructured datasets. Hence, AI can be used to

personalize education since smart devices can effectively master students' unique needs and

solve them. Also, it can be used to improve education by providing intelligent content such as

digital lessons, learning content updates, and information visualization. It can offer

customized tutoring services that fit individual learner's needs.

Conclusion

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10

As we evaluate the learning outcomes in various institutions, the process highly

depends on nature at which education ministers. The incorporation of artificial intelligence

and machine learning technologies in the education system can help enhance learning

outcomes. Therefore, this research is worthy of funding since it will be essential to establish

more artificial and machine learning technologies in the education sector.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 11

References

Crompton, H., Bernacki, M., & Greene, J. A. (2020). Psychological foundations of emerging

technologies for teaching and learning in higher education. Current Opinion in

Psychology.

Ma, Y., & Siau, K. L. (2018). Artificial intelligence impacts higher education. MWAIS

Proceedings, 42(5).

Ocaña-Fernández, Y., Valenzuela-Fernández, L. A., & Garro-Aburto, L. L. (2019). Artificial

Intelligence and Its Implications in Higher Education. Journal of Educational

Psychology-Propositos y Representaciones, 7(2), 553-568.

Phillips, J. (2015). Replacing traditional live lectures with online learning modules: Effects on

learning and student perceptions. Currents In Pharmacy Teaching And Learning, 7(6),

738-744.