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EDUC812: Advanced Educational Statistics
Bryan Martyn
School of Education, Liberty University
February 13, 2022
Author Note
Bryan Martyn
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Bryan Martyn
Email: bpmartyn@liberty.edu
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USERNAME: BRYAN MARTYN
Scenario: The school guidance counselors at a local middle school and high school wanted to
see if more students utilized school counseling services in middle school or high school. They
gathered random samples of 200 participants from each school to measure frequency of use
within the past school year. Below is the information gathered. Conduct a Chi Square test in
SPSS to determine if there was a significant association in the number of students who attended
guidance counseling between the middle school and high school.
Attended Did Not
Attend
Middle School 87 113
High School 111 89
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FINDINGS
Overview
The purpose of this study was to see if there was a significant association in the number
of middle school students and high school students who used school counseling services. A 2 x 2
Chi Square test was used to test the hypothesis. This Findings Section includes the research
question, null hypothesis, descriptive statistics, assumptions and results.
Research Question
RQ: Is there an association between the number of middle school students and high
school students who utilized school counseling services in the past school year?
Null Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant association between the number of middle school students and
high school students who utilized school counseling services in the past school year. ‘
Data Screening
The researcher screened the data and scanned for inconsistencies on each variable. No
data errors or inconsistencies were identified.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics were obtained on each variable. The sample consisted of 200
participants. For the School variable, there were 200 middle school students and 200 high school
students. For utilization of school counseling, there were 198 students who attended school
counseling and 202 students who did not attend. See Table 1 for Descriptive Statistics.
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Table 1
Descriptive Statistics
Assumptions
The following assumptions must be met to run a Chi Square analysis. The variables must
be categorical and there must be two or more categories. Because School Level and Utilization
of Counseling were deemed to be categorical variables, these assumptions were met. Also, each
cell must have an expected frequency of five or more. Because, each cell had a greater expected
frequency than five, this assumption was met.
Results
A Chi-Square test was run to see if there was a significant association among the number
of middle school students and high school students who utilized school counseling services in the
past school year. Of the 198 students who reported using school counseling services, 43.9% (87)
were middle school students and 56.1% (111) were high school students. There was a statistically
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significant association where X2(1, N = 400) = 5.76, p = .02, Cramer’s V = .120 which was a
small effect size. See Table 2 for Chi Square Test and Table 3 for Cramer’s V.
Table 2
Table 3
Symmetric Measures
Value
Approximate
Significance
Nominal by Nominal Phi -.120 .016
Cramer's V .120 .016
N of Valid Cases 400
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