Chapter 11 Practice Quiz
What does an attribute independent variable represent?
a. a factor that the investigator
manipulates
b. a trait that is not under
study
c. a factor that is independent of
attributes
d. a characteristic that a subject
already has
Correct
What makes ex post facto research different from other types of research?
a. Its purpose is to gather data on selected groups in a
natural setting.
b. There is an independent variable that the investigator can
manipulate.
c. A factor is already determined by given
circumstances.
d. It uses random assignment of individuals to
groups
Correct
Under which of the following conditions would ex post facto research be most
appropriate?
a. The object of a study is to prove a causal relationship among
variables.
b. There are variables that it would be unethical to
change.
c. Achievement is the dependent variable under
investigation.
d. There are independent variables that cannot be
manipulated.
e. Having experimental controls is especially
important.
Correct
One of the strengths of ex post facto investigations is that they are rigorously
controlled.
)a.
True
)b.
False
Correct
Why is it difficult to prove causal relationships in ex post facto investigations?
a. The data that is gathered is merely
quantitative.
b. There is no way to detect and measure
causation itself.
c. There are independent variables that cannot be
controlled.
d. Both attribute and active variables have to be
accounted for.
Correct
Which of the following types of evidence help support a claim that one variable (X) is
the cause of another variable (Y)?
a.)Xhappens
before)Y.
b.)Xis the only independent
variable.
c.)Xand)Yare both observable
events.
d. There is a statistical relationship
between)Xand)Y.
e. No other factors besides)Xcould have
determined)Y.
Correct
What plays the role of a control in an ex post facto study?
a. matching within the experimental
group
b. similarity with respect to extraneous
variables
c. differential subject
selections
d. randomized group
placement
Correct
In a proactive design, a hypothesis is tested concerning possible dependent variables.
)a.
True
)b.
False
Correct
Which of the following are alternative explanations that must be considered in ex post
facto research?
a. reverse
causality
b. other independent
variables
c. spurious
relationships
d. common
cause
e. post
hoc
Correct
In which of the following pairs of correlated observations would a common cause be a
plausible alternative explanation to causation?
a. improved student behavior and less
disciplinary action
b. the beginning of the school year and student
lethargy in class
c. higher test scores and less time spent on
extracurricular activities
d. student time spent on homework and student
grades
e. poor student behavior and poor student
nutrition
Correct
Matching subjects between the experimental and control groups is done with respect
to:
a. independent
variables.
b. random
variables.
c. dependent
variables.
d. extraneous
variables.
Correct
Which of the following are problems encountered in matching?
a. regression to the
mean
b. unknown dependent
variables
c. restrictions in group
size
d. lack of prior
studies
e. heterogeneous
samples
Correct
What is a disadvantage of using homogeneous groups to control for extraneous
variables?
a. It makes the size of the groups too
large.
b. It reduces the external validity of the
study.
c. It makes it difficult to tell which is the
causative factor.
d. It can only be used when groups are
Correct
Analysis of covariance in ex post facto studies is sufficient to control for initial
differences between groups.
)a.
True
)b.
False
Correct
Which of the following are advantages of ex post facto research?
a. It is simpler to analyze the data than in experimental
research.
b. It can discover relationships that can be studied
further.
c. Many important studies cannot be done in any
other way.
d. It introduces alternative
hypotheses.
e. There is no need to use experimental
controls.
Correct
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