Truth
T/F: Paley combine general and special revelation.
General Revelation
the universal message from God that is evident in creation. [Roman
1:20]
Special Revelation
the disclosure of God's truth by supernatural means, such as miracles or
the scriptures; not accessible through human reasons, but is revealed to
man only by God himself. [Matthew 16:16-17]
Deism
the belief in a distant, uninvolved creator who made the world but then
simply left it to run itself.
False. 1 Corinthians 2:4-5 -> they provide a poor foundation for faith.
T/F: Human reason and wisdom provide a good foundation for faith.
"God of the Gaps"
explaining things as just "God did it" with no other evidences
Intelligent Design (ID) theorists say that:
scientific evidence may lead to the conclusion of an ID, but it does not
provide any information on the nature of the designer
false. Most of the do, but not all.
T/F: All ID proponents consider themselves Christian and believe the
intelligent designer is God.
Criticism of ID:
- the designer must be evil (for reasons such as evil and suffering in the
world)
- IDs say irreducible complexity -> design, while evolutionists say natural
selection -> evolution.
Irreducible Complexity
Michael Behe; "a single system composed of several well-matched parts
that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of
the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning"
Mouse trap illustration
irreducible complexity; platform, catch, hammer, spring, holding bar
true
T/F: Irreducible complexity opposes Darwin's idea that complex organs
arise through natural selection instead of design.
co-option
argument in which evolution takes advantage of a system that was used
for one thing and turns it into something else
Spontaneous Generation
the idea that living things can arise from nothing material; Francisco
Redi; Louis Pasteur
1. living things were made by a creator
2. life came to earth from outer space
3. abiogenesis - the process of how life is supposed to arise through the
coming together of molecules coupled with natural selection.
3 Possible Explanations for the origin of life:
abiogenesis; spontaneous
The only real distinction between abiogenesis and spontaneous
generation is that ___________ is not very __________ at all.
stromatolites
banded columns of limestone or chert
organized, made of cells, obtain and use energy, metabolism, response
to the growth, change or growth, reproduction
What is life anyway?
1. Metabolism: the ability to obtain and use energy
2. Boundary: used to separate self from non-self
3. Hereditary material: to pass on information
4. Controlled reproduction: not just splitting but a regulated process to
allow life to continue
In moving from inanimate matter and chemicals to a living thing, the
following must be involved:
enzymes; enzymes
_______ are required for the translation process and yet the ________ are
themselves a product of the translation process.
1. it is extremely unstable and easily degraded
2. it is single stranded, with no means of repair
2 reasons RNA is a poor option to use for hereditary material:
panspermia
the idea that life on Earth was seeded from space
Common
The Evolution model predicts a ______ ancestor of man and apes.
Human
In Scripture there is only one race: The _____ Race
Genesis 3:20
Adam named his wife Eve because she would become the mother of all
the living.
Similarity
Evolutionary artists contribute to a false perception of _________ between
humans and apes.
true
T/F: Evolutionists emphasize DNA similarities between humans and
chimps.
1. Substitutions, 2. Extra or missing DNA
When sequences are compared there are two types of differences:
24
Humans have 23 chromosomes, chimps have __.
1/2
Human telomeres are __ as long as chimps.
sloped face, smaller braincase, large long jaw, no jaw bones, large
canine teeth, zygomatic arch, brow ridge
Chimps have:
False. They are different
T/F: Humans and apes have the same jaws.
Longer
Ape arms are ______ than human arms.
s-shaped spine, broad pelvis, angled thighbone, knee join, arched foot,
no opposable big toe
Skeletal differences that allow walking:
Rear
Location of foramen magnum is toward the ____ in quadrupedal apes.
Upgraded; downgraded
Apes can be ________ or humans can be __________ to make them appear
more similar.
extinct genus of hominid (apes)
Australopithecus
false
T/F: Apes are designed to walk upright.
Not very
How similar are humans and chimps?
Laetoli Footprints
left in volcanic ash; individuals, human walking side by side; presumed
to be Australopithecus
Knuckle-walking
form of quadrupedal in which the forelimbs hold the fingers in a partially
flexed posture that allows body weight to press down on the ground
through the knuckle
Man is created in the image of God
What does it mean to be human?
BiPedal Primates
Neanderthals, Homo erectus, and others
Old Earth/Progressive Creationists
incorrectly believe that there is no direct link between humans and
Neanderthals
Paleoanthropology
study of human fossils and ancient man
Often "pieced" together (like the video with the guy grinding the bone);
fragile and irreplaceable
How are human fossils studied?
Piltdown man
hoax in which bone fragments were presented as fossilized remains of
previously unknown early humans.
True
T/F: The common portrayal of the Neanderthal is probably not true.
Europe; France
Neanderthal remains have been found across ______, especially ______.
Distinct Neanderthal Characteristics
low sloped forehead, occipital bun, prominent prow ridge
Fire and tools, hunted, jewelry, cared for each other, buried their dead,
probably interbred with humans
What did Neanderthals do?
true
T/F: At first, mDNA of Neanderthals showed that they had no relation to
humans. Later, however, it was discovered that the possibility of
humanity could not be ruled out.
Humans
Eugene Dubois' Java man could not be ancestral to modern ______.
~50,000 y.a
(date) Homo Erectus
1.9-1.5 millions y.a.; an extinct chromospecies of Homo
Homo Ergaster (date)
Homo Habilis
no longer considered to be ancestral to any members of Homo
~2.4-1.8 millions y.a.
Homo Rudolfensis (date)
Recent correction of KNM-ER 1470
the original reconstruction of the skull was incorrect. A corrected version
makes the skull much more apelike than previously thought.
Lucy
only 40% of bones found; creationists consider her an ape
Selam
"Lucy's baby"; ~3 y.o. Australopithecine; ~3.3 million y.a.; 80% of bones
found
Selam's ape traits
curved fingers, ape-like hyoid, gorilla shoulder blade, organ balance,
ape-like neck, chimp-sized brain
Toumai; from Chad, Africa; ~6-7 million y.o.; actually quite like a female
gorilla
Who is our oldest ancestor?
Sahelanthropus
extinct hominine species that dated to about 7 million y.a.
Nope
Was Sahelanthropus bipedal?
Yep, maybe humans are humans and apes are apes (a real difficult
concept, I know)
Do new fossils shed light on human origins?
False. Not less, AT LEAST
T/F: Less than 10 proteins show strong similarity to proteins of the
flagellum.
"numerous, successive, slight modifications"
similarity does not prove common ancestry
Proteins
polymer chains of amino acids
Protein Structure
DNA --> amnio acid sequence --> 3D shape of a protein --> function
true
T/F: Changing the number of legs does not explain the origin of legs and
wings.
Orphans
Most genes are _______ with no known origin.
Metabolism
550 different enzymes involved
Romans 1:20
For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities—his eternal
power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood
from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.
Abiogenesis
process by which living organisms arise naturally from non-living matter,
as opposed to biogenesis, which is the creation of living organisms by
other living organisms
Evolution= cells arose from a primordial soup; Creation= living things
created fully formed
How did the first life arise?
The Cell Theory
(1) all living things are made of cells, (2) the cell is the fundamental unit
of life, and (3) every cell comes from a pre-existing cell.
DNA -> RNA -> protein
DNA <transcription in the nucleus> RNA <translation in the cytoplasm>
protein
Proteins
________ are required for making DNA and RNA.
DNA Structure
linear polymer of nucleotides; double stranded; serves as instructions for
making protein
Gene
stretch of DNA which codes for a protein
Replicated
DNA found in the nucleus and must be __________.
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
Types of RNA
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
ribose instead of deoxyribose; A, G, C, U
Making a protein requires
(1) DNA instructions, (2) mRNA intermediate, (3) Ribosome (protein
factory), and (4) tRNAs with amino acids
Mutations
change in stop/start codon, promoter/regulation, and amino acid
sequence
Enzymes (proteins)
DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein synthesis and amino acid
synthesis require _______.
False. LEFT
T/F: Proteins are only made of right handed amino acids.
False. ENZYMES ARE NECESSARY.
T/F: DNA could form spontaneously.
RNA can't form spontaneously. Ribose is required but not easily made.
No mechanism for sequence specificity
Reasons against spontaneous RNA:
(1) RNA must do everything, (2) Reduced ability to repair, (3) Lack of
specificity to link amino acids, (4) how to convert to DNA system, and (5)
How to transfer function to proteins.
Problems with an RNA world
Outer space
Francis Crick suggests life came from ______ _____.
the wisdom of God and that we are fearfully and wonderfully made.
DNA shows:
Done
#CrushedIt
Argued for the existence of God based on what is observed in life;
suggested watchmaker argument
William Paley
the study of design or purpose in nature
teleology
Philosopher who refuted Paley's argument for design
David Hume
Darwin suggested that design was not real, but only _______.
apparent
Wrote "Biologists must constantly keep in mind that what they see is not
designed, but rather evolved."
Francis Crick
The universal message from God that is evident in creation
general revelation
disclosure of God's truth by miracles and scripture
special revelation
The belief in a distant, uninvolved creator who made the world but then
simply left it to run itself.
deism
People can be lazy and attribute everything that they cannot
comprehend to "That's just the way God made it."
"God of the Gaps"
1990s movement
Intelligent design
Intelligent design significant people
Phillip Johnson, Michael Behe, Bill Dembski
trying to get young earth and old earth creationists to work together
"Big Tent" Theory
Name with irreducible complexity
Michael Behe
system composed of several well-matched parts in which removal of any
one part causes the system to lose function.
irreducible complexity
biochemical examples of irreducible complexity
bacterial flagellum; blood clotting cascade
a major criticism of evolution is the absence of a _______ for natural
selection
mechanism
a system that was used for one thing and turns into something else
co-option
Supposed intermediate in the evolution of the flagellum
Type Three Secretory System (TTSS)
a priori
regardless of evidence
What is minimally required for function?
DNA, RNA, Protein
A system cannot arise from modification of _________
simpler components
A system must have been in place _________
fully formed
The flagellar apparatus was actually the evolutionary ________ to the
Type Three protein secretion systems.
precursor
Many ________ result form loss of genetic information.; an example of
DEVOLUTION
diseases
similarity does not prove________
common ancestry
polymer chains of amino acids
proteins
Proteins have a specific sequence using ____ different amino acids
20
Proteins are about _____ amino acids long
100-800
The 3-D shape of a protein determines its _______
function
The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its 3-D______
shape
The DNA sequence of a protein determines its ____
amino acid sequence
The average protein has ______ amino acids
270
Number of possible proteins
1000AA long = 20^100 = 10^130
estimated number of hydrogen atoms in the universe ____
10^80
changing the number of bug legs does not explain the origin of legs and
____
wings
most genes are _____ with no known origin
orphans
In bacillus subutillis, ______ of the genes have no family relationship.
2126 or 53%
over 550 different enzymes involved in ______
metabolism
We've only known how cells work for about _____ years
50
"the most efficient machine in the universe"
flagellum
"how can a new system develop out of another system that doesn't have
all the parts?"
Behe's argument
Evolutionists believe that all life came from _________ made up of amino
acids
primordial soup
Each living thing is specially created, fully formed, and made to _______
after its own kind.
reproduce
The belief that things could arise from non-living material
Spontaneous Generation
In the late 1800s, _____ and _____ showed that spontaneous generation
was false (meat -> maggots)
Pasteur and Virchow
All living things are made of _____ = ______ theory
cells
The cell is the fundamental unit of _____
life
"omnis celula e celula"
Every cell comes from a pre-existing cell
Central Dogma of Biology
DNA -> Transcription (nucleus) -> mRNA -> Translation (cytoplasm) ->
protein
DNA is transcribed into _____
messenger RNA
mRNA is translated into ________
amino acid sequence of proteins
A _________ is needed within the primordial soup for organization
boundary
__________ are required for making DNA and RNA and vise versa.
proteins
DNA is a linear polymer of ________
nucleotides
DNA is double stranded with a _________ backbone
sugar phosphate
______= a stretch of DNA which codes for a protein
Gene
DNA serves as the _________ for making proteins
instructions
DNA is found in the _______
nucleus
DNA is ___________, the strands copy separately
semi-conservative
DNA ______ as the strands separate
unwinds
The enzyme _________ adds free nucleotides complimentary to template
polymerase
3 types of RNA
mRNA: messenger
tRNA: transfer
rRNA: ribosomal
RNA is _________ stranded
single
Translation= ________
protein synthesis
Translation requires:
1. Ribosomes
2. mRNA with codons
3. tRNA with anti-codon and amino acid
enzyme that transfers amino-acid from one tRNA to another
amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase
Ribosome
protein factory
Central Dogma process mutations
CHANGE IN:
-stop/start codon
-promoter; regulation
-amino acid sequence
All parts of the central dogma requires ________
enzymes
First biological molecule made in a lab by FREDERICK WOHLER
urea
Miller and Urey synthesized amino acids with _______
Miller's apparatus
In Miller's experiment, Both________ amino acids were formed, but
proteins only use L forms
L and D forms
Miller experiments created _______ and _________ were favored
useless products; side reactions
Simply making amino acids _______ = making proteins
does not
random proteins are ______
useless
DNA could not form spontaneously because there is no ______ to
generate protein directly from DNA or without enzymes
mechanism
DNA _______ be made form RNA
can
RNA can't form _______
spontaneously
In an RNA world there is no mechanism for ________
sequence specificity
1. RNA must do everything
2. Reduced ability to repair
3. Lack of specificity to link amino acids
4. How to convert to DNA system (central dogma)
5. How to transfer function to proteins
Problems with an RNA world
_______ suggests life came from outer space
Francis Crick
Italian physician who tested the idea of spontaneous generation
Francisco Redi
Proved that microbes could not arise from broth alone, but only from
other microbes; settled the spontaneous generation debate
Louis Pasteur
Russian chemist who began to speculate on how chemicals may have
coalesced to become the first living cell- Proposed primordial soup
Oparin
3 explanations for the origin of life
1. Creator
2. Outer space
3. abiogenesis
Abiogenesis
the process of how life arises through non-life
stromatolites
banded columns of limestone or chert
4 characteristics of living things
1. metabolism
2. boundary
3. hereditary material
4. controlled reproduction
________ ensures that each offspring receives a complete set of genetic
instructions
hereditary information
Wohler heated up ________ to make urea
ammonium cyanate
left out of the simulated primitive earth atmosphere in experiments
oxygen
the lack of oxygen would prevent amino acids from _______
forming
______ have been shown to have traces of amino acids in similar rations
to those obtained from spark discharge experiments
meteorites
Another popular alternative for the production of amino acids is that
reactions took place in _______ deep in the ocean
thermal vents
polypeptides of random sequence that can form from heating dry amino
acids
protenoids; suggested by Sydney Fox
The idea that life on earth was seeded from space
panspermia
Evolution model predicts a ___________ of man and apes
common ancestor
Creationists believe in a ___________ origin for man and apes
separate
Evolutionists focus on _____________ among species
similarities
Evolutionists _____ differences to contribute to a false perception of
similarity
blur
Evolutionists add human __________ to apes
eyes
Evolutionists emphasize _______ similarity between humans and chimps
DNA
Evolutionists only focus on ____________ in DNA comparison.
substitutions
Most DNA differences between apes and humans relate to
_______________, but evolutionists minimize this.
extra or missing DNA
Recent studies have shown that humans and chimps only have ________
% DNA similarity
96
Humans have __ chromosomes
23
Chimps have __ chromosomes
24
Human _______ are half as long as chimps.
telomeres
Humans and chimps have DNA differences in
1. repeating elements
2. gene expression
human DNA similarity is inconsistent with ___________
gorillas
The answer of DNA similarity depends on ___________
what you count
Chimp skull:
1. sloped face
2. smaller braincase
3. large, long jaw
4. no nasal bones
5. large canine teeth
6. largy zygomatic arch
7. brow ridge
Human jaws are __________ from apes
different
Differences between human and gorilla jaws are downplayed in
____________.
textbooks
Textbooks distort the similarity between human and chimpanzee ______
hands
There are major skeletal differences between humans and apes for
__________
walking
human spine:
1. long and curved
2. broad pelvis
3. thighbone angled inward
4. knee joint
5. foot is arched with not opposable big toe
Apes have a _________ skull
quadraped
Humans have a ________ skull
biped
Location of the _____________ (backbone/ head attachment) is toward the
rear in quadrapedal apes
foramen magnum
Apes can be ____ or humans ________ to make them appear more similar.
upgraded/downgraded
___________ portrayed organisms in such a way as to make them appear
in progression
Thomas Huxley
The _________ footprints were left in volcanic ash; at least 2 individuals
walking side by side, upright with no diverged big toe
Laetoli
The Laetoli footprints are presumed by evolutionists to be from the
_____________ because of the 3.6 million year date
Australopithecus
_____________________ consider neanderthals, Homo erectus, and others a
separate creation
Old Earth/ Progressive Creationists
Old Earth/ Progressive Creationists call neanderthals ______________ to
distinguish them from humans.
bipedal homonids
Old Earth/ Progressive Creationists incorrectly claim ___________ between
humans and neanderthals, and typically accept evolutionists' dating.
no direct link
The study of human fossils/ ancient man
paleoanthropology
How are human fossils studied?
1. often "pieced" together
2. Not studied directly, use of casts
3. Fragile and irriplacable
Most investigators use _____ to study human fossils, which may not be
accurate
casts
The ____________ was an evolutionist-created fossil hoax
piltdown man
The piltdown man had filed-down teeth, a human skull cap, and an
_________ jaw.
orangutan
Neanderthals are usually viewed as: (probably not true)
1. Less intelligent
2. "brutish"
3. Typical cave man
4. VERY different from modern humans
Sites of neanderthal inhabitation:
Remains found across Europe, especially France and Germany
Also Croatia, Iraq, and Israel
Distinct physical Neanderthal Characteristics
1. low sloped forehead
2. occipital bun
3. prominent brow ridge
What did the Neanderthals do?
1. used fire and tools
2. hunted and trapped prey
3. used jewelry
4. probably interbred with "modern humans"
5. cared for each other
6. buried their dead
A neanderthal probably looks like someone from the __________
W.W.E.
____________ have failed to solve the relationship of neanderthals
fossils
The first report of Neanderthal DNA suggested that _______________
they were not human ancestors
Later analysis of neanderthal DNA suggested that they cannot be ruled
out from the ______________
human gene pool
Homo erectus means _____________
upright man- also called "Java Man"
When did the homo erectus live?
0.3-1.8 million years ago
1891, ___________ discovered the Java man- Homo erectus, on Java Island
Eugene Dubois
Eugene Dubois found ___________ of the homo erectus.
skull cap, femur, and a few teeth
In the 1920s evolutionists admitted to finding ____________, similar to
modern man in the same strata as the homo erectus/ Java man
Wajak 1&2
Java man could not be __________ to modern humans
ancestral
On the model of the Java man they changed_______________
the feet- added an opposable big toe, when they didn't even know
anything about the feet (they had found a skull cap, femur, and a few
teeth)
Homo erectus was previously thought to be 1.6 milion to 400,000 years
old, however, dating in Java indicates only _________ years
(contemporary with modern man), and even more recently 12,000 years.
50,000
_____ homo erectus fossils found
222
_______ homo erectus fossils date 0.3-1.8 million years old
108
________ homo erectus fossils date 1.5-2 million years old
24
________ homo erectus fossils date less than 300,000 years old
106
_________ homo erectus fossils date less than 12,000 years old
62
Homo erectus is a _________ of modern man
variation
Homo erectus specimens found in Africa are assigned to this group
homo ergaster
modern humans share features with ergaster which are different from
________
homo erectus
Homo ergaster is assigned to be ____ million years old
1.9-1.5
Homo ergaster is assumed to be ancestral to homo populations, but are
likely just ________.
regional differences (Africa v. Europe/ Middle East)
No longer considered to be ancestral to any members of Homo.
Homo Habilis
KNM-ER 1470 are really more __________ upon close inspection
ape-like
KNM ER 1470 and others formerly classified as Homo habilis placed into
a new category because of clear differences with other habilis specimens
Homo Rudolfensis
Homo Rudolfensis is suggested to be _______ million years old
2.4-1.8
The original construction of _______ was incorecct. A corrected version
makes it appear much more ape-like than previously thought.
KNM-ER 1470
Lucy was really a ______________.
Australopithecus
Creationists and some evolutionists consider the Australopithecus an
__________.
extinct ape
Australopithecus means _________.
"southern ape"
only _______ of Lucy's bones were found
40%
Selam's traits representative of Apes
1. curved fingers
2. Ape-like hyoid
3. Gorilla shoulder blade
4. Organ of balance
5. Ape-like neck
6. Chimp-sized brain
Lucy's baby, _______ was reported to be a 3 year old Australopithecine
with an extremely completre specimen with many bones not previously
recoverd.
Selam
Supposed oldest human ancestor
"Toumai" skull from Chad
The "Toumai" skull from Chad is dated at ___ million years
6-7
Surprising features of "Toumai" skull
ape-sized brain, short face, small canines- "mixture of primitive and
advanced features."
The "Toumai" skull was ______
quickly disputed only 4 days later, finding characteristics of a female
gorilla
Sahelanthropus
Foramen magnum is located far to the rear, just like for all apes who
walked on 4 legs
Lucy's skull slopes at an angle _____
"shovel"
"Apes have trouble _______"
keeping their glasses up
In a museum Lucy was portrayed with_____
human feet, breasts, and an upright carrying angle
