HLTH212
The submissions for this assignment are posts in the assignment's discussion. Below are
the discussion posts for Jennifer Kennedy (Jen), or you can view the full discussion.
from Discussion Thread: Common Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Jul 19, 2023, 10:25PM
Jennifer Kennedy (Jen)
Five Common Pathological Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system, comprising bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments,
provides structural support and movement to the human body. Unfortunately, several
pathological diseases can affect this intricate system, leading to pain, functional
limitations, and reduced quality of life.
Osteoarthritis
Prevalence
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting more than 30 million
Americans (Arthritis Foundation, 2018) OA is increasingly becoming the leading cause of
disability among middle-aged Americans and has already become the primary cause of
disability for individuals aged 65 and above. Age, in fact, is a significant risk factor for OA in
all joints. Additionally, women are more prone to developing OA compared to men, and
their condition tends to be more severe. (National Academies of Sciences et al., 2020)
Characteristics/Symptoms
Osteoarthritis primarily targets the articular cartilage, causing joint pain, stiffness, reduced
range of motion, and joint swelling. Additional signs may include tenderness in the joints
and a crackling sound when moving them; however, there are no general symptoms
affecting the entire body (Frontera et al., 2019). In the early stages of the disease, pain may
not be present, but as it progresses, joint motion can cause grinding or locking, as well as
joint instability or buckling. Advanced disease leads to the presence of pain, and the
overuse of certain muscle groups can result in pain syndromes in other areas of the
musculoskeletal system (Frontera et al., 2019).
Treatment Options
HLTH212
Initial treatments that might provide relief from pain include acetaminophen as a first-line
therapy. Non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise, weight management, and
physical therapy are recommended. Pharmacological treatments may include analgesics,
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and intra-articular corticosteroid
injections. Surgical options, like joint replacement, are considered in severe cases
New Research
Emerging research focuses on disease-modifying drugs, stem cell therapy, and tissue
engineering approaches to regenerate damaged cartilage. (National Academies of
Sciences et al., 2020)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Prevalence
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting
approximately 1% of the global population. It’s prevalence is expected to rise in the coming
decades due to factors such as an aging population, obesity, and decreased physical
activity. (Poole, 2022)
Characteristics/Symptoms
Pain is a major debilitating symptom occurring in almost all rheumatic diseases and
interferes with participation in meaningful life activities. This disease primarily involves
symmetric joint inflammation, resulting in joint pain, swelling, morning stiffness, and
fatigue. Depression, stress, and anxiety are high in persons with rheumatic conditions and
related not being employed, activity limitations, more pain, and reduced physical activity.
(Poole, 2022)
Treatment Options
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologic agents are commonly
prescribed to control inflammation and slow down disease progression. Non-
pharmacological approaches like physical therapy and lifestyle modifications are also
recommended. (Poole, 2022)
New Research
Recent studies focus on targeted therapies, including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, which
show promising results in reducing disease activity and joint damage. (Poole, 2022)
HLTH212
Tendinitis
Prevalence
Tendinitis, also known as tendonitis, is a common condition characterized by inflammation
or irritation of a tendon. It primarily affects tendons that connect muscles to bones.
Tendinitis can occur in individuals of all ages, but it is more commonly seen in adults,
particularly those who engage in repetitive activities or sports that involve repetitive
movements. The prevalence of tendinitis impacts around 7-26% of the population. (Gloria
María Rodríguez-Blanes et al., 2019)
Main Characteristics/Symptoms
The main symptoms of tendinitis include pain, tenderness, and swelling in the affected
area. The pain tends to worsen with movement or activity involving the affected tendon.
Common sites for tendinitis include the shoulder (rotator cuff tendinitis), elbow (tennis or
golfer's elbow), wrist (De Quervain's tenosynovitis), hip (gluteal or hip flexor tendinitis),
knee (patellar tendinitis), and ankle (Achilles tendinitis). In severe cases, there may be a
limited range of motion, weakness, or difficulty performing certain movements. (Gloria
María Rodríguez-Blanes et al., 2019)
Treatment Options
The treatment of tendinitis aims to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.
Initial treatment typically involves rest, avoiding activities that exacerbate symptoms, and
applying ice to the affected area. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be
recommended for pain relief and to reduce inflammation. Physical therapy exercises and
stretches may help improve flexibility and strengthen the affected tendon. In some cases,
immobilization with a brace or splint may be necessary. Corticosteroid injections can be
considered for more severe or persistent cases. Surgery is rarely required and is typically
reserved for severe cases that do not respond to conservative treatments. Gloria María
Rodríguez-Blanes et al., 2019)
New Research
There is ongoing research focused on developing innovative treatments for tendinitis. Some
recent studies have explored the use of regenerative therapies such as platelet-rich plasma
(PRP) injections or stem cell therapy to promote healing and reduce inflammation. These
therapies involve injecting concentrated platelets or stem cells into the affected tendon to
stimulate tissue repair. Additionally, novel techniques such as extracorporeal shockwave
therapy (ESWT) and ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT) have shown
HLTH212
promising results in reducing pain and improving function in individuals with tendinitis.
(Gloria María Rodríguez-Blanes et al., 2019)
Fibromyalgia
Prevalence
Fibromyalgia is the third most frequent musculoskeletal condition, and its prevalence
increases with age. Fibromyalgia affects 2-8% of the global population, predominantly
women. (Meade & Garvey, 2022)
Characteristics/Symptoms
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common and complex musculoskeletal pain disorder, characterized
by long-lasting widespread pain and abnormal tenderness, associated with variable
stiffness, fatigue, poor quality of sleep, cognitive disturbances, and psychological distress
(Wolfe et al., 1990; Mease et al., 2009). (Meade & Garvey, 2022)
Treatment Options
Fibromyalgia is quite the commonly condition in the general population, however no
consistently effective treatments are yet available. (Sarzi-Puttini et al., 2020)
Multidisciplinary approaches are recommended, including medications like
antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and analgesics. Non-pharmacological treatments such
as cognitive-behavioral therapy, exercise, and stress management techniques are also
beneficial. (Meade & Garvey, 2022)
New Research
Recent studies explore the role of neuroinflammation and central sensitization in
fibromyalgia, leading to potential targets for novel therapies, including glial cell modulators
and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. (Meade & Garvey, 2022)
Muscular Dystrophy
Prevalence
The prevalence of muscular dystrophy varies depending on the specific type. Here are
some estimates for a few common types:
HLTH212
1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): DMD is the most common type of muscular
dystrophy, primarily affecting males. It has a prevalence of approximately 1 in every 3,500
to 5,000 male births. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
2. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD): BMD is similar to DMD but has a milder progression.
It has a prevalence of around 1 in every 18,000 to 30,000 male births. (Nigama Chandra
Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
3. Myotonic dystrophy: Myotonic dystrophy is the most common form of adult-onset
muscular dystrophy. It has a prevalence of approximately 1 in every 8,000 to 14,000
individuals. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
4. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD): FSHD is one of the most common
types of muscular dystrophy in adults. Its prevalence is estimated to be around 1 in every
15,000 to 20,000 individuals. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
Characteristics/Symptoms
· Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive
muscle weakness and degeneration. While the specific characteristics and symptoms may
vary depending on the type of MD, there are some common features seen in many forms:
1. Progressive muscle weakness: Muscular dystrophy leads to a gradual and progressive
weakening of the muscles over time. This weakness typically starts in specific muscle
groups and spreads to other areas of the body. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
2. Muscle wasting: As the disease progresses, the muscles may begin to shrink (atrophy)
due to the loss of muscle tissue. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
3. Difficulty with movement and mobility: Individuals with MD may experience difficulties in
walking, running, climbing stairs, and performing other activities that require muscle
strength and coordination. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
4. Contractures: Contractures occur when the muscles and tendons become tight and
stiff, leading to reduced joint mobility. This can result in a limited range of motion and
difficulties with stretching or fully extending the limbs. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al.,
2022)
5. Respiratory problems: Some forms of MD can affect the muscles involved in breathing,
leading to respiratory difficulties. This can result in shortness of breath, reduced lung
function, and the need for respiratory support (such as a ventilator) in severe cases.
(Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
HLTH212
6. Cardiac involvement: Certain types of MD can also affect the muscles of the heart,
leading to cardiac abnormalities and an increased risk of heart problems. (Nigama
Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
7. Fatigue and muscle pain: Individuals with MD may experience fatigue and muscle pain,
especially after physical activity or prolonged use of muscles. (Nigama Chandra
Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
8. Delayed milestones and developmental issues in children: MD can manifest in
childhood, leading to delayed motor milestones such as sitting, walking, and running.
Some types of MD can also cause intellectual and cognitive impairments. (Nigama
Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
Treatment Options
Muscular dystrophy (MD) cannot be cured but can be managed through various
approaches. Gene therapy and stem-cell therapy have shown promise in halting the
progression of MD-related diseases. Clinical care is effective in managing joint and spine
deformities, ensuring mobility. Occupational, respiratory, physical, speech therapies, as
well as assistive technologies like wheelchairs and canes, aid in better MD management.
Symptom-based chemotherapy approaches have also proven effective. Integrative
therapies, such as dietary changes (anti-inflammatory diet, stimulant avoidance),
supplements (antioxidants, multivitamins-minerals, fish oil, vitamin D, calcium,
magnesium, coenzyme Q), and mind-body connection, can alleviate symptoms. Natural
products, historically used for MD treatment, strengthen the body's healing systems.
Melatonin, a natural hormone, plays a vital role in maintaining balance in various bodily
processes. Chinese herbal medicines, particularly extracts, are gaining popularity in
slowing down MD progression. Green tea extract, rich in polyphenols, has anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Taurine, soybeans, curcumin, and resveratrol
also exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, improving muscle strength and
reducing damage. Beet root juice, vitamin D, and L-arginine increase nitric oxide
availability, aiding in MD treatment. While nutraceuticals do not cure MD, they counteract
the damaging effects of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, improving quality of life.
A traditional Japanese herbal medicine called Go-sha-jinki-gan has been clinically proven
to increase muscle weight in MD mice. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
New Research
Scientists and researchers are constantly studying and exploring new approaches to better
understand the disease, develop potential treatments, and improve the quality of life for
individuals with muscular dystrophy. Some areas of current research include gene therapy,
HLTH212
stem cell therapy, CRISPR technology, exon skipping, and various drug development
efforts. Additionally, researchers are investigating potential biomarkers for early diagnosis
and monitoring disease progression, as well as exploring the use of advanced imaging
techniques to better understand muscle degeneration in muscular dystrophy. It is
important to note that new research and discoveries are continuously emerging in the field
of muscular dystrophy. (Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli et al., 2022)
References
Torres-Torrillas, M., Rubio, M., Damia, E., Cuervo, B., del Romero, A., Peláez, P., Chicharro,
D., Miguel, L., & Sopena, J. J. (2019). Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A
Promising Tool in the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 20(12), 3105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123105 Links to an
external site.
Tenti, S., Correale, P., Cheleschi, S., Fioravanti, A., & Pirtoli, L. (2020). Aromatase Inhibitors-
Induced Musculoskeletal Disorders: Current Knowledge on Clinical and Molecular
Aspects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165625 Links to an external site.
Meade, E., & Garvey, M. (2022). The Role of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Chronic Pain
Conditions; Functional Somatic Syndrome, Neurogenic Inflammation, and Peripheral
Neuropathy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15), 8574.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158574 Links to an external site.
Iolascon, G., & Moretti, A. (2022). The Rationale for Using Neridronate in Musculoskeletal
Disorders: From Metabolic Bone Diseases to Musculoskeletal Pain. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 23(13), 6921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136921 Links to an
external site.
National Academies of Sciences, E., Division, H. and M., Services, B. on H. C., & Treatment,
C. on I. D. M. C. L. to I. with. (2020). Musculoskeletal Disorders. In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559512/ Links to
an external site.
Gloria María Rodríguez-Blanes, José Rafael Lobato-Cañón, José Sánchez-Payá, José
Ramón Ausó-Pérez, & Cardona-Llorens, A. (2019). The influence of information on the
prevention of occupational risks and ergonomic requirements in the development of non-
HLTH212
traumatic osteomuscular diseases of the shoulder – a pilot study.
https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01429 Links to an external site.
Poole, J. L. (2022). Beyond the hand and upper extremity: The role of hand therapists in care
of people with rheumatic diseases. Journal of Hand Therapy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2022.07.008 Links to an external site.
Nigama Chandra Sattenapalli, Ranjit Prasad Swain, & Siva. (2022). Bridging between
disorder, prevalence, clinical manifestation and therapeutic management of muscular
dystrophy. 4901–4907. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360x.2022.00823 Links to an
external site.
Sarzi-Puttini, P., Giorgi, V., Marotto, D., & Atzeni, F. (2020). Fibromyalgia: an update on
clinical characteristics, aetiopathogenesis and treatment. Nature Reviews Rheumatology,
16(11), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-00506-w Links to an external site.
