Combatting Terrorism and the Preservation of Civil Liberties.pdf

Combatting Terrorism and the Preservation of Civil Liberties

A masters project

Submitted to the Faculty

American Military University

Michael Howe

Master of Arts in Homeland Security

June 2021

Capstone Professor:

Dr. Brett Jackman

The author, at this moment, grants the American Public University System the right to display

these contents for educational purposes.

The author assumes total responsibility for meeting the requirements set by United States

domain.

DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to my entire family, who offered all kinds of support to ensure

the success of this project. My parents, without their love, guidance, and understanding. I

would not have made this accomplishment. I also thank my children, who cut into their time

despite their deployments to help complete my project. I continue to express my

unconditional love to them.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am very grateful to Dr. Brett Jackman for all the assistance, guidance, and feedback

as my capstone advisor. Through his mentorship, through the project, I can realize and follow

the right direction to successfully complete my project.

It was an excellent experience with this program since it tailored my career further by

adding value and valuable knowledge. With the tools, information, and knowledge acquired

from this, I hope to bring a positive change and improve the security and defense system of

the United States.

Abstract

Combatting Terrorism and the Preservation of Civil Liberties

Michael Howe

Master of Arts in Homeland Security

American Military University

Dr. Brett Jackman, Capstone Professor

Terrorism has been a big concern for governments worldwide in the twenty-first

century, and it has resulted in the collapse of long-established civilizations. It has significant

implications, including loss of life and property and collapsing economies, to name a few.

This article highlights the measures put in place by the United States government through the

Department of Homeland Security to keep the country and its citizens safe from terrorist

attacks. This research also aims to demonstrate the preventative steps that the agency can

implement to provide a more long-term solution than the intervention procedures now in

place. The researcher used the following data collection methods; questionnaires, interviews,

and observation when collecting data. The sampling procedures used in this research were

both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to collecting the required data.

Technology advancements, citizen involvement, operational principles strengthening, and

improvements to the legal and criminal justice systems help make the measures more

effective. The recommendations will improve security and help in reducing the issues of

terrorism in the United States.

Contents
List of tables........................................................................................................................................ vii
List of figures......................................................................................................................................viii
Abstract............................................................................................................................................... viii
Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 1
Research Questions..........................................................................................................................3
Statement of Hypothesis..................................................................................................................3
Objectives of Research....................................................................................................................4
Literature Review..................................................................................................................................5
Review of Prior Counterterrorism Practice...................................................................................5
Use of drones in military expeditions.............................................................................................6
Undermining of Civil Liberty of Citizens......................................................................................7
Data from Anthropology Reports...................................................................................................8
Collection of secondary data...........................................................................................................8
Document Analysis Advantages......................................................................................................9
Research Methodology........................................................................................................................11
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 11
Qualitative analysis........................................................................................................................11
Quantitative analysis..................................................................................................................... 12
Methods of Sampling.....................................................................................................................13
Non-Probability Sampling.........................................................................................................14
Probability sampling.................................................................................................................15
Research Questions........................................................................................................................15
Data obtained through questionnaires.........................................................................................16
Questionnaire design.....................................................................................................................17
Questionnaire.................................................................................................................................17
Questions....................................................................................................................................17
Data collection through questionnaires........................................................................................19
Data collection through interviews...............................................................................................20
Data collection through observation.............................................................................................24
Collection of secondary data.........................................................................................................27
Analysis.......................................................................................................................................... 29
Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................. 29
Hypothesis testing.......................................................................................................................... 37
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 38
vi

Recommendations............................................................................................................................... 39

The Contribution of the Recommendations as per Research.....................................................40

References...........................................................................................................................................42

vii

List of tables

Table 1 Qualitative data.......................................................................................................................30

Table 2 Cause of Failure in Efficient Counter-terrorism and Frequency..............................................32

viii

List of figures

Figure 1 Failure Causes and the Frequency of Occurrence Pie Chart..................................................31

Figure 2 Failure Causes and the Frequency of Occurrence Bar Graph....................................33

Introduction

The United States of America falls among the countries affected by terrorism

consequences before, resulting in the loss of lives and property. This has instilled dread in

several residents due to the catastrophic effects of previous terrorism acts. Our country's

presidents have pledged to keep the country's borders safe from terrorist threats. Therefore,

counter-terrorism has been a top priority for them. The Department of Homeland Security

heads our country's counter-terrorism activities and has done so for many decades. The

agency has used various ways to keep the borders safe by apprehending terrorists in and out

of the U.S.

To forestall terrorist assaults, the main perpetrators, i.e., terrorist sympathizers and

funders, face arrest first. The agency handles both internal and international terrorism attacks.

To be more effective, the agencies apply constructive tactics in the battle against terrorism.

The agency supplements preventative measures with interventionist measures to provide

long-term answers in the battle against terrorism. At times, the prophylactic measures have

proved ineffective. Shootings, explosions, arson, and industrial espionage are typical

examples of domestic terrorism acts.

Long-term solutions to the issue of terrorism in the U.S. comprise the application of a

preventative approach. Ensuring flexibility strengthens the approach adopted. Some

incorporate interventionist measures in the tithe core problem that makes this project

relevant: counter-terrorism and the mechanism used to address the problem is counter-

terrorism. Because terrorism threatens people's civil freedoms, it is critical to have procedures

to deliver remedies without delaying the problem.

Counter-terrorism measures work in tandem to ensure that people's human and civil

liberties remain protected. From the standpoint of security issues, this effort adds to current

knowledge. On the other hand, it severely but constructively challenges the method

employed in the stages' implementation. Methods used to acquire information about illegal

acts should preserve the dignity of all beings, according to international human rights

legislation (Lum et al., 2006). The techniques used by security officers to do anti-terrorist

operations dos not entirely achieve the anticipated goals. Security in the United States has

improved dramatically since the implementation of The Department of Homeland Security.

This research investigates the problems and long-term remedies suggested given at the end of

the research.

We can combat terrorism by using measures that focus solely on the target, with little

consideration for the population guarded. This does not serve a significant function because

the fundamental dignity of life stands compromised. All governance structures in the United

States instill patriotism in all individuals in the nation. This ensures safety, even if there is the

prosecution of suspected persons. The application of preventative rather than interventionist

criteria reduces the likelihood of terrorist strikes while respecting universal human values

(Monahan, 2010). Diplomatic interactions with groups considered as a threat to them would

help to establish an environment favorable to reviewing the verdicts and sentences imposed

on people who have in condemnation. It is critical to engage in combat with foes before an

attack.

Following the above, this research proposes an ideal system that sets the strategic

paradigm for security enterprises in the U.S. This thereby reinforces the option and

displaying the operationally oriented features of counter-terrorism in the U.S. For example,

combating the terror plots, taking immediate actions, and operational eradication havens of

the active and potential terrorist groups. The approach will enable the U.S. to act in self-

defense, whereby the military will respond effectively and decisively to safeguard the

national interests (Egli, 2013). Various essential elements include material support,

communication, judicial reviews, and leadership in the United States.

Operational framing and prioritization of the operational elements of the major

terrorist groups within and outside the U.S. borders characterize Counter-terrorism. It seems

that terrorism in the U.S. does not result from mere hostility with other countries, e.g., those

in the Middle and the Far East, nor is it the aftermath of the determination of other countries

to crush the superiority complex within the U. S systems. Political alienations and

undermined grievances within the U.S. from both a national and international perspective

have had a role in the rampancy of terrorist attacks. Furthermore, subcultures of

misinformation and conspiracy narratives have perpetuated the attacks in that Country

(Zulaika, 2012). Minimal effort is being complete to strengthen the operational principles of

the military agents and other judicial departments.

The approach's efficiency and effectiveness are apparent in the resolution of the long-

standing terrorist problem. This means terrorism occurs in the United States and throughout

the world. This strategy pulls all critical partners on board. The focus on principles addresses

all relevant downplayed concerns when it comes to counter-terrorism operations.

Implementing an approach comprising strengthening operational principles in the security

agencies is beneficial to the country and the world for ages to come.

Research Questions

These predetermined questions related to counter-terrorism in the U.S. are crucial to

lead the conducted research. The questions were as follows:

1. How are principles related to the operations of the security agencies in the U.S.?

2. What are the elements which define a responsive, development-oriented operational

threshold among security agents?

3. How is the success of the operations measured, taking note of the abrupt changes in

the military field?

Statement of Hypothesis

"Strengthening the operational principles in security agencies help to counter terrorist

attacks."

Objectives of Research

1. To make recommendations on ways to improve the procedures about counter-

terrorism.

2. To establish the causes of continued terrorist attacks which had had effects on the U.S.

citizens.

3. To establish the role of government in ensuring security in the U.S. and the whole

world.

4. To establish the failure of the existing policies relating to countering terrorist attacks.

5. To determine the effects of terrorist attacks on the U.S. citizens

6. To establish the role of the judicial arm in countering terrorist attacks

7. To recognize the need for preventative approaches to counter-terrorism

8. To create bridges between human rights and counter-terrorism operations

Literature Review

Terrorism has a direct impact on individuals' civil liberties. It disrupts the individuals'

day-to-day lives, as well as the development of anxiety. Every time a terrorist assault occurs,

the meaning of freedom is redefined. The government oversees resolving the problem

through counter-terrorism initiatives. Counter-terrorism operations in the United States aim to

ensure both preservations of civil liberties and the rights of all citizens (Magen, 2018).

However, as terrorism directly affect civil liberties and human rights, counter-terrorism

activities may have unintended repercussions, disrupting most people's civil freedoms and

rights directly (Costigan & Stone, 2017). Both the states and the federal government must

implement counter-terrorism measures. Countermeasures used to combat terrorism have a

complementary link with ensuring civil liberties for the public. The nexus requires

development to jointly pursue the states' responsibility of care and protecting rights inherent

to one another.

Review of Prior Counterterrorism Practice

With the weapons race and worries of nuclear Armageddon resolved, the United

States emerged as the lone superpower with no military adversary on the horizon at the end of

the Cold War. Despite this, the U.S. Defense budget has risen over the last decade and now

exceeds many other countries. Following the end of the Cold War, a new adversary emerged:

the terrorist. Combatting this new war is a direct reflection of the rise in the defense budget.

There was a massive new security bureaucracy, encompassing approximately 1200

government agencies and 1900 businesses. The war's entire cost on terror ranges between $3

trillion and $4 trillion (Gardner, 2007). Historically, this shows that finances have not been a

problem in counter-terrorism. However, the equipment purchased causes harm even to the

innocent citizens, where the harm presents in injuries, loss of property, paralysis, and even

deaths.

The fact that there was imposture of state exception on American politics due to the

war on terror is remarkable. The evidence of the severity of the procedures is in indefinite

detention, rendition, torture, and extrajudicial drone killings. Nonetheless, these are minimal

realities at the crossroads of law and politics, clearly illegal but now an official policy. Law-

breaking is sanctioned by the highest authority and goes unpunished under the state of

exception. Through this, it seems complicated to distinguish law transgression from law

execution by the military agents (Gardner, 2007). The violation of social norms and traditions

of the U.S. citizens by the military agents is detrimental even to their future position.

Use of drones in military expeditions

The use of pilotless drones to locate and destroy terrorist targets is the latest route

observed in counter terrorist attacks. The underlying strategy to counter-terrorism has always

been to treat prescribed terrorists as untouchables and authorizes none to such kind of

communication. Pilotless drones flying at 10,000 feet, the only touch between the hunter and

the hunted. The fact that both terrorists and counter-terrorists have desires and subjectivities

concerns for counter-terrorism. The far-flung drone operators experience the same battle

stress as warriors in a war zone. The Hellfire missiles fired are killing innocent civilians,

including children (Zulaika, 2012). It is difficult to determine the exact number of deaths

resulting from drone usage, but the numbers are high. Estimates differ greatly. Some Western

estimates put the number of militants among the dead at 85% based on media reporting.

Lack of fundamental knowledge of the languages and cultures of the peoples with

whom they interact attributes to the passion for ignorance among the U.S. military, let alone a

lack of interest in their political goals or subjective motivation. The transformation of

anonymous persons into fatal targets with no knowledge of their names sets a new standard.

But, in the counter-terrorist mindset, such concerns, let alone the question of the subjection of

35 high-value targets to extrajudicial killings while the U.S. is not at war with other countries,

are irrelevant. The inability to count whether the dead bodies are militants or civilians, even

though both countries are allegedly close allies in the war on terror, is yet another implication

of the secrecy surrounding counter-terrorism, as executed by the U.S. military agents

(Zulaika, 2012). The attacks are so secret that the intelligence departments deny that the

drone program even exists, let alone the criteria by which it chooses its targets.

Undermining of Civil Liberty of Citizens

Everything in the global war on terror has elements of armed conflict. Thus, under

the disguise of combating terrorism, U.S. counter-terrorism considers itself legitimized to

override national sovereignty and flout international law. This creates a state of exception in

which actions that are generally illegal and immoral are suddenly tolerable because the fight

against terrorism requires it. When numerous European countries implemented 'shoot-to-kill

policies against suspected terrorists in the 1980s, they sparked international uproar (Donnelly,

2004). Extrajudicial executions of hundreds of suspected militants, whose identities remain

disclosed, claim it is because of the war on terror; they no longer cause international outrage

but are the most successful.

According to Donnelly (2004), the ratio of civilians killed to militants is 50:1.

Unfortunately, some military deaths in the line of duty are through unprecedented means,

e.g., missiles fired from pilotless drones. Counter-terrorism methods function in a self-

fulfilling feedback loop, yet there is nothing else to do. Such a deadlock presented in the

supremacy of the activities of the military agents makes terrorism will thrive. If addressed

ridiculously, they will be more detrimental to the citizens for ages.

Data from Anthropology Reports

Enlisted as a discipline that may assist in gathering crucial information for the broad

counter-terrorist mission is anthropology. Counter-terrorism traced a drastic shift from the

previous strategy of complete tabooing and distance from the untouchable terrorists from this

perspective. However, this is unrealistic and overlooks the most crucial point and discipline

within which the issue is situated. Counter-terrorism has erected a political and moral illusion

around terrorists (Sluka, 2009). The prohibition on undertaking an analysis of terrorism,

reinforced by the most restrictive legislation, hinders the success of counter-terrorism

measures.

Anthropologists investigate phenomena like divination, which manipulates the axis

of time in a magical and witchcraft culture. They compared premodern mystical ideas of

causality and temporality to modern rationality norms. The topic quickly devolves into

questions of ontology and epistemology. However, interpretations offer clear points of

divergence. If no terrorist attacks occur, the counter-terrorists will claim success in

preventing them, but the counter-terrorists can claim that the predictions were correct if an

attack occurs. When it happens, the citizens are among those who suffer in a significant way.

The divergence in the interpretations poses more threats since the real issue remains

unaddressed. Much time always goes to non-core procedures instead of marshaling efforts to

counter-terrorism.

Collection of secondary data

This data collection type is through document analysis comprised of data from

documents, records, and peer-reviewed journals. In this, there is collection and interpretation

of information to give meaning to the subject in question. The method suggested countering

terrorist attacks more constructively comprised strengthening the principles under which the

security agents in the U.S. operate. Following this, sourcing data requires only the

documents and records relating to counter-terrorism. Additionally, artifacts helped throughout

the study to help join secondary data (Bowen, 2009). Several secondary sources helped

create a confluence of evidence, resulting from the credibility of the information obtained.

Secondary Data Analysis

Another method that we can pull from to carry out quantitative research is through

secondary data analysis. There is a tremendous amount of research done each year that makes

use of this method. This type of research uses pre-existing data to perform the study in

question rather than going out and collecting new data for the inquiry. In effect, the data have

already been collected. Still, they will be analyzed differently or can be used to answer a

different research question than was initially intended by those who collected the data in the

first place. This happens all the time, and it is a great way to do research.

The major types of secondary data analysis used in social science research include

surveys, official statistics; official records; and historic documents. The most common

secondary data sources are social science survey data collected in studies funded by federal

and state governments. Other familiar sources include official records maintained by

government agencies for administrative, rather than research, purposes - for example, police

department arrest data. Often, a government agency - like the National Institute of Justice -

will fund data collection and research. After the data is collected and several reports are

written, the government agency then asks for a clean set of the data collected; they then hold

this for other researchers who may want to analyze it. Other researchers like you and I can

request a portion of the data to answer research questions. The government agency

encourages the data to help with our understanding of various social science and social policy

questions. They will even sometimes fund researchers' projects that analyze secondary data.

As you come to work with your data, rather than just looking at what you have, you

should also consider what it means about the theory or theories you are using in your

research. Data analysis requires analysis in conjunction with a researcher's hypothesis (if

carrying out an experimental study) or theoretical framework (Singleton & Straits, 2010).

These frameworks "guide the collection and analysis of data, indicating what variables should

be measured a statistically controlled" (Singleton & Straits, 2010, p. 53). The analysis portion

of research then helps provide validation to current theoretical holdings, provides insight on

theoretical gaps, and helps determine new areas of research exploration.

After researchers complete their research projects, many must archive their work for

preservation, recall, and sharing. While it is always good to save one's work, researchers that

have created large data sets often come to share their data with others in the spirit of

collaboration. The Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland, RAND

Database of Worldwide Terrorism Incidents, National Institute of Justice's Terrorism

Databases for Analysis, Data.gov, GIS Geography, Human Trafficking Indicators,

USDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset are all examples of data sets shared by researchers. This

information is something that anyone can use in research looking to use secondary or existing

data sets.

The documents and records used in this research are from defense and internal

security ministries. More information from human rights journals is essential, especially

those that bring on board international human rights and civil liberty. The peer-reviewed

journals help analyze the opinions of the authors and creating a parallel in the research. This

prompted the author to use them in this project. However, there are identification points of

divergence leading to disagreeing with the author's opinion (Bowen, 2009). This is important

as skills and competence give meaning to the issues tackled in journals.

Document Analysis Advantages

Document Analysis is an efficient and effective way of gathering data in that the

documents and records and manageable. The researcher has the freedom to choose the

specific documents to use, hence improving the manageability. Document analysis uses less

time and resources than their data collection methods, e.g., interviews and experiments. The

documents are stable and can thus be read and reviewed multiple times, with their form

remaining unchanged. This improves on the data obtained as the researcher can revise the

conclusions made. The research utilized more data in terms of background information. This

helped in the contextualization of the research within its scope (Bowen, 2009). Furthermore,

there is an achievement of comprehensiveness in that this analysis points to the essential

questions needed or situations that require attention concerning counter-terrorism.

The method limitations are observable in the content of the documents. These

documents and records do not necessarily address the issue in the research, and therefore

investigative skills are necessary. In some of the documents, the data available was only

valuable to a small extent. Depending on them might have led to deficits in the information

obtained. Some other records may be incomplete or more complex hence not suitable in

some context of the research. There is a potential presence of bias, whereby the researcher

gives meaning out of their perspectives and not the actual situation (Bowen, 2009). The stable

nature of documents prevents adjustments as per the changes in the environment. Some of the

data may therefore not be useful in the research.

Research Methodology

Introduction

It was essential to use qualitative and quantitative data to analyze the procedures

relating to countering terrorist attacks. Research design helps in collecting, analyzing, and

interpreting the data. Directly from the collection, analysis, and interpretation, the research

objectives are determined. This adopted more realistic, preventative, and progressive

measures in countering terrorism within and outside the USA's borders. It was achievable

through strengthening the principles under which the relevant department operates. The

research design helped determine the sampling methods, collected data, data collection

procedures, recording data, interpreting, and presenting the data. In This project, qualitative

and quantitative data analysis is independent but with subsequent comparisons. The

reasoning is to give a grounded response to the issue of counter-terrorism.

Qualitative analysis

With terrorism as an identifiable menace across the U.S. and the world, it is necessary

to conduct qualitative analysis. Strengthening the operational principles is a continuous

process, and the benefits obtained will serve the country for ages. Through qualitative

analysis, it was possible to determine the trend and have purposive speculation of the future

in line with countering terrorist attacks. The success of the initiative lacks tangibility

characteristics. Still, there was the determination of how the terrorism situation will present

in the future, the continued enjoyment of civil liberty by people, and reduced interruptions of

normal operations of the U.S. citizens in all fields. This phenomenon is under study to help

the country's counter-terrorism born both within and beyond the country's borders. Taking

cognizance of this, appropriate data collection methods helped draw conclusions and make

necessary recommendations.

Quantitative analysis

It involves the analysis of statistical data. It was instrumental in this project since

people get the effects of terrorism in different ways. Murder befalls some despite being

innocent; others relocate to other unfavorable residential areas, while in other cases, the

victims face torture together with their families. The researcher tests this data by comparing

the findings from the questionnaires and data obtained from homeland security. The actual

figure guides the determination caused by present measures to counter-terrorism (Alexander,

1981). With the U.S. being a large country in terms of size, population, development, and

power, the methods of countering terrorism ought to display these elements that define the

country.

The research helps gain an understanding of the patterns whereby unprecedented

shifts got constructive responses. The quantitative research aligns with the context of the

study, thereby enabling purposive adjustments while maintaining focus on the real issues

perpetuating the research. It enables the researcher to understand the situational aspects of the

issue to enable them to base their questions on the formalities identified. Security situations

and potential legislation lead to drastic shifts and changes in the external environment

throughout the research. This may influence how the respondents answer questions, but

qualitative analyses ensure a bridging between the respondents' perspectives and the

contextual elements of the study (Alexander, 1981). This type of analysis is cost-effective

because it follows the formulation of the research questions. This reduces the time and

resources spent on non-core activities in the research. The scope of qualitative research

ensures the validity of the results because of comprehensive engagement with the

respondents. There is the enhancement of human experience on predictability because the

shifts in the environment lead to different conclusions arising from the same data (Alexander,

1981).

Therefore, there was no provision of raw facts, making it inappropriate where there

was a requirement of such data. There is the potential loss of essential data in qualitative

research due to failed recognition during the research. The researcher might overlook some

aspects which influence the outcome. Also, researchers are prone to researcher bias because

of unverified data in analyzing situations. In this case, unverified data is detrimental when

used to strengthen operational principles of the Department of Homeland Security and the

judicial arm under which the FBI. Operates (Alexander, 1981). The other departments which

may employ recommendations made from the use of such data will suffer enormously.

Following the above analysis of qualitative and quantitative research, what was

applicable in the research was a blend between the two analyses. There was the performance

of procedures in both independently owing to variances in their scope and aims. After that,

the comparison helped determine if their convergence with the research. Several revisions on

the analysis ensured the best output to draw conclusions and make necessary

recommendations (Papacharissi, 2008). The research included all elements while filtering out

was because of substantive grounds.

Methods of Sampling

Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were essential in collecting

the data required. Both types of sampling apply to all target populations. However, there was

an adjustment when obtaining data from partially restricted areas such as the military and

security bases. Here, there was a request, and the sampling used was based on the criteria

spelled out in the letters of acceptance by the officers. For example, they decided to allow

only a few officers to participate in the research, owing to confidentiality provisions. This

was adhered to accordingly, but the context of the study remained. It was necessary to

involve both junior and senior officers in the military to get more perspectives relating to the

principles which guide them in their procedures (Papacharissi, 2008). Any information

deemed confidential by the officers was to prevent contradiction in the results. There were

no assumptions to fix the potential disconnects from information withheld by security agents

on the grounds of confidentiality.

This research uses both primary and secondary data and analysis based on

predetermined elements. The primary data are questionnaires, experiments, interviews, and

observation. Meanwhile, secondary data were from documents, records, and literary sources.

Obtainment of data was through the above-discussed sampling techniques. The applicability

of the method depends on the type of information required to serve a specific purpose. There

is a note on the necessity of both qualitative and quantitative data in the research questions.

Through the collection of both types of data, the results of the research are reliable. The

recommendations made suit the operations of the departments throughout the U.S. according

to the DHS umbrella.

Non-Probability Sampling

In probability sampling, all elements in the target population maintain an equal chance

of selection and inclusion in the sample. The respondents employ different tactics in solving

and responding to the questions (Altmann, 1974). Systematic sampling is an example of a

probability sampling technique used in the research. There is the identification of Every

tenth, tenth fiftieth, and eightieth person in every 100 hundred persons. And the study was as

per their perspectives and figures provided. It ensures that there is a selection of elements

without bias following the sample's predetermined basis. Abiding by the provisions enables

the researcher to study the responses as the figure approaches the hundredth person. It was

possible to obtain a pattern that may repeat itself or misalign when there is conduction if the

study is in another area, e.g., the countryside. Non-probability sampling techniques are

crucial in this research, especially in the qualitative analysis of data. Analysis of the actual

phenomena was from the identified samples, and through them, the researcher was able to

make constructive elucidations. The context of the study comprises enhancing the procedures

used in countering terrorist attacks in and outside the U.S. It has qualitative aspects and,

therefore, the need to use non-probability sampling techniques. The implementation aligns

with the research context to ensure that many people stand a chance for inclusion in the

sample (Altmann, 1974). Quota sampling applies whereby categorization of the participants

through age, level of involvement in counter-terrorism activities, and the effects of practices

by the U.S. military and security agents involving countering terrorist attacks. To maximize

the credibility of information, there was the use of voluntary response sampling. In this, there

was a requisition to the respondents to avail themselves without any persuasion or conditions.

This included more people in the sample by reaching out to those who stand no chance of

inclusion in the sample.

Probability sampling

Stratified sampling uses a probability sampling technique. Division of the target

population was to achieve manageable clusters, and there is the random taking of the samples

from the groups. There is no consideration of variation in their aspects in this sampling

because it aims at tracing the actual situation when there is the usage of smaller groups (Trost

1986). The same applies to the techniques used in the countryside, where the prevalence of

terrorist attacks is more negligible. This was extensive research, and there were divisions of

groups based on distinct characteristics such as sex, age, and occupation. These demographic

aspects are important because the researcher can recognize variations in results from different

groups. The responses from females may vary widely from that of males. The working

environment and condition an individual is exposed to could have influenced the responses

significantly.

Research Questions

1. How are principles related to the operations of the security agencies in the U.S.?

2. What are the elements which define a responsive, development-oriented operational

threshold among security agents?

3. How is the success of the operations measured, taking note of the abrupt changes in

the military field?

Data obtained through questionnaires

The questionnaire was prepared and given to the respondents within the identified

sample sizes. This happened in areas with high traffic, e.g., malls, entertainment joints, busy

streets, and learning institutions. To promote voluntary responses, a web questionnaire was

prepared to reach out to those left out during the distribution of the paper questionnaires. The

form of the questionnaire design is in a manner that captures both qualitative and quantitative

data. The unstructured part ensures that the researcher obtains information regarding a

phenomenon (Peterson, 2000). In this case, the subject is comprised of procedures of

security agents in countering terrorist attacks within and outside U.S. borders. The structured

part of the questionnaire helps collect quantitative data, e.g., the number of times when a

respondent has suffered from military activities meant to counter attacks by terrorists. The

researcher gave the respondents ample time, and there was no persuasion to answer the

questions in the questionnaires. This enhances the accuracy of information obtained because

the people respond out of their free will.

The questionnaire contained both open-ended and close-ended questions. The

respondents had a ground to answer how they feel comfortable if they provided relevant

information for the open-ended questions. On the other hand, the close-ended questions

made the respondents confine themselves solely to the choices provided. This helps reduce

unnecessary ambiguity in the choices and limits the expected choices. The questions,

however, fail to consider other perspectives from the respondents (Peterson, 2000). There

was a revision of the questions to ensure that they aligned with the context of the study and

were not too many such that the respondents might find boredom in answering them. The

data collected in this manner was primary data which is extremely useful in qualitative and

quantitative research.

Questionnaire design

It refers to determining the format and all questions to collect data related to a

predetermined issue through research. It is essential in that it helps in minimizing the errors

in data sourced from the identified samples. Considering the simplicity, clarity, and

conciseness of the questions, the people's accuracy improves. There is the extraction of all

irrelevant elements from the questionnaires' final draft in questionnaire design, including

excessive descriptions and ambiguity in the questions (Rowley, 2014). The questionnaire

design minimizes costs incurred because of the elimination of unproductive procedures. It

also offers substantive flexibility by providing for both open-ended and close-ended

questions.

Questionnaire

The procedures used in countering attacks by terrorists are potentially excruciating.

Some of the techniques end up making other people suffer and place them on the verge of

underdevelopment. There is an undermining of civil liberty, which all citizens should enjoy

in a significant way. Following this, this research aims at improving the activities by

strengthening the principles under which the security agencies operate. The questionnaire has

been prepared in line with the above-stated issue, and therefore, information obtained from

the respondents was solely for the research purpose. Respondents are anonymous, and all

responses serve to benefit the research, which helps make recommendations.

Questions

1. How many times have you experienced terrorist attacks?

2. How many of your family members have suffered when security agents are countering

terrorist attacks?

3. How many times have you reported such instances to the local authorities?

4. How are the operations of the officers at the grassroots concerning terrorism?

5. What are the orchestration methods of terrorist attacks? Which among the methods listed

do you consider most severe?

6. Why do you think terrorist attacks are so rampant in the country?

7. How are freedom and liberty curtailed in instances of terrorist attacks?

8. Which among the following do you think is the main target of terrorist attacks?

A. Learning institutions

B. Business malls

C. Residential areas

D. Army barracks

E. Government institutions

9. What happens during the operations that limit the civil liberty of people?

10. What history or general knowledge do you have about terrorism and the activities of

DHS?

11. Are there any instances of antisocial behavior you have seen in the officers as they

undertake their activities?

A. Yes

B. No

12. How is the performance regarding your responsibility in preventing terrorism?

A. Particularly good

B. Good

C. Average

D. Poor

13. How would you rate the performance of the security agents regarding countering terrorist

attacks? (Use a scale of 1-5)

14. Which of the two forms of terrorist attacks do you consider more severe, one from within

the U.S. that is born beyond the borders of the U.S.?

15. What do you think are the causes of terrorist attacks both within and outside the U.S.?

16. What are the effects of the recent terrorist attacks in the U.S., with a view to economic,

social, and civil constructs?

17. What are you satisfied with within line with preventing terrorist attacks?

A. Borne within the Country

B. Borne outside the Country

18. Where are the leading terrorists' bases found within the U.S.?

19. Why do you think the Middle East continues to be a haven of potential terrorists?

20. How do you think the government should be involved in ensuring security among all U.S.

citizens?

21. What do you think is the failure of the judicial arm in the prosecution of perpetrators of

violence?

22. What are your thoughts about those people involved in facilitating terrorist attacks, either

in financing or acquiring firearms? What do you think they are after?

23. What are your recommendations on improving the security of U.S. citizens?

Data collection through questionnaires

The use of questionnaires is advantageous in various ways. First, they are easy to

conduct since it involves distributing the questionnaires to the intended respondents. There

can be more information when many respondents are involved. The structure of the

questionnaires allows the researcher to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data. To add

to this, questionnaires ensure broad coverage because they were available as hard copies and

via the web. The respondents could answer them from the comfort of their residences or

operational bases. It takes less time to fill the questionnaire than other methods, e.g.,

interviews (Peterson, 2000). The data obtained can prove or disprove the existing hypothesis,

following the type and content of questions contained in them.

However, there are no clarifications made for the questions deemed ambiguous. The

respondents also lack the motivation to provide answers owing to the partially unattractive

style and format of questionnaires. Improper wording in the questions may lead to incorrect

responses by the targeted respondents. Furthermore, the questionnaires may not be suitable

for some respondents owing to differences in educational levels and other factors (Rowley,

2010). This leads to a low response rate which in turn transits into deficits in the data

obtained. In this case, there was an interview where one could understand the researcher very

well.

Data collection through interviews

Interviews are advantageous in the information obtained compared to other methods,

e.g., questionnaires. The method can also yield a perfect sample of the entire population

because it reaches many people through this approach. The information secured is likely to

be correct as compared to that obtained using questionnaires. This is because the interviewee

can clarify some aspects of the questions while e the interviewer can verify the information

obtained to some level. The collection of additional information about the interviewer acts as

a supplement during interpreting the results (Alshenqeeti, 2014). Personal characteristics and

perspectives may lower the quality of the data by the respondents. The method is flexible

because it allows more follow-up and checking questions needed, adding to the information

obtained.

The interviews help collect more detailed information from smaller sample sizes. The

information obtained comprises attributes, behavior, feelings, attitudes, knowledge, and

opinions regarding terrorism in the U.S. Through them, there is obtainment and verification

of qualitative data during the interviews. They help the researcher explain, understand, and

gauge the relevance of different phenomena related to the context of the study. The

interviews were face-to-face, through phone, and via online networks, e.g., skype

(Alshenqeeti, 2014). The questions were open-ended because of the need for detailed

information in various substantive stances. Countering terrorism attacks is a critical issue,

and, therefore, there was a need to employ the best tactics when obtaining data. A

recommendation on a preventative approach to terrorism was influential in the project. This

was possible by first identifying the flaws in the interventionist approaches and assets as the

baseline.

During the face-to-face interviews, the researcher sought responses from willing

people who belong to the larger society. In this, the sampling as mentioned above methods

applied. However, there was no coercion to ensure that the information obtained was

credible for the research. More focus was on the interviewees from the samples obtained in

the military bases, e.g., barracks. This is because the officers are the ones who are involved

in counter-terrorism activities. Their activities are the ones that have perpetuated this

research. Furthermore, they are among the biggest addressees of the recommendations made

from this project.

The interviews conducted through the phone mainly targeted the high-ranking officers

who could not find enough time to engage physically. They were also in a position of sharing

information that the officers on the ground could not avail. They, being the commanders,

there was a possibility that they had more knowledge about activities related to counter-

terrorism. The engagements were convenient to promote the quality of information availed

by them (Alshenqeeti, 2014). When they answered the questions at their convenience, it was

likely to offer more than would be the case if strict, tough times were set for the interviews.

Issuing of the research questions was early to gather all necessary support documents and

seek clarifications before the interview begins.

It was necessary to scale down to pole who have suffered directly from the terrorist

attacks. There was the identification of these individuals to help in providing first-hand data

through interviews. The open-ended questions had a platform to answer them comfortably,

not restricting themselves to the study context. Furthermore, information from them was

likely to be more credible as they possess no confidentiality aspects, having suffered from the

activities by the military. It was necessary to source for people who at a time were involved

in terrorist activities but quit. The information obtained enshrined in the cause of terrorist

attacks, the financiers, and the impact of regulations in their activities. There was a collection

of data and information regarding the kickbacks offered to those who finance them and

support them through the acquisition of firearms.

Data collection through phone interviews also applied to the leaders in the judicial

arms. The context of the study remains, and therefore, the interviewees helped in answering

the research questions. There was the tracing of the retired heads in the judicial arm and an

interview request. Their information comprised concluded cases relating to terrorism attacks,

the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats they spotted in the festive arms, and the

achievements that marked their judiciary tenure. There were more with the judges in offices

via phone, owing to their schedules, which would limit their chances of conducting face-face

interviews.

The interviews through social media platforms brought together the public, human

rights activists, and criminal investigators, some of whom were in the judicial arm. This

helped bring many people on board, which was beneficial to the researcher and the country

through the recommendations made. The real victims of excruciating military activities and

who stood no chance of selecting a face-face interview were on the platforms. Here, a host

received all the answers and opinions regarding the questions raised (Alshenqeeti, 2014).

The site was operational for some time, and therefore, it was necessary to inform the

respondents in advance of the specific times the site was to run. This always helped to reduce

redundancy in the area being operational.

Considering the context of this research, a lot of data was necessary to yield the

desired results both in the present and in the future. In the interviews conducted face to face,

the interviewer could observe the facial expressions and gestures of the respondents, which is

an essential aspect of information. They help establish when the interviewee is not

conversant with the questions, i.e., when the interviewer is likely to be giving irrelevant

information or some information they are not sure of. In interviews via phone, the tone

variation signaled changes in the moods or intensity of the subject at hand.

The approach used by the informant in answering the questions also helped gauge the

potential correctness of the data obtained from them. They also help gauge the existing

pressures in the situation, thereby engaging the interviewer in evaluating the meaning of

nonverbal replies by the informants. The interviewer can also establish controls by using the

scoring and test device in the interviews. The time spent on the interviews gives the

respondents a chance it clarifies and become more oriented to the topic under investigation.

In this case, the respondents knew about terrorism, activities, the DHS operations, the judicial

arm under which the FBI operates, and other police departments. More so, there could be an

adjustment to the language of the interview to suit the interviewee's educational level.

However, the use of interviews has several disadvantages. To begin with, it consumes

a lot of time, emery, and resources to be successful. The target respondents may not be

available when required, making the researcher have unending trips and schedule

readjustments to suit the intended interviewees. This raises the cost of transportation hence

making the method uneconomical. The efficacy of interviews is dependent on the skill

portrayed by the researcher thus requires intensive training. A lot of supervision is also

necessary to ensure that the interviews yield, hence benefitting the research. Researcher bias

is an element that hinders the applicability of the method since the researcher may devise the

questions to ensure confirmation of the views of their views about the research. This impacts

the output of interviews significantly; the results obtained in such are unreliable and generally

inaccurate.

The respondents' perspectives may be influenced by the physical presence of the

interviewer in the case of face-to-face interviews. Following this, imaginary information may

be from the respondent without the knowledge of the researcher. The presence of an

interviewer may make the respondent develop some emotional involvement with the

interviewer such that the answers provided are likely to please the interviewer. The

respondents always want to guard their images and refrain from giving correct answers in

fear of distorting their image and reputation. In addition to this, the method is quite

expensive for out requires officers during selection, training, and supervising the staff. It is

also not possible to determine the personal characteristics of the respondents at or before the

start of the interview. This impacts the information obtained because the researcher might

have wished to get information from respondents with specific traits, e.g., ready to answer

any questions and share personal experiences relating to terrorist attacks.

Data collection through observation

In observation, collecting data and information is through visual involvements

whereby there is the observation of the phenomenon as and when it occurs. It comprises

selecting, reading, touching, listening, and recording various characteristics of the

phenomenon within the target population. Data collection by the researcher is in real-time

only (Wagner & Garner, 2012). The observations can be from either an insider or outsider

perspective under study. Relating to the phenomenon under research. There is observation

for both verbal and nonverbal aspects as the phenomena happen. Therefore, it is up to the

researcher to differentiate their perspectives from the views and observations of the people in

the targeted population.

In this project, observation as a data collection method answered the predetermined

research questions. The researcher performed the observation from a more insider

perspective, implying that he adopted the people's rituals, values, customs, and traditions

within the target population (Wagner & Garner, 2012). The observations aimed to get first-

hand information about the people's views on terrorism. The researcher listened to the

conversations among the people involved and determined the detriment of terrorist attacks to

them and their families. Throughout the course, the researcher determined the more informed

and agitated groups with a view to attacks by terrorists from within and outside the U.S.

borders.

The time spent on this determined the quality of information obtained. Through this,

the researcher collected data from a predetermined sample without necessarily involving the

respondents directly. By being involved in the cultural activities of the people in the

population, the researcher obtained diverse information about procedures that aim at

countering terrorist attacks. The researcher was keen on the cultural activities and informal

meetings within the population matrices. This was because they were the only ones who

could give information on counter-terrorism. The researcher observed the characteristics of

the direct victims of terrorist attacks and obtained relevant information.

It is worth noting that the method was not applicable in all the areas, e.g., military

bases, as there were restrictions that limit entry and activities of external parties within the

boundaries of the bases. It was not fully applicable in areas where massive mobility is an

element of the population egg along busy streets (Wagner & Garner, 2012). However, there

was observed when the mobility was low, for example, when the people have settled in their

workplaces.

The method has some advantages concerning data collection. There can be data

collection at the time of occurrence. This gives a significant source of primary data for use in

the research. The data collected describe the actual situation of the phenomena in natural

settings. This method is therefore flexible and more natural than other techniques such as

experiments and interviews. The time spent while conducting the research enables the

researcher to obtain a substantive amount of primary data (Wagner & Garner, 2012).

Observation helps study the values, behavior, and other characteristics among people who

cannot give reports or articulately express themselves. Following this, it can there be usage

even in areas where the members are illiterate.

Despite the advantages above, the method has limitations in several ways. Although

it is achievable from natural settings, there is little control over the scope of the study. With

the researcher being a stranger, there are potential errors in the observations resulting from

the improper recording of data. This researcher bias affects the data obtained through this

method. There are no quantitative measures that guide the researcher, which brings

difficulties in quantifying the data. The researcher's perceptions may not be in line with the

actual occurrences in the study. More so, the sample size used is generally tiny owing to the

involving nature of observations. It is, therefore, not possible to determine the extent to

which these values and characteristics apply to the broader society (Wagner & Garner, 2012).

With observation involving a long parotid of time, the researcher may get weary in the

procedures, influencing the outcome. There is no opportunity to learn about the people's past

in the area under study through these methods. This is because data collection follows real-

time occurrences in the environment.

To maximize the quality of information obtained through this method, it had to

embrace indirect observation. In this, there was recording by use of cameras and audiotapes

and analyzed after. This applied to the events with minimal re-occurrence, e.g., a meeting to

create awareness to the public concerning security situations, news in social media, etc.

Through this, the researcher was able to compare the content of information sourced directly

and indirectly. While the information gathered direct lacked substantive supporting grounds,

the researcher was keen to obtain the correct data.

There was the consolidation of data collected through questionnaires, interviews, and

observation but with distinctions clearly showing what data collection was through a given

method. The identified elements were; cost, time, and quality of the data collected. The

importance of using more than one method in collecting primary data is to maximize the

quality of information obtained. The disadvantages of one method at some point happened to

the advantages of another method, e.g., questionnaires vs. interviews. The bridging ensured

there is capturing of uncaptured data that remains uncaptured through a method. For

instance, there was the possibility of some data remaining uncaptured when using

observation, but the interviews and questionnaires capture it.

The use of multiple data collection methods, however, faced potential redundancy.

This occurred when there was repetitive data collection relating to the context of the study.

More so, there were potential events of contradictory information because specific guidelines

guide each data collection method. It was difficult to determine the data required in the

analysis. The variations in the variables and courses in data collection methods also result in

differences in data collected. Nevertheless, the user data collected was purposely for this

project, whereby recommendations were from the conclusions.

The other methods of collecting primary data were inappropriate research hence not

used. This includes data collection through experiments whose aim was to enable the

researcher to control the variables, leading to additional deductions. Relating this to the

context of the study shows irrelevance in its use. While the study aimed to collect data on

procedures used to counter terrorist attacks by the U.S. military, it was not practically

possible to perform experiments in this field. The elements used could not change to

variables for application, e.g., level of security, the severity of terrorist attacks, and operations

of the judicial arm of the U.S. government.

Collection of secondary data

document analysis helped obtain the type of data, i.e., data from documents, records,

and peer-reviewed journals. In this, the researcher obtained information and interpreted it to

give meaning to the subject in question. The method suggested to counter terrorist attacks

more constructively comprises strengthening the principles under which the security agents in

the U.S. operate. Following this, only the documents and records relating to counter-

terrorism could provide information for the research. Additionally, there were tracing

artifacts during the study, which helped join secondary data (Bowen, 2009). The artifacts

include worn-out or carelessly disposed firearms. Several secondary sources helped create a

confluence of evidence, resulting from the inti credibility of the information obtained.

The ministries of defense and internal security documents and records provided more

information on terrorism and counter-terrorism, which was important in this research. More

information was from human rights journals, especially those that bring on board

international human rights and civil liberty. The peer-reviewed journals helped analyze the

authors' opinions and create a parallel aspect of the research. However, the researcher may

have identified points of divergence, thereby disapproving the author's opinion (Bowen,

2009). It was necessary because the researcher employed skills and competence while giving

meaning to the issues tackled in journals.

Document analysis has several advantages. First, it is an efficient and effective way

of gathering data in documents and records. The researcher has the freedom to choose the

specific documents to use hence improving the manageability. There is less time and

resources through document analysis than their data collection methods, e.g., interviews and

experiments. The documents are stable and can thus be readable and reviewed multiple

times, with their form remaining unchanged. This improves on the data obtained as the

researcher can revise the conclusions made. More data is in terms of background

information, which helps contextualize the research within its scope (Bowen, 2009).

Furthermore, comprehensiveness through analysis points to questions asked or situations that

require attention concerning counter-terrorism.

The limitations of the method are in the content of the documents. In this, the

documents and records do not address the issue in the research, and therefore, investigative

skills are necessary. In some of the documents, the data available is only helpful to a small

extent. Depending on them leads to deficits in the information obtained. Some other records

may be incomplete or more complex hence not suitable in some context of the research.

Furthermore, there is a potential presence of bias, whereby the researcher gave

meaning out of their perspectives and not the actual situation (Bowen, 2009). The stable

nature of documents prevents adjustments as per the changes in the environment. Some of

the data may therefore not be useful in the research.

Analysis

Terrorism remains a significant threat to the development of various sectors in the

U.S. and the whole world. With the civil liberties of people undermined to an extreme

measure, their output has severe impacts. Terrorist attacks are countered through

interventionist approaches that do not serve in the long term. The elements that characterize

the approaches are the one which makes them unreliable. Killing innocent citizens is a gross

violation of the international laws relating to humanity (Donnelly, 2004). The military

departments use the superiority and supremacy accorded to combat terrorist attacks, but

astonishingly, the citizens also fall victims to the procedures. Unfortunately, the actions of

the military agencies are unquestionable if counteractive and potential terrorist threats affect

the actions. Drones have affected many citizens in different ways, including displacement,

physical injury, and deaths. The rot in the judicial arm raises questions on the supremacy of

the people regarding the exercise of human rights.

Data Analysis

It refers to systematically applying statistical and logical methods to describe,

condense, illustrate, and evaluate data. In qualitative analysis, there is the identification of

common patterns within responses and critical analysis to achieve the research objectives.

On the other hand, data analysis on quantitative aspects involves interpreting figures to

establish a rationale behind the emergence of main findings. To promote effective and

efficient data analysis, there is the development of the following pre-requisites:

i. Necessary analytical skills are available

ii. Appropriate implementation of methods used in collecting data

iii. Statistical significance of the data

iv. A check for analyses deemed inappropriate

v. Availability of legitimate and unbiased inference

vi. Reliability and validity of data, sources, and inferences made

vii. The extent of the analysis

Qualitative analysis

It aims at answering questions such as 'why,' 'what' and 'how.' In this analysis, there is

the use of texts and narratives. There was data collection about countering terrorist attacks

through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documented analysis concerning the

research contact.

Effect on victim Frequency Relative Frequency

Physical torture 50 0.5

Killing 5 0.05

Limited freedom 35 0.35

Arrest 10 0.1

Total 100 1.00

Table 1 Qualitative data

Failure Causes and the Frequency of Occurence Pie Chart

Physical torture Killing Limited freedom Arrest

Figure 1 Failure Causes and the Frequency of Occurrence Pie Chart

Quantitative analysis

This involves describing, modularizing, condensing, illustrating, and evaluating

statistical data obtained from the research. All the relevant quantitative data analysis depends

on the method used to collect the data. Collectively, there is data analysis after determining

the relevant information in case of disparities among data obtained from the different

methods of collecting data (Ott, R. L., & Longnecker, M. T., 2015). Quantitative data were

from questionnaires, interviews, observations and supplemented with data from secondary

sources. The skills relating to the analysis of qualitative data have met a satisfactory extent.

Cause of Failure in Efficient Counter-terrorism Frequency

Slow speed in responding to active attacks 10

Use of excessive force by U.S. military on citizens 35

Lack of diplomatic ties with potential terrorist

groups

Inadequate government support 10

Recklessness among citizens 5

Inadequate investigation into terrorist attacks 20

Slow prosecution process to the convicts 5

Total 100

Table 2 Cause of Failure in Efficient Counter-terrorism and Frequency

The table above on a bar graph represents the causes of infect counter-terrorism distributed in

the x-axis from left to right; they are the independent variables while the frequency is on the

y-axis with it being the dependent variable.

Failure Causes and the Frequcny of Occurence Bar Graph

Figure 2 Failure Causes and the Frequency of Occurrence Bar Graph

Evaluation of the illustrated data

The respondents who filled the questionnaire gave different feedbacks 25% of them

said that the questionnaire was easy to fill, while another 25% experienced difficulties filling

the questionnaires. In the open-ended questions, the responses were promising in that they

displayed an image that the respondents understood the questions. Among them, a

considerable number had experienced many instances of terrorist attacks. They also

answered by saying that the causes of terrorist attacks are comprised of outdated policies to

counter-terrorism, increased exposure to terrorist activities through films. Uncompleted

business deals between the U.S. government and other external parties, revenge purposes, and

that terrorism happened to bombard the superiority complex of the U.S. military.

The explanations relating to individual responsibility in preventing terrorism were

insufficient, implying that the people did not prevent terrorist attacks. Many respondents said

that they abide by the law and regulation, while a small number said that they report terrorist-

related activities to the authorities. Others said that they educate their children and peers on

the need to be productive in society through hard work and ethical conduct. Through this,

they argued that the exposure of their children and peers to terrorist groups was low, hence

preventing the spread of terrorism in the country.

As per the responses, terrorism borne within the borders of the U.S. seemed to be of

equal severity with that borne from outside the U.S. However, the latter was slightly more

severe. A lot of responses were about the failure of the security agencies in preventing

terrorism. The responses included slow speed in responding to actual attacks, use of force

during the operations, lack of diplomacy with potential terrorist groups, a lot of authority

vested on DHS, interference with operations of foreign embassies based in the U.S., slow

litigation processes, and inadequate government support. About the terrorist groups from the

Middle East, the respondents said there are possibilities of indigenous rivalry between the

U.S. and some Middle East and Far East regions. They also said that the terrorists aim at

destroying the growing superiority of the U.S. Army and all citizens in the country, thereby

preventing possible control in the future.

In the interviews, all the questions aiming at qualitative analysis were open-ended.

The majority of the intonated interviewed agreed to participate in the interview. Among them

were those who had suffered actual effects, e.g., killings and maiming by the U.S. military in

pursuit of countering active terrorist attacks within the country. The language used depended

on the conversance of both sued of interviewer and interviewee. The interviews were for the

willing respondents only. However, some targeted people failed to participate in the

interview on confidentiality, fear, and functional inadequacies due to a lack of enough

knowledge about terrorism. Some people broke out from emotions, while others explained

the psychological torture caused by excruciating procedures by the soldiers.

When engaging with some soldiers, they argued that the security of U.S. citizens

remained their priority and those injuries to some innocent people were normal operations in

line of duty. In the case of terrorist attacks, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate the

citizens from the terrorists due to the terrorists donning civilian attire, especially those who

attack from within the country. In the online interviews, skype has used the responses that

were close to those provided in the questionnaires. The noted disparity was that in the

interviews, the explanations valued were more grounded and touched on other aspects of

terrorism, e.g., development and interconnection between terrorist activities and existing

regulations.

From the observations, there is a discussion of the effects of terrorism extensively.

According to this study, terrorist attacks interfered with the activities of people, especially in

the urban centers. For instance, the bombing of malls and killings were the dominating

activities related to terrorism. However, this study realizes that the U.S. military used a lot of

force to counter the attacks. Some petiole comes out open to say that their relatives get

severe injuries during the expeditions of the U.S. military. Many people were emotional

following their family members, friends, and peers who have left paralyzed after beatings by

the U.S. military. The people knew about terrorism and would discuss how to report potential

terrorist activities to the authorities. Some even said they would initiate prosecution of the

U.S. soldiers who use excessive force on the citizens.

From the data above, the effects of military activities in pursuit of countering terrorist

attacks have a large, led to physical and psychological torture. Measurement of physical

torture was through the terms of identifiable injuries in bruises, scars, and medical proof,

which brought evidence of injuries to the victims' internal organs. Psychological torture is

evident in medical reports, which proved depression among some of the respondents. There

is the limitation of freedom and civil liberty through the excruciating procedures used to

counter terrorism both within and beyond the U.S. The severity of the effects reduces with

arrests, illustrate being 10 in every hundred victims. To a shocking extent, five people in

every 100 victims die dispute being innocent. This means that in every terrorist attack that

happens, 5 in every 100 victims of the attacks die. The results are from findings that have

passed under review as clearly illustrated.

Quantitatively, the causes of continued tracks have spread across the scale. However,

the use of force by the U.S. military has occupied the highest percentage at 35, with the

inadequate investigation and slow speed in responding to attacks also being evident. Only a

tiny percentage displays recklessness among citizens as a cause of continued terrorist attacks

in the U.S. Through this, most of the effects are in the operations of the DHS, the judicial

arm under which the FBI operates, and the other security and intelligence departments. The

failure in their operation has resulted in such divesting results displayed. For instance,

inadequate investigations into terrorist attacks have caused suffering to 20 in every 100

victims of terrorist attacks in the U.S. Use of force accounts for the target cause of continued

terrorism at 35%. At the same time, lack of dip lactic ties contributes to 15% of the total

causes of rampant terrorist attacks.

The data used is reliable because it has related to multiple sampling methodologies

and multiple data collection methods from other studies. Validation of this data is through

seeing controls and repetitive analysis. The findings in a given round or period research were

either proved or disapproved by similar research done at a different method under the same

conditions. Much attention was on the secondary sources where there was maximization of

the investigative. This ensured the credibility of the research. Nevertheless, the results and

analysis have been skillful and conform to the standards required.

Hypothesis testing

The hypothesis in the research is "Strengthening the operational principles in security

agencies help to counter terrorist attacks."

There is the testing of the above statement through the findings made from the

research. In the findings, some procedures have led to continued inefficient in counter-

terrorism measures. As per the research, the procedures include the use of force by the

military when countering active terrorist attacks, lack of diplomatic ties with potential

terrorist groups, and low speed of responding to both active and potential terrorist attacks.

The effects on the victims are comprised of killing, physical and psychological torture,

limitation of freedom, curtail civil liberty, and uninformed arrests. All these have similar

caricaturists concerning the implementers or doers. In this case, the doers are U.S. security

agents and the government. This will not be the case if the agents operate under

underdeveloped, constructive, and human principles. The outcomes of the research conform

to the provided hypothesis.

Conclusion

The conclusion aligns with the following questions guiding the research:

1. How are principles related to the operations of the security agencies in the U.S.?

2. What are the elements which define a responsive, development-oriented operational

threshold among security agents?

3. How is the success of the operations measured, taking note of the abrupt changes in

the military field?

Following this, I conclude that distorted operational principles lead to inefficient

procedures relating to counter-terrorism. The effects of these procedures affect everywhere,

and the situation continues to be critical. This can improve by strengthening the principles

under which the security agencies operate. It would be appropriate to take the measures and

adjust the operational principles distorted. The administrative heads are responsible for

following the guidelines stated on countering terrorism. Terrorism acts may take long to

occur and are reasonably unpredictable. This makes the heads of the counter-terrorism

dormant and inactive. Policies such as the adoption of drill performances should whereby a

terror drill is performed yearly to assess the readiness of the individuals managing the

counter-terrorism sector. Such drills are essential in assessing the weaknesses and adjusting

appropriately. Areas with a high population such as malls, schools, churches are favorite

spots for terrorists. This calls for the installation of security and counter-terrorism alert

systems in such areas for a quick response. Finally, terror attacks are motive-based or have

targets. The easiest way of preventing such terror attacks is to eliminate the aims and motives

targeted by the attack. There will be civil liberty preservation in this manner since there will

not be any casualties when a terror attack planned is stopped.

Recommendations

The recommendations are in line with the objectives of the research. With making

necessary recommendations and establishing the causes of continued terrorism being among

the research objectives, it is necessary to base the recommendations on the findings. The

following are the recommendations following the study:

1. Intensive training to the military personnel across the country.

2. The judiciary needs restructuring, thereby removing underperforming judges in a case

relating to terrorism.

3. Increasing the autonomy in the investigative bodies such as Federal Bureau Investigations

(FBI.).

4. Stiff penalties to the security agents found guilty of mishandling the citizens during their

operations. The sentences to be comprised in firing and jail terms following prosecution.

5. Compensation to all people who have suffered because of counter-terrorism procedures.

6. Liaise with international bodies and initiate programs to deal with and prevent potential

terrorist threats while upholding human dignity.

7. Establish an independent office within the Department of Homeland Security which will

address issues of use of force by security agents when countering terrorist attacks.

8. Engagement with the government in the Middle and the Far East where the terrorist

threats are many. There is a need for the maintenance of diplomatic ties with these

countries.

9. Allow foreign crime investigators to establish operational bases in the U.S.

10. Improve the litigation and justice administration systems where there is the prosecution of

terrorists in their own countries and not in the U.S.

11. Close monitoring of the activities of security agencies within the U.S. by other

government institutions, e.g., the congress.

12. Establish a time limit for the determination of cases of terrorism borne within the borders

of the U.S.

The above recommendations converge at strengthening the principles under which the

security agencies operate. The efficiency and effectiveness of reinforcing the standards under

which security agencies use are observable when resolving the long-standing terrorist

situation. While the interventionist technique can counteract it, there is a loss of significance

and overall protection of human rights. This depicts how the method proposed in this project

will work in practices among security agents with the help of the U.S. and the world at large.

The focus on principles will address all relevant concerns when it comes to counter-terrorism

operations. It is clear from this that the procedures implemented will be the correct ones and

will carry out correctly. This aligns with intending to implement this strategy, which

effectively combating terror acts while maintaining humanity.

The Contribution of the Recommendations as per Research

Building and maintaining ties with active and potential terrorists will be part of the

preventative approach. After discovering the terrorists' bases, such as those in the Middle

East, substantial energy will focus on these sites, with the active ones destroyed.

Relationships will provide valid grounds for diplomacy for those who are interested. This

will help in minimizing the occurrences of attacks by terrorists. Restructuring the

Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice, under which the FBI

operates, will go a long way toward preventing terrorist strikes. The development of internal

departments to examine the human aspects of security services makes this possible (Eglin,

2013). Personnel in these departments will compile all previous data on human rights

violations. Citizens of the United States will be safe against terrorist attacks both at home

and abroad, thanks to the methods used in this initiative. Convicts shall serve their sentences

according to the decisions of the judicial arms, with advances in criminal justice systems in

the revisions as per operational principles (Lum et al.2006). there should be respect for

human rights throughout the process and ages.

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