HIEU 202 The Congress of Vienna
1. What to do with Napoleon's empire and containing future French aggression
2. the Allied Powers
3. Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria
4. to contain the ambitions of Russia's Tsar Alexander I
1. What were the 2 problems that the Congress of Vienna sought to solve?
2. What countries met at the Congress?
3. Who was the primary architect of the Congress?
4. What was one of his concerns
mandated periodic conferences of the Great Powers to discuss issues affecting
the peace of Europe and established a network of states to contain France
1. a new "Kingdom of the Netherlands" - northeastern border
2. "German Confederation" - dominated by Austria and Prussia
3. "Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia - southeastern frontier
4. Austria annexed the duchies and city-states of northern Italy
What did the Congress of Vienna do? How?
1. the term for the periodic meetings mandated by the Congress of Vienna
2. was an attempt at collective security (as an alternative to war)
1. What was the Concert of Europe?
2. What did it seek to accomplish?
1. a general agreement to renounce war
2. Tsar Alexander I
3. Russia, Prussia, and Austria
4. these countries would lend each other aid "to protect religion, peace, and
justice" and act to suppress revolutionary, nationalist, and liberal movements
1. What was the Holy Alliance?
2. Who was the head of organizing this alliance?
3. What countries did this Alliance affect?
4. What did the Alliance seek to do?
1. the primary institution for exercising authority in Central Europe
2. 38 states and a Diet of delegates, but no real authority
3. became a weapon to repress liberal and nationalist movements, including
censorship, secret police, and military intervention
1. What was the German Confederation?
2. What did the Confederation consist of? (2)
3. What did the German Confederation in up becoming?
1. societies of university students that spread ideas of freedom and German
unification
2. they help a rally at Wartburg Castle on Oct 31, 1817
1. What was the Burschenshaften?
2. What happened to it?
1. Metternich
2. abolished the burschenshaften and implemented tougher censorship
1. Who issued the Carlsbad Decrees?
2. What were the 2 statements?
1. to assert the right of the Allies to intervene in revolutions
2. Austria, Prussia, and Russia
3. Austrians would restore order in Italy and France would eventually put down
uprisings in Spain
1. What was the purpose of the Troppau Protocol?
2. Who met to discuss the protocol?
3. What did the protocol announce?
1. an economic union establishing free trade among its members (German)
2. trade barriers were the primary obstacle to economic growth in Germany
3. Prussia
1. What was the Zollverein?
2. Why was it implemented?
3. Which country led the way?
1. Prop up the sultans to maintain stability over the various subject peoples of
the Empire
2. Exploit the situation for potential gain
What was the "Eastern Question"?
1. living under Turkish rule since the 15th century, nationalist sentiment
spawned an independence movement, and a revival of Romantic interest in
Classical Greece welled support
2. an Anglo-French fleet and a Russian army
3. Britain, France, and Russia
1. What spawned the Greek Revolt? (3)
2. Who supported the Greeks throughout this Revolt?
3. What three countries declared Greece independent?
1. The Ultra-royalists: sought to "turn the clock back" to 1789
2. Liberals who sought to preserve the gains of the French Revolution
What were the two parties that France was divided into after Napoleon's defeat?
1. Charles X's older brother
2. mediate between the Ultras and Liberals
3. he drafted the Charter of 1814 to retain certain aspects of the Revolution
(Napoleonic code and equality before law) and create an Assembly with little
authority
1. Who was Louis XVIII?
2. What did Louis XVIII seek to do with France?
3. What did he do to accomplish this?
1. Louis XVIII's younger brother
2. enact an increasingly restrictive regime
1. Who was Charles X?
2. What did Charles X seek to do with France?
1. when the opposition dominated the Assembly, Charles X dissolved it
2. there were three days of uprisings in Paris. On the 3rd day, the mob took over
the Tuileries palace and the Hotel de Ville (city hall) and raised the
Revolutionary tricolor. a group of liberal leaders formed a provisional
government
1. What sparked the French Revolution of 1830?
2. What happened in the French Revolution of 1830?
1. Duke of New Orleans (King of the French - not France)
2. made minor changes to the Charter of 1814, entrenched the bourgeoisie with
power, policies favored the wealthier manufacturers, merchants, and bankers
3. his plans were criticized for being materialistic, there was little cohesive
political or social opposition
1. Who was Louis Phillipe?
2. What did Louis Phillipe do? (3)
3. What was his opposition like
1. the Netherlands combined the Dutch and the Hapsburgs, religious and
cultural clash, inspired by France
2. the Great Powers established the Kingdom of Belgium and guaranteed them
neutrality
1. What spawned the Belgian Revolt? (3)
2. What was the result?
1. French meetings organized by liberal leaders to rally opposition to King Louis
Phillipe
2. Paris crowds tore up paving stones and built barricades (Louis abdicated and
fled) they were soon divided over conflicting goals (moderates: voting rights;
radicals: working condition reforms)
1. What are banquets?
2. What happened at the banquet held on Feb 23, 1848?
1. an attempt at reform was socialist "National Workshops"
2. On June 28, 1848 the government banned them
3. Paris workers took up arms and began rioting
4. 10,000 dead after three days of fighting, the army was able to put it down
5. new restrictions: press censorship and political association rights limited
What does the June Days refer to and what restrictions were enacted?
1. Napoleon's nephew who had been in exile in England
2. established a strong president to be elected by universal manhood suffrage
and swept into power as President of the Second French Republic
3. he proved an able politician and skilled at sensing the popular forces of the
age
1. Who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte?
2. What did he do?
3. What kind of leader was he?
1. Germany was divided over the inclusion of Austria (Grossdeutsch: yes;
Kleindeutsh: no)
2. to establish a constitutional monarchy in Germany
3. They offered the title of "Emperor of the Germans" to Austrian Emperor Franz
Joseph and then to Frederick William IV (who said: I will not accept a crown
from the gutter)
1. What issue spawned the Frankfurt Parliament?
2. What did the Frankfurt Parliament decide?
3. What was happened during the Frankfurt Parliament?
1. the ferment of 1848 inspired the nationalities of the Hapsburg dominions to
revolt; they want their own nation-state and national parliament
2. students in Vienna petitioned Emperor Ferdinand I for Hungarian rights of
free speech, no censorship, and constitutional monarchy. he consented after
street fighting. Metternich was exiled and Italians and Czechs rose in revolt.
Prince Felix Schwarzenberg (chancellor) moved to suppress the rebellions. (Army
reoccupied Prague and Vienna; Ferdinand abdicated in favor of Franz Joseph;
new emperor disbanded Parliament). Russians helped with 140,000 troops
1. What spawned the Hungarian uprising in 1848?
2. What happened?
1. Home Secretary of the Troy cabinet ministers in London
2. free trade, repeal of Combination Acts (allowed for labor organizations),
Catholic Emancipation Act, Penal Reforms ( reduced the number of capital
offenses
3. Lord Grey, continued reform ( abolished slavery, limited child labor in the
Factory Act, established workhouses in the Poor Law Amendment Act)
1. Who was Robert Peel?
2. What were his reforms? (4)
3. Who replaced him and what did he do?
1. Parliamentary districts have not been adjusted for population for a while
2. redistributed the seats in the House of Commons by population and the
electorate was doubled by lower property-owning requirements
3. new middle industrial class was placed to increase its power and status
alongside traditional landed/commercial aristocracy and established a
precedent for expanding voting rights for the working class
1. What spawned the Reform Bill of 1832?
2. What were the two points of the Bill?
3. What were the ramifications of the Bill?
1. London Workingman Association
2. universal male suffrage, secret ballot, abolition of property qualifications for
Members of Parliament, salaries for MPs, equal constituencies for MPs, and
annual parliaments
3. they rejected it
4. the willingness of English workers to refrain from violence in pursuit of their
goals
1. Who submitted the People's Charter to the Parliament?
2. What were the points of the Charter?
3. How did Parliament receive it?
4. What did the Chartist movement demonstrate?
1. William IV's 18 year old niece
2. Prince Albert of Germany
3. loving husband and most important political advisor
4. rehabilitating the image of the British monarchy after years of scandals
perpetrated by the sons of George III and strove to be the exemplars of the
Christian family (they had 9 kids)
1. Who was Queen Victoria?
2. Who did she marry?
3. What was her husband's status?
4. What were their ambitions? (2)
1. The Northern and Southern Society of Russia
2. young aristocrats and authors who wanted a constitutional monarchy and
impoverished army officers wanted to over throw the tsar
3. after Alexander I's death
4. Nicholas I, Alexander's younger brother
1. What were the two groups fighting in the Decembrist Revolt of 1825?
2. What was the purpose of the revolt?
3. When did this revolt happen? (after what)
3. Who repressed the revolt?
1. Alexander I's younger brother
2. established an Imperial Chancery to concentrate power in his hands and
intervened in foreign affairs by suppressing the Polish uprising in 1830 and
deployed Russian forces to crush the Hungarian revolt of 1848
1. Who was Nicholas I?
2. What did he do? (2)
the "3rd section" was the secret police who had almost unlimited power:
censorship, surveillance, and arrest
What was the Imperial Chancery?
1. Ottoman Empire was vulnerable
2. Russia occupied the Turkish provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia
Why was Russia in a strong position after the revolutions of 1848?
1. Britain sought to keep Russia out of the Middle East and Napoleon sought this
opportunity to increase French power
2. to oppose Russian expansion
How did Britain and France work together leading up to the Crimean War and
why?
1. Ironclad warships, Minie ball-firing rifle, long-range rifled artillery, railroads,
and telegraphs
2. Telegraphs: reporters filed stories from the front related detailed accounts of
horrible conditions and command incompetence
What innovative technologies from the Industrial Revolution were present in the
Crimean War? Which one was a double-edged sword for the British?
1. a stalemate favoring the defensive, Nicholas I died, French captured
Sevastopol, and Alexander II negotiated peace
2. Treaty of Paris
3. demilitarize the Black Sea and Russia lost protectorship of Orthodox
Christians living under Ottoman Rule
1. What happened in the Crimean War?
2. What ended the Crimean War?
3. What did the treaty detail?
1. would seek to break the Treaty of Paris
2. withdrew their isolation
3. the major victor, Napoleon would overreach in the after years
4. angered both sides: refused to aid Russia after the Hungarian revolt and
occupied the Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldova
1. What did the Crimean War do to Russia?
2. What did it do to Britain?
3. What did it do to France?
4. What did it do to Austria?
1. doubled the size of the electorate again
2. stopped short of universal manhood suffrage
1. What was the Reform Bill of 1867?
2. What did the Bill not do?
1. liberal leader who debated suffrage
2. conservative leader who debated suffrage
3. they took turns serving as prime minister overseeing important reforms
4. Education Act (government run primary school), Order in Council (civil service
exams), Employers and Workmen Bill (labor attained the same legal status as
employers), Trade Union Acts (gave unions the same rights as individuals),
Factory Act (limit 56 hours per week)
1. Who was William E. Gladstone?
2. Who was Benjamin Disraeli?
3. What did they do?
4. What acts did the enact?
1. emancipation of the serfs (could purchase land from their masters and to
ensure payment they were bound to land through long -term installments)
2. killed by assassin's bomb
1. What was Alexander II's most drastic step as tsar?
2. What happened to him?
1. he was too accommodating to the serfs and liberal intelligentsia
2. Nicholas I
3. he wanted to reorganize and expand the secret police (Okhrana: Dept for
Protecting Public Security and Order; ruthless censorship and suppression)
1. What was Alexander III's attitude toward his father?
2. Who's policies did he follow?
3. What did he do?
1. Tsar of All the Russias; family man; inadequate to the task of governing the
Romanov dominions
2. Alexandra (his strong-willed wife, noted for poor judgement) and Rasputin
(self-described holy man; notorious drunkard and womanizer; powerful figure at
court)
1. Who was Nicholas II?
2. Who were the two dominating figures in his life?
1. economic hardships wrought by the Russo-Japanese War
2. Russian Social Democrats (mainstream left parties) and Bolsheviks
(Communist Party led by Lenin)
3. Bloody Sunday: on Jan 9 troops fired on a peaceful demonstration outside the
Winter Palace
4. a parliament (Duma) with limited powers
1. What led to the Russian Revolution of 1905?
2. How was the opposition to the Romanov autocracy radicalized?
3. What special day is associated with the Revolution?
4. What did Nicholas II introduce during the Revolution?
restore France as the dominant European power, encourage intervening in an
Italian revolt, against Austria backfired (new unified Italian state remained
outside of French influence), pursued colonial expansion in Africa and East Asia,
construction of the Suez Canal (Ferdinand de Lesseps)
What were some of Napoleon III's foreign policies?
1. The Second Empire collapsed in this War
2. "Government of National Defense" attempted to resist Prussian forces and
held elections for parliament
3. After a 4-month siege, Paris surrendered
4. the delegates elected elder statesman Adolphe Thiers as chief executive, took
on the task of concluding peace with the new German Empire
