HLTH 509
RISK RELATIONSHIP CHART
Health DeterminantPrimary Risk Factors
Use the box below to write theIn the boxes below, name and
name of the health concern todescribe 2 primary risk
be addressed. Add anfactors for the health concern
epidemiologic description ofto the left.
the problem, citing evidence
in terms of person, place, and
period.
Poor nutritional status of
Low Birthweight mother3
Low birthweight is defined as (Malnutrition or
infants weight less than 2,500 undenutrition of the mother
grams at birth and very low can cause significant issues in
birthweight are infants that proper development of the
weight less than 1,500 grams fetus and birth problems,
at birth.1which leads to the health
determinant, low birthweight
Age, race, and education levelin infants)
are three factors that are used
to express low birthweight
among populations. African-
Americans have the highest
low birthweight rates with a
value of 13.7% of live births
compared to other races.2 Low
birthweight rates are
measured in percentages and
are based on the percentage of
live births. Mothers living in
rural areas are more likely to
have infants born with low
birthweights than mothers Low caloric intake4
Secondary Risk Factors
For each primary risk factor,
list 3 secondary risk factors in
the boxes below
Deficiency in key vitamins and
minerals
(Vitamins and minerals are
essential for fetal growth and
a deficiency can affect the
overall nutrition of the mother,
leading to the primary risk
factor, poor nutrition of the
mother)
Low weight gain4
(Minimal weight gain during
pregnancy can result in
complications, which lead to
poor nutritional status)
Contributing Risk Factors
In the boxes below, list 3
contributing factors for each
secondary risk factor
Not taking prenatal vitamins
or vitamin supplements
Consuming a diet that is not
well-balanced and is not a
good source of vitamins and
minerals
Consuming certain foods
regardless of health
implications during pregnancy
Perception that pregnancy
causes significant weight gain
Perceived barriers to
receiving good nutrition such
as lack of access to healthy
food sources
Avoiding certain foods due to
illness such as morning
sickness or other
complications
Decreased energy intake from
lack of food consumption
HLTH 509
living in urban areas.
According to America’s
Health Rankings, the
prevalence of low birthweight
infants has remained steady
across the United States with
an average of 8%.2
Prenatal smoking3
(The effects of smoking during
pregnancy, particulary during
the last trimester and after the
fourth month of pregnancy,
lead to low birthweight in
infants at birth4)
(Consuming low calories may
be caused by lack of eating
and consuming minimal meals
during pregnancy, which leads
to poor nutritional status)
Increased alcohol
consumption
(Alcohol and smoking directly
affect each other and typically
are consumed together,
leading to prental smoking)
History of smoking prior to
pregnancy
(Smoking during conception
and before pregnancy can
lead to prenatal smoking as
the desire to quit may be
difficult)
Increased stress and anxiety
(Higher levels of stress and
anxiety due to pregnancy can
lead to an increase in prenatal
smoking)
Eating less than one or two
meals per day
Snacking throughout the day
instead of consuming full
meals
Attending social gatherings or
hanging out with friends or
family who are drinking or
smoking
Consuming alcoholic drinks
prior to pregnancy
Family history of drinking
Family history of smoking
Perception that smoking will
not affect conception or
pregnancy
Failed attempts of quitting
smoking prior to conception
Living and work conditions
Low socioeconomic status
Unplanned pregnancy or
unwanted pregnancy
HLTH 509
References:
1.America’s Health Rankings. About Low Birthweight. America’s Health Rankings website.
https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/birthweight/state/ALL. Accessed November 15, 2020.
2.America’s Health Rankings. Low Birthweight in United States. America’s Health Rankings website.
https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/birthweight/state/ALL. Accessed November 15, 2020.
3.Stanford University. Causes and Implications of Low Birth Weight Infants. Stanford University website.
https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/herpes/2000/primaryf.htm. Accessed November 15, 2020.
4.Kramer MS. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization. 1987; 65(5): 663-737. https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/49647. Accessed November 15, 2020.
