RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
RESEARCH DESIGN PROJECT: QUANTITATIVE PRE-MATRIX TABLE TEMPLATE
Shanay Y. Howard
School of Education, Liberty University
Quantitative Pre-Matrix Table
The tables are set up with specific spacing in each block. Please do not change. The reference block is already set up in APA with
double-spacing and hanging indent. You do not need to include your article references in the reference section; only the Bible
reference(s). NOTE: Delete the two tables you do not use.
Article Type Basic Research Article: Non-Experimental Research Design (QUAN-B)
RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
Article Reference Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M.A. (2021). The role of passion for sport in college student-
athletes’ motivation and effort in academics and athletics. International Journal of
Educational Research Open, 2, 100055.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100055
Narrative In-text Citation Yukhymenko-Lescroart (2021)
Parenthetical In-text Citation (Yukhymenko-Lescroart, 2021)
Rationale with support from article
for how you know it is basic or
applied research (include
page/paragraph #)
This study used survey responses along with correlation analyses to test theoretical
relationships between passion type and motivation. They did not manipulate variables in
the study. Based on the goal to help advance theory on motivation in educational sport
settings it can be concluded this is basic, non-experimental research (Yukhymenko-
Lescroart, 2021, p. 2, para 2 ).
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know it is
basic or applied research (include
page #)
As stated in the text by Kitsantas et al., 2023, p.12, basic research can be very useful in
theory development like what we saw in this study around the theory on motivation in
sport. Additionally, as stated on p. 85, in the same text, “with non-experimental designs,
researchers do not manipulate variables.” This study did not manipulate variables.
Specific quantitative research The specific quantitative research design is correlational (non-experimental)
design (e.g., descriptive,
comparative, quasi-experimental
pre-test/post-test, randomized
controlled trial, correlation,
predictive correlation, etc.)
RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
Rationale with support from article
for how you know you have
identified the design correctly
(include page/paragraph #)
Under data analysis, Yukhymenko-Lescroart (2021) explained that an unconditional two
level model was used in the study to show the intraclass correlations between the variables
in the study. The results showed positive correlations among the measured constructs (p. 5,
para 2-3). This led to me concluding this would be correlational and non-experimental.
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know you
have identified the design correctly
(include page #)
Kitsantas et al. (2023) describes non-experimental correlational research as “examining the
statistical relationship between different variables (i.e. correlational design) or comparing
naturally existing groups” (p. 85).
Article Type Applied Research Article: Non-Experimental Research Design (QUAN-A)
Article Reference Daum, H.T., Daum, L.T., & Scholten, S.D. (2024). Academic achievement among NCAA
Division II student-athletes and non-athletes. Youth, 4(3), 1260-1270.
https://doi.org/10/3390/youth4030079
Narrative In-text Citation Daum et al. (2024)
Parenthetical In-text Citation (Daum et al., 2024)
Rationale with support from article
for how you know it is basic or The study addressed the lack of research on academic success among D2 student-athletes
applied (include page/paragraph #) and collected data through a 29- question survey assessing academic factors (Daum et al.,
2024, p.1261, para 4) This data was collected to improve institutional policy and practice.
This is in alignment to applied research since it is aimed to solve a real-world issue instead
of test theory.
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know it is
basic or applied (include page #)
Kitsantas et al. (2023) states that applied research “focuses on solving a specific problem or
testing a theory to determine its usefulness to problems of practice (p. 12).” This is what we
see in this study that surveyed the Division 2 student athletes.
RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
Specific quantitative research design
(e.g., descriptive, comparative,
quasi-experimental pre-test/post-
test, randomized controlled trial,
correlation, predictive correlation,
etc.)
Comparative (Non-Experimental)
Rationale with support from article
for how you know the design is
correct (include page/paragraph #)
The study compared pre-existing groups (student-athletes vs. traditional students) using
ttest as part of its statistical analysis to evaluate the significance of self-reported survey
data without random assignment or manipulation. This shows a non-experimental
comparative design (Daum et al., 2024, p.1265)
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know the
design is correct (include page #)
Comparative research according to Kitsantas et al. (2023) target “naturally occurring
groups” and compare the relation (p.130). This directly mirrors the study in Daum et al.’s
study.
Article Type Basic Research Article: Quasi-Experimental Research Design (QUAN-B)
Article Reference Niehues, M., Gerlach, E., Wenderborn, T., & Sallen, J. (2022). Successful in sports but
worst in school? Adolescent student-athletes’ development of scholastic
performances. Frontiers in Education, 7, 946284.
https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.946284
Narrative In-text Citation Niehues et al. (2022)
Parenthetical In-text Citation (Niehues et al., 2022)
Rationale with support from article
for how you know it is basic or
applied (include page/paragraph #)
The study used the CIPP model for program evaluation indicating a focus on theory-driven inquiry
rather than applied interventions (Niehues et al., 2022, p. 10).
RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know it is
basic or applied (include page #)
This study aims to investigate systematically and understand the development of
scholarship performances among students in the context of dual careers in sports and
academics. This study seeks to expand theoretical understanding like mentioned in the
definition provided in the textbook “a type of research that is focused on understanding a
phenomenon or developing or expanding a theory”(p. 29)
Specific quantitative research design
(e.g., descriptive, comparative,
quasi-experimental pre-test/post-
test, randomized controlled trial,
correlation, predictive correlation,
etc.)
Quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test
Rationale with support from article
for how you know the design is
correct (include page/paragraph #)
The study is “a quasi-experimental design” that “aims to evaluate the development of scholastic
performances among upper secondary school students aged 16–19 by using standardized
scholastic assessments and grade points in the subject English over a course of 3–4 years”
(Niehues et al., 2022, p. 1, para 1). This clearly states the Quasi experimental study that was
done. Additionally, the article states that “the students participated in two English tests, one at the
beginning of grade 11 and a second test 1-3 months before they completed their Abitur exam in
the subject English in grade 13 or 14” (p. 3, para 5). This shows the clear use of pre-test and post-
test.
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know the
design is correct (include page #)
Kitsantas et al.(2023) states in “the simplest version of the pretest-posttest control group
design, there are two groups: an intervention group and control group”(p. 167). This study
has a control group that aligns with the text leading me to this rationale.
Article Type Applied Research Article: Quasi-Experimental Research Design (QUAN-A)
Article Reference Pinto-Escalona, T., Valenzuela, P.L., Esteban-Cornejo, I., & Martinez-de- Quel, O. (2022).
Sport participation and academic performance in young elite athletes. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15651.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315651
RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
Narrative In-text Citation Pinto-Escalona et al. (2022)
Parenthetical In-text Citation (Pinto-Escalona et al., 2022)
Rationale with support from article
for how you know it is basic or
applied (include page/paragraph #)
Athletes’ relationship between athletic participation and academic performance, in this
study, is a real-world relationship being studied which has direct implications for policies,
athlete support programs and dual career development strategies. This is in direct
alignment
with applied research (Pinto-Escalona et al., 2022, p. 2, para 4)
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know it is
basic or applied (include page #)
Kitsantas et al., 2023 explains that quasi -experimental is used more often in applied
research to test program effects when random assignment is not an option. In this study,
the use of pre-existing as well as naturally occurring groups aligns in an educational setting
aligns with applied research (p. 109).
Specific quantitative research design
(e.g., descriptive, comparative,
quasi-experimental pre-test/post-
test, randomized controlled trial,
correlation, predictive correlation,
etc.)
This is a comparative quasi-experimental design
Rationale with support from article
for how you know the design is
correct (include page/paragraph #)
As stated in the article, “participants were categorized as either elite athletes or control
students” (Pinto-Escalona et al., 2022, p. 2, para 4). From those groups, the authors used
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare academic performance across groups (p. 3,
para 4)
Rationale with support from
textbook for how you know the
design is correct (include page #)
The text states clearly, that in a “quasi-experiment, researchers will use comparison groups
and or a time series feature to minimize threats to internal validity but do not utilize
random assignment” (Kitsantas et al., 2023, p. 179). This is exactly what we see in this
study.
Biblical Integration
For the following questions, you will take a biblical worldview connecting research and the Bible. Each question must be supported
with a different Bible verse. Answer each question with 3-5 sentences. Be sure to cite in-text and reference.
RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
1. Explain why it is important to support your claims when conducting research.
It is very important to support any claims I make with trusting and credible research. When we read Proverbs 18:13, it states,
“If one gives an answer before he hears, it is his folly and shame (English Standard Version, 2001).” This reminds us, as
researchers, to ensure that any conclusions or resolutions we come to are made after evidence and not prior to doing our
due diligence. Providing scholarly articles and verified data ensures our findings and work honors integrity and is valid. This
protects us not only from bias but for fallacy in statements.
2. Explain the connection between the Bible and research design.
When I think of God’s word, I think of order, structure, truth and guidance. In a connection to research design, research
should mirror these standards even more. When valid research is done, it is done in order and will truth. According to 1
Corinthians 14:40, it states, “But all things should be done decently and in order (English Standard Version, 2001).” When
designing any study, it will require purpose, intentional planning and purpose which is the same qualities God models in His
word. When these intentions are kept, research is connected to God’s true structure and purpose and will ultimately help
others.
3. Discuss the importance of using quantitative measures to explain relationships.
Quantitative measures help explain relationships clearly with evidence and objectively. The bible affirms the use of clear
measurements when we read 2 Corinthians 13:1 which states, “every matter must be established by the evidence of two or
three witnesses (English Standard Version, 2001).” Research, with data, is the equivalent of those witnesses. In research,
using verifiable data is imperative to validity and unbiased results. Using numbers and data, in research, similar to that of
God’s word, alignment to our Heavenly Father in order and structure.
RDP: QUAN PRE-MATRIX TABLE EDUC 750
References
Holy Bible, English Standard Version. (2001). Crossway Bibles. (Original work published 1611)
