LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 1
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY
LEARNING THEORIES PAPER
PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO
DR BINGHAM
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE
EDLC 504
BY
CAITLYN NIX
03 MARCH 2024
REPUBLIC, MO
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 2
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, society has noticed a negative shift in modern-day education; theorists
and educators have concluded that a child’s biology and environment are among the root causes
of a decline in academic success. The interplay between high-quality education and individual
morality produces an effective approach to the lack of correct response towards adversity. In the
guided case study of Keven vs. Math, the teacher noticed a lack of correct responses to adversity.
What is the leading cause of adversity, and how can Keven overcome it? An effective teacher
will help develop his character, build his self-efficacy, and develop a relationship with him.
Keven is an exceptional student who excels at varied subjects and activities; however, it is
evident that there is an underlying issue between personal adversity and staying focused and
motivated in math class. The three most prominent factors stunting Keven's academic
environment are determined by his unstable family background, an unsteady school life, and a
lackluster role model. To help Keven overcome his adversity in the class, an effective learning
environment would consist of direct instruction, the proper use of technology, student
motivation, and correct classroom behavior.
EFFECTIVE TEACHER
Meet Keven, a sixth-grade student who has attended several schools in the past few years
due to his mother's military deployment overseas. He lives with his father and two younger
sisters and is a decent student, earning Bs and Cs in most subjects except math, which has been a
struggle for him. Unfortunately, he is failing this class, and his teacher, Ms. Thomas, describes
him as unmotivated and easily distracted. Despite her attempts to encourage him with incentives,
Keven has declined to participate. During a conference, Keven's father expressed that math has
always been complicated for his son, but he appeared tired and distracted. Outside school, Keven
enjoys karate, skateboarding, and computer games and attends church with his family. Even Ms.
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 3
Thomas worries about his ability to pass the upcoming state standardized math test in three
months.
An effective teacher will not gage their success solely on academics but through the
support of a student's character development, their diverse learning needs, the student's
foundation of self-efficacy (which is found in the identity of Christ), and the development of a
positive relationship between the teacher and the student. Being a teacher is more than someone
standing at the front of the class relying on the information. It is the constant modeling of desired
behaviors and building up the student from the inside out through various methods of instruction.
Effective teachers will immerse themselves in the person of Christ; therefore, they can share the
love of God with their students. To best help Keven, a teacher must first learn to help him reflect
on the character of Christ.
CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
Children of military backgrounds face special circumstances that civilian children would
find hard to relate to, seeing as the children face separation from their guardians for great lengths
of time. The constant moving, training, deployments, and making new friends repeatedly make it
difficult for the children to find structure in the academic realm.“Together, deployment and
school transitions may create stress and anxiety, alienating military-connected students from
civilian peers, teachers, and other school staff.” (De Pedro, Astor, Gilreath, Benbenishty, &
Berkowitz, 2016, p. 753). Military children face emotional barriers, such as stress and social
skills, that make it challenging to adapt to new surroundings. According to Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Needs, a teacher must seek to give children greater self-esteem, love, and safety motivation,
enabling them to build resilience due to their surroundings. (Slavin & Shunk, 2021) An effective
teacher would help cultivate the desired behaviors of a child by demonstrating correct responses
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 4
towards stress and other overwhelming emotions. Not only will an effective teacher help a
student reflect Christ, but they will also encourage students to actively engage in class.
ENGAGING THE STUDENTS
An effective teacher will help Keven engage with his peers and become attentive during
group time in the classroom. Keven's lack of dedication to his math class stems from his
relationship with the school's society. As demonstrated in the case study, Keven has transferred
to several schools in the past two years. This is important for two reasons: he will have difficulty
mastering the future math units because of curriculum changes, and he will insufficiently be able
to mature socially. Children who proceed to switch schools constantly are at a higher risk of
achieving lower academic scores in math and reading because those two subjects are considered
the fundamentals, and their concepts and theories are built on top of each other.
Since Keven is rapidly switching schools, catching up on the material being given could
be more difficult. Therefore, he needs to be more motivated and responsive in math class. A
personal story is the best way to illustrate the importance of academic stability. This girl was
starting her junior year of college with no clear future and was still deciding what degree she
would graduate with. Throughout her early academic life, she found the school workload
challenging; she could hardly read and problem-solve in the 5th grade, and in middle school, she
thought homework was an option (this caused a lot of poor grades in math). During high school,
she started to excel academically, but socially, she was inapt because of her home life. Her mom
was constantly in the hospital, knocking on death's door due to a gastro illness caused by the
hospital. The school work was hard, and she wanted to quit because of the constant moving
schools and the faculty's lack of a support system. However, she did not quit because her parents
forced him to finish strong. Flash forward to her finishing years of college; she had no clear
vision of what she wanted to do until the education department chair stepped in and guided her
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 5
with these few words: “ I want you to win.” No teacher had ever spoken to her about that phrase
before. Despite constant school changes and shifts in curriculum, no teacher ever said such
encouraging words to her. It guided the girl to pursue secondary education and teach history.
Though there were holes in her history background, it only stirred up a fire to fill the gaps that
the constant curriculum change left. Military children face many academic challenges due to
frequent school transitions. The variations in curricula and school requirements often lead to
educational gaps for military children, which may require them to repeat classes and lessons,
causing them to miss essential topics such as multiplication and fractions (Bradshaw et al.,
2010)(nix, 2024). An engaging teacher would understand that all students learn at different rates.
Keven is a student who struggles in math class. He should be given extra help and tutoring to
ensure that he can understand and learn the material. Additionally, the teacher should create a
supportive learning environment that allows Keven to ask questions without fear of judgment.
The best teachers would allow for self-efficacy development in their classrooms.
SELF-EFFICACY
As well as the constant stress of meeting new people and forming friendships, being in a
military family is difficult; at a young age, it is possible that military children could learn poor
coping techniques to handle challenging situations. Military families encounter a distinct set of
stressors unique to their culture. According to Hall (2008), military families encounter challenges
centered around change, which is the defining characteristic of their lives. As a result, military
families frequently experience change and transition, often with little time to process the
previous transition before preparing for the next. Relocation is an ongoing source of stress for
military families since the typical military move happens every three years.(Hall, 2008)(Ruff &
Keim, 2014)(nix, 2024). The key to a successful classroom is allowing students to build up their
confidence through asking questions and being confident in their areas of study. The teacher can
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 6
play a crucial role in boosting Keven's self-efficacy by devising activities he can complete in
class. Bandura's theory suggests collaborative learning fosters positive student interactions and
enhances their confidence, class participation, and academic achievement (Artino, 2012).
DEVELOPING A RELATIONSHIP
Additionally, a teacher should consider Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to ensure that
student's needs are met in all areas. The teacher's role involves providing intentional and
purposeful instruction to impart knowledge and skills to the learner. Thomas Aquinas believed
that teaching is a noble calling that serves humanity. A good teacher should be driven by a love
of truth, a love for people, and a love for God. (Gutek, pages 59-61)(nix, 2024). A great teacher
will develop the child's intellectual and moral needs to thrive in society. Keven’s teacher would
do good to demonstrate to him how to control his impulse behaviors. She must first gain his
respect to show the practical skills she will impart. The only effective way she can demonstrate
love is by building a relationship with Keven.
Building relationships between teachers and students is a fundamental practice in
Christianity. Due to the positive relationships established previously, Ms. Thomas can
communicate her expectations in the classroom. Jesus's ministry was built on his strong
relationships with his followers. Teachers are not only authority figures but also guides and
mentors to their students during school. Mentoring can take place in cooperative groups, which is
also biblically based. As stated in 1 Corinthians 12:12, "For just as the body is one and has many
members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so it is with Christ"
(KJV). Working together strengthens relationships and promotes cooperation. Following Jesus's
example of building strong relationships with his followers, one can create a positive and
nurturing learning environment for students. Teachers not only serve as authority figures but also
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 7
as mentors and guides to their students during their time in school (“Education 504, 2024”)(nix,
2024).
EFFECTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Keven’s home life is rarer than most kids, as military children comprise only 9% of the
public school population. Keven’s education case can be viewed as a single-parent household
with his mother honorably serving in the military and deployed. The Department of Mental
Health did a study correlating a single household, which is what Keven is experiencing, and the
adverse effects associated with a child's academic success. “In a cross-national study, Pong,
Dronkers, and Hampden-Thompson (2003) found that single-parent family status was negatively
associated with math and science achievement scores in nine out of 11 countries (Amato et al.,
2015).” According to statistics, many countries with a higher single-parent percentage found that
children suffer the most in education. Though Keven is not a statistic, this evidence can help
provide the outside resources needed to help Keven prepare for the standardized math test
(Amato et al., 2015).
Tensions at home, enrollment issues, adapting to new schools, and a lack of familiarity with
military culture by public school professionals may adversely impact the academic, social, and
emotional growth of these students. Public school faculty and staff need to understand the
challenges that multiple school transitions impose on military children in order to effectively meet
the needs of this student population. (Ruff & Keim, 2014)
Children can thrive in any household, but there is something to be said of a single
household's particular struggles that a two-parent house does not experience. An alarming article
was released by The Professional Counselor Journal, showcasing the academic difficulties
children face in a military household. Creating a supportive, motivating, and encouraging culture
for Keven's class progress is important. Implementing strategies specific to Keven’s needs could
contribute to helping him learn, improve, and pass the standardized math test in a couple of
months.
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 8
DIRECT INSTRUCTIONS
Keven faces a dilemma with his education, most likely because he has moved so much
between quarters that it is difficult for him to grasp the new material. According to Slavin and
Shunk (2021), direct instruction is an engaging teaching method that involves clear organization,
step-by-step teaching, numerous examples, and demonstrations. Keven could greatly benefit
from a classroom that utilizes direct instruction by having a teacher who clearly states the
objectives before the lesson and actively engages with the students, including Keven, during
work time(Education 504, 2024)(nix, 2024).
A famous preacher, Paul Chappell, once said, “People don't care how much you know
until they know how much you care.” The lady at the well holds a similar story of being
abandoned and despised; she meets Jesus, and despite knowing everything about her, he shows
compassion. A lady despised by her people and ridiculed by the other ethnic groups, Jesus
showed compassion and gave her a reason to care how much he knew. That beautiful story ends
with seeing a man who told me everything I had done. He gave her living water, which radically
changed her demeanor and standing. An effective classroom will use direct instruction and
motivate each student to do their best.
MOTIVATION
As referenced in the case study, Keven is disengaged in classroom participation, which
could be a poor response to avoiding attachment. Each child’s reactions to their parent’s
deployment can vary due to the underlying issue their stressors are programmed to handle. A
child of a deployed or recently returned service member may experience increased worry about
the safety of their parent or anxiety when separated from either of their parents. Other children
may act out or become more oppositional as they struggle with feelings of anger at having to be
separated from their parents. Children may also struggle with chronic sadness or depression due
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 9
to missing their deployed parent. Lastly, previously acquired developmental milestones, such as
using the potty, sleeping through the night, or talking in sentences, may temporarily back-track
(Clarity, 2018).
A child who has the stress of a missing parent is more likely to show behaviors of
disengagement and emotional outbursts. Slavin and Shunk (2021) proposed the importance of
time on task and that a productive classroom is well-managed. The best practice that a teacher
can demonstrate to help his outburst is to have an effectively ordered classroom guide with clear
daily goals and objectives. When a child struggles with detachment, sometimes order helps them
regulate their emotions and keep them present in the now. A teacher's aim should inspire students
to use their unique circumstances and struggles to improve the classroom culture. Instead of
dwelling and pushing away one's "weaknesses," an effective classroom would use the
weaknesses to better each other. Instead of fixating on the problem, they would utilize them to
support each other.
BEHAVIOR
Keven is not only facing challenges in his academics because of his unstable family
background and unsteady school life but also because of a lackluster role model. As described in
the case report, when Keven’s teacher presented Keven's math problems, she noted that the father
seemed distracted and tired throughout the parent-teacher meeting. The fatherhood project seeks
to spread awareness about the importance of a fatherly figure towards their children. As the
nation sees a remarkable decline in active fathers, the data reflects a child's disengagement in
finishing education and less engagement in a classroom. Children with actively involved fathers
are 43% more likely to earn A’s in school and 33% less likely to repeat a grade than those
without engaged dads (Children's Bureau, 2018). The effect of an active father is crucial in a
child's involvement with their studies and academic success.
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 10
Albert Bandura's social learning theory proposes that observation and modeling
significantly influence how and why people learn. Unlike the common belief that learning occurs
only through direct interaction with the environment, Bandura's theory suggests that people can
learn by observing others' behavior. One of the most famous examples of Bandura's social
experiment is his research involving the infamous Bobo punching clown. This experiment aimed
to study a child's behavior after witnessing an adult punching the clown. Bandura concluded that
children tend to imitate the behaviors they observe in others, and this is because most human
behavior is learned observationally through modeling. This academic information guides action
on later occasions (Social theory, 2024)(nix, 2024). A father is a role model; thus, if the father is
distracted and exhausted, the child will most likely mimic the father’s behavior. In order to be a
successful educator, it is essential to have a deep understanding of how to approach challenging
behaviors in the classroom. A skilled teacherfor Keven will take the time to identify the reasons
behind his behavior and employ techniques that will motivate and encourage Keven to
participate in class and improve his academic performance.
TECHNOLOGY
In modern times, technology has become an indispensable tool in the realm of public
school education. However, it is important to remember that it is merely a tool and not the lesson
itself. An effective classroom would incorporate technology that could be used to better
demonstrate the objectives of that lesson. A skilled teacher would incorporate technology, for
Keven, to help him catch up to his peer's academic level.
BIBLICAL BASIS
The ultimate best practice a teacher can exhibit is the modeling and teachings of Jesus.
As teachers, it is imperative that they realize each student in their classroom will come with
specific learning needs and family backgrounds. As a Christian educator, it is imperative to
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 11
model how Christ teaches. Referencing back to the woman at the well, Jesus got to know her
personally; he ministered to her needs and built a relationship with her first before he corrected
her behavior. With an established relationship, it will be easier to have Keven model the expected
behaviors in the classroom. Proverbs 22:6 states, "Train up a child in the way he should go; and
when he is old, he will not depart from it" (KJV). It is crucial for a teacher to set an example not
only in schoolwork but also in attitude and behavior, reflecting Christ-like love and mindset.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, the case study of Keven vs. Math highlights the importance of
understanding the root causes of academic adversity in students. In Keven's case, an unstable
family background, an unsteady school life, and a lackluster role model have been the primary
factors hindering his academic growth in math. By addressing these underlying issues and
creating a supportive and positive learning environment, educators can help students like Keven
overcome adversity and achieve academic success. It is crucial for society to recognize and
address these issues to ensure that all students have equal opportunities to succeed in their
academic pursuits.
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 12
References
Amato, P. R., Patterson, S., & Beattie, B. (2015). Single-parent households and children’s
educational achievement: A state-level analysis. Social Science Research,53, 191–202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.012
Artino, A. R. (2012). Academic self-efficacy: from educational theory to
instructional practice. Perspectives on Medical Education,1(2), 76–85.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-012-0012-5
Bradshaw, C. P., Sudhinaraset, M., Mmari, K., & Blum, R. W. (2010). School transitions among
military adolescents: A qualitative study of stress and coping. School Psychology
Review, 39, 84–105
Children's Bureau. (2018, June 7). A Father’s Impact on Child Development. Child Abuse
Prevention, Treatment & Welfare Services | Children’s Bureau.
https://www.all4kids.org/news/blog/a-fathers-impact-on-child-development/
Education 504. (2024). Coursehero.com.
https://www.coursehero.com/u/file/114025441/educ504docx/?justUnlocked=1&userType
=educator
Four Common Challenges That Military Kids Face And How To Help. (2018, November 29).
Clarity Child Guidance Center.
https://www.claritycgc.org/four-common-challenges-that-military-kids-face-and-what-par
ents-can-do-to-help/
Gutek, G. (2014). Philosophical, Ideological, and Theoretical Perspectives on Education (2nd
ed.)
Hall, L. K. (2008). Counseling military families: What mental health professionals need to know.
LEARNING THEORIES: KEVEN 13
New York, NY: Routledge.
Holy bible : kjv bible for young readers. (2016). Baker Book House.
nix, caitlyn. (n.d.). Grammarly: Free AI Writing Assistance. Www.grammarly.com. Retrieved
March 4, 2024, from https://app.grammarly.com/ddocs/2020844969
Ruff, S. B., & Keim, M. A. (2014). Revolving Doors: The Impact of Multiple School Transitions
on Military Children. The Professional Counselor,4(2), 103–113.
https://doi.org/10.15241/sbr.4.2.103
Slavin, R.E., & Schunk, D.H. (2021).Learning Theories EDUC Print Offer, Custom Edition for
Liberty University.New York, NY. Pearson Education, Inc
The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2022, August 1). Child Well-Being in Single-Parent Families.
The Annie E. Casey Foundation.
https://www.aecf.org/blog/child-well-being-in-single-parent-families
Ziol-Guest, K. M. (2015, February 19). One-Parent Students Leave School Earlier: Education
attainment gap widens. Education Next.
https://www.educationnext.org/one-parent-students-leave-school-earlier/