As a criminal justice professional, you have been wanting to teach as a part-time adjunct at a
community college. You applied to a local community college, the program director of the
criminal justice program has called you for an interview, and it is finally your chance to earn
the adjunct teaching position you want so badly. The program director asks you to bring a
PowerPoint (with speaker notes) to the interview and be prepared to present a short lesson.
As luck would have it, the topic the program director assigns you happens to be a topic you
just researched!
Prepare a 12–15-slide PowerPoint presentation (with an additional slide as a title slide and
additional slides as a reference section) based upon your Research Paper. Each slide must
have 100–150 words of bulleted or paragraph speaker notes. The notes may be associated
with your Research Paper. However, the notes must not merely be a 100% cut and paste of
your Research Paper. A minimum of 5 scholarly sources and the Holy Bible must be used.
These sources may be the same as the sources you used in your Research Paper or new
sources expanding upon your research. The sources must be reflected in the speaker notes,
slides, and reference section slide(s). The title slide and the reference section slide(s) will not
count toward the 12–15-slide requirement. Additionally, you must use animations, transitions,
and graphics to reflect graduate level research. Review the grading rubric when forming your
presentation.
CJUS 620
RESEARCH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS
In this assignment, you will build upon your Journal Article Reviews and/or may build upon a
topic or chapter from the Linebach & Kovacsiss text. In other words, as noted in the constraints
above, you will have some limited flexibility in choosing your topic. The Research Paper must
be a minimum of 8–10 pages. The project must use current APA style, and the page count does
not include the title page, abstract, reference section, or any extra material. You must incorporate
a Christian worldview throughout your paper or have a specific section of your paper dedicated
to Christian Worldview. You must use a 10–15 recent, relevant, and academic (peer-reviewed
journals preferred and professional journals allowed if used judiciously) sources with at least 1
source being the Holy Bible and no more than 2 sources being books. This paper must reflect
graduate level research and writing style. Reference the Research Paper Grading Rubric when
creating your Research Paper. Microsoft Word is the only acceptable format for submission.
The Research Paper is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 7.
CJUS 620
POWERPOINT TEACHING LESSON INSTRUCTIONS
As a criminal justice professional, you have been wanting to teach as a part-time adjunct at a
community college. You applied to a local community college, the program director of the
criminal justice program has called you for an interview, and it is finally your chance to earn the
adjunct teaching position you want so badly. The program director asks you to bring a
PowerPoint (with speaker notes) to the interview and be prepared to present a short lesson. As
luck would have it, the topic the program director assigns you happens to be a topic you just
researched!
Prepare a 12–15-slide PowerPoint presentation (with an additional slide as a title slide and
additional slides as a reference section) based upon your Research Paper. Each slide must have
100–150 words of bulleted or paragraph speaker notes. The notes may be associated with your
Research Paper. However, the notes must not merely be a 100% cut and paste of your Research
Paper. A minimum of 5 scholarly sources and the Holy Bible must be used. These sources may
be the same as the sources you used in your Research Paper or new sources expanding upon your
research. The sources must be reflected in the speaker notes, slides, and reference section
slide(s). The title slide and the reference section slide(s) will not count toward the 12–15-slide
requirement. Additionally, you must use animations, transitions, and graphics to reflect graduate
level research. Review the grading rubric when forming your presentation.
The PowerPoint Teaching Lesson is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday of Module/Week 8.
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 1
Critical Incidents
By: (Name)
Course:
Professor:
Institutional Affiliation:
Date:
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 2
CRITICAL INCIDENTS
Introduction
Critical incidents are tragic occurrences within human society in the contemporary world;
thus, there is a concern to devise appropriate mechanisms of curbing such happenings. The
World Health Organization (WHO) defines critical incidents as a situation that is out of the range
of everyday experience and becomes a threat to the lives of the involved persons. In most cases,
these incidents are abrupt and unexpected, resulting in trauma and disrupting normal operations
within a region (Workpositive, 2020). The primary triggers of these incidents are natural
calamities such as; hurricanes, cyclones, and floods; however, some traumatic experiences occur
as a result of human activities like technological disasters. The magnitude of critical incidents is
often high, overwhelming the response teams to contain the situation appropriately. As a result,
the emotional and psychological effects of the occurrence, most often emanating from its
consequences such as death, injuries, and destruction of properties, have a lasting impact on the
victims (Bott & Tourish, 2016). Hence, there is a need to come up with early intervention
mechanisms to help the victims fully recover from the incident through well-defined sequential
approaches to restore normalcy. This research focuses on the early EMDR intervention and
critical intervention technique (CIT) approaches to societies after a critical incident has occurred.
Causes of critical incidents
Critical incidents often occur abruptly without an expectation that they will occur. In
most cases, they transpire as a result of technological disasters involving multiple participants for
an explosion to occur. In most cases, equipment accidents or explosions within companies occur
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 3
as a result of human activities. It is important to report when such incidents occur to allow the
management teams to take necessary measures to help the individuals recover from the terrible
ordeals. The impact may not be huge, but it has repercussions on the victims' memory and
emotional lives. According to Fetherston (2015), critical incidents are likely to occur within a
hospital setting than within public transport; this is because of complexities such as workload
and funding challenges in healthcare. For instance, in the United Kingdom (UK), the National
Health Service (NHS) believed that up to 10 percent of critical incidents occur in the facilities
during admission. Human errors, crocked procedures, and fault equipment underline most of the
disasters.
Addressing Critical Incidents
Due to the nature of critical incidents and their effect on the lives of workers and the
surrounding area, the situation should be addressed to restore normalcy and relieve individuals
from experience. A critical period occurs in the aftermath of critical incidents or exposure to
trauma, which may cause traumatic stress. There exist several factors that can be utilized to
modulate its effects and recovery process; necessary measures entail, stress management
training, and availing peer support. There is a possibility of other factors escalating the distress
level through continued exposure to the victims' distress and pending investigations. Tertiary
measures entail confidential advice, access to specialized clinical services, and counseling
support for those in need (Workpositive, 2020). The nature of jobs within some professional
areas such as the military, it is not easy to minimize exposure, prove a challenge to the
management. As a result, employers and executive teams within occupational groups at higher
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 4
risk of exposure to critical incidents are expected to adopt a robust set of intervention approaches
to reduce psychological effects on victims (Fetherston, 2015).
The EMDR intervention approaches
Critical incidents usually occur without prior knowledge; thus, the emergency response
teams may fail to adopt appropriate methods to handle a given scenario. For example, in 2012, a
missile fired from Gaza landed on a building in a religious community. Three people lost their
lives in the event, while others were injured in the process, the neighborhood area is congested,
and they became anxious following the tragic incident (Elan & Brunt, 2015). The residents were
disturbed since they always believe in divine protection; thus, psychologists from the region
sorted the services of EMDR-Israel Association to help the community recover from the
incident.
Early psychological intervention methods were adopted after three months of the missile
incident. Despite the physical impacts of war or calamities, there is always an emotional and
psychological impact of such an occurrence. The earlier intervention mechanisms are aimed at
the treatment and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The intervention
approaches unveiled that brief trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) were
considered to be effective. This is because many trauma victims face transient symptoms of
stress; however, approximately 75 percent of the victims usually recover within three months. At
the same time, other victims are susceptible to secondary complications, which affect their
quality of life and relationship with others (Elan & Brunt, 2015). Traumatic stress is an example
of a risk factor resulting from somatic and psychological complaints; clinical symptoms may be
visible; however, PTSD usually manifests later. Individuals suffering from trauma are likely to
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 5
seek medical intervention as a remedy; however, this could be avoided when early interventions
are comprehensively implemented.
EMDR is an evidence-based approach to treating PTSD and has gained global
recognition by the World Health Organization (WHO), among other international bodies. It
conceptualizes a traumatic event through various stages to avoid generalization of facts based on
a single incident. Through this method, a client is asked to explain the traumatic event
highlighting the most pressing issues that require urgent attention. The problems are then
processed through standard EMDR protocol to initiate a positive cognition process sequentially.
When the patient has gained stability to visualize the event, they are required to develop positive
cognition for the entire scenario with sobriety and bilateral stimulation (BLS). The traumatic
incidents, coupled with its impacts, are regarded as an ongoing activity since the experiences are
not yet consolidated (Ignacio, Susana, Lucina, & Martha, 2016). It digs deeper into the root
causes of the incident, its effects, and the current situation of the victims.
EMDR is recommended for the treatment of all cadre of persons within the society; it
was developed by Dr. Shapiro as a comprehensive approach to the treatment of trauma and
advance life experiences. “Early psychological intervention” usually begins within the first
quarter of a year after an incident to “prevent PTSD or ongoing distress,” among those with
“symptoms of trauma,” “acute stress disorder” (ASD), or risk of PTSD (Ignacio et al. 2016). The
scope of stressful events presenting similar emotions, sensory, and cognitive information does
not guarantee the state-dependent traumatic memory enough “time to consolidate into an
integrated whole.” As a result, the memory remains in a permanent state of recalling the previous
incidents causing the risk of PTSD, and “comorbid disorders” increase with continued exposures.
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 6
EMDR most often apply eight phased mechanism; the first and the second phase
involve gathering history on how an incident occurred through witnesses. Evaluation of affected
memory parts is conducted in the third phase, where the client identifies the post disturbing
cognitive effect caused by the experience. In the fourth phase, memory is individually assessed
incorporating dual attention stimulation; this helps in processing each of the memory fragments
individually. The fifth phase involves the event as a whole with side-effects and designing a PC
for the entire critical incident. The sixth phase applies standard EMDR approaches in the seventh
stage, post-disaster strategies focused on soothing and consoling the victims. The final step
entails, application of the standard approaches in addressing the issues.
Critical Incident Techniques (CIT)
Critical incidence techniques (CIT) comprise of a set of procedures utilized in the
collection of primary observation of individual behavior to facilitate potential usefulness in
mitigating real challenges. It has been a common phenomenon for investigative teams to gather
information revolving around a problem, which is not a sure way of obtaining the underlying
data. Most investigative teams utilize the golden hour, ignoring the possibility of underlying
factors to propel the incident (Bott & Tourish, 2016). It has merits over other techniques based
on its inductive properties of not restricting the respondents into a fixed paradigm. It allows for a
detailed understanding of intricacies and the contextual factors surrounding such behaviors.
Secondly, the CIT interview model is flexible, semi-structured, thus, incorporating varied views.
The interviewers are always striving to eradicate biases in the process and to offer clarity and
dialogue without insinuating unnecessary conversation, which may add no value to the research.
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 7
The questions are always in-depth to unravel the chronological pattern on how incidents
transpired from the first to the last.
The critical incidents technique is a sequential procedure of obtaining data about
significant events from observers with first-hand information. The gathered data help the
researchers and expert teams to understand vital aspects of how an event took place (Rosala,
2020). The interviewees are asked to recall and describe when a critical incident happened, the
effects, and outcomes. CIT is often utilized in interviews, questionnaires, focus group
discussions, and structured diary examination. It is a method of gathering information to
understand how to boost the performance of the involved individuals (MBA Skool Team, 2020).
It is used to look for the cause of human system problems to loss of vital data, which may be
essential in improving the performance of activities.
Christian perspective on critical incidents
Critical incidents are inevitable from the Christian perspective and were and are still
occurring in human societies. Example of such incidences are in the book of Genesis, throughout
the journey of the Israelites in the wilderness, sudden and abrupt incidences took place. Thus,
Jennings (2007) described critical incidents as any episode or sequence of events with both
positive and negative outcomes that the practitioners utilize elaborately to reflects on different
levels of an incident. The Bible and its teachings play an essential role within human society and
instill hope in distressed individuals. In most instances, after a tragic incident, the scriptures
become a point of reference for those who profess the Christian faith and a belief that there is life
at the end of the tunnel. It also gives assurance that the hurdles are just but for a little while.
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 8
The Biblical perspective on counseling falls in two broad categories; grand apologies
focus on the relationship between scriptures and counseling techniques, or specific issues linking
Biblical passages to societal challenges. Even though scriptures do not speak directly into the
problems or incidents; it has a life-changing impact in every situation (Monroe, 2017). The Bible
addresses specific issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, or marital discord; Jesus said that
the words he spoke are Spirit and life. Thus, scriptures play an integral role in restoring normalcy
and calming hearts of depressed persons. Religion as an institution has an obligation of inserting
morals in societies and ensuring peace and stability (Doda, 2005); therefore, the role taken by
Christian leaders who understand scriptures has a lasting impact. For example, a pastor may
interview victims of a tragic incident on their experience, the effect of the occurrence in their
lives, any changes that may be experienced as a result of the incident. Then, he or she can relate
their case with scriptures and sequentially design an approach to relieve them from the traumatic
effects.
A Biblical verse or passage may be applied to an individual circumstance to have
greater credibility. Through such, a victim gains comfort and encouragement to protect them
from advanced effects such as PTSD or ASD. Christians believe that scripture is the word of
God to humanity; hence, individuals turn to them when troubled, confused, hurt, or in any
situation around us (Monroe, 2017). In Paul’s epistle to Timothy (2nd Timothy 3;16, n.d), he
instructs the word of God is basic in teaching, training, and correcting us to be effective servants.
When critical incidents occur, the word of God can be used as a point of reference to remind of
what God expects since the scripture in itself regulates morals and will prevent individuals from
indulging in weird traits such as suicidal thoughts.
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 9
Recommendation on the approaches
Critical incidents are inevitable within human societies due to the advancement of war
through technological methods and the natural forces of nature. As a result, the success of a
community relies on its ability to handle the disastrous situation to restore normalcy within its
jurisdiction. Most often, the governments have reacted based on the “gold rush hour” without
digging in-depth on the psychological effects of the incident. These methods are multifaceted
and provide a broader view of how disastrous and emergencies can be handled. Thus, I
recommend the approaches on the following grounds; first, they offer a comprehensive way of
understanding a situation by interviewing the observers from the society in which it took place.
Thus, it provides a sure means of obtaining first-hand information. Secondly, most of the
response teams have been trained to handle the physical aspects of an incident, neglecting
psychological and emotional impacts. These aspects are usually long-lasting compared to
physical; thus, the journals need to be adopted for addressing such vital areas.
Conclusion
Technology has become part of every intervention mechanism in the contemporary
world, offering solutions to perennial human challenges. As the world progresses, social
problems such as war and terrorism attacks have become significant challenges. As a result, the
mechanisms need to incorporate a digital response strategy for critical incidents to ease
information sharing between various stakeholders. Through automated response gadgets, alerts
about an experience can be enriched, enabling the response teams to focus on high priority cases
that require immediate attention.
RESEARCH PAPER ON CRITICAL INCIDENTS 10
References
The Holy Bible (n.d). Paul’s letter to Timothy (2nd Timothy 3;16)
Bott, G. & Tourish, D. (2016). The critical incident technique reappraised; using critical
Incidents to illuminate organizational practices and build theory
Elan, S. & Brunt, L (2015). Early EMDR intervention following a community critical incident
https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgremdr/9/1/17
Fetherston, T. (2015). The importance of essential incidents reporting and how to do it
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675258/
Ignacio, J., Susana, U., Lucina, A. & Martha, G. (2016). EMDR protocol for recent critical
Intervention; a randomized controlled trial in a technological disaster context
https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgremdr/9/4/166
Jennings, B. (2008). Ethical incidents; experiential learning in an introductory Christian Ethic
Course
Monroe, P. (2017). Using scriptures in counseling
https://thecrossingchurch.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/usesOfScriptureInCounseling.pdf
MBA Skool Team, (2020). Critical incidents method
https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resources-hr-terms/15250-critical-
incident-method.html
Rosala, M. (2020). Critical incidents techniques
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/critical-incident-technique/
Workpositive (2020). What are the critical incidents?
https://www.workpositive.ie/information/whatarecriticalincidents
Critical Incidents
Name
Course
Tutor
Date
Introduction
Critical incidents can be referred to as tragic occurrences within a
human.
It would be vital to develop ideas for dealing with these situations.
Such incidences can be so tragic thus leaving a gap in a person’s life.
Causes of critical accidents
Critical incidents occur without warnings.
Technological disasters play a great role in causing critical incidents
Critical incidents occur in public transports and hospitals.
All these are technological disasters.
Addressing critical accidents
Addressing critical incidents is vital in restoring normalcy in a
victim’s life.
Such incidents are often accompanied by traumatic stress.
Some jobs make the situation hard to manage.
The EMDR intervention approach
The emergency response team may fail due to the abrupt critical incident
occurrence.
It would be essential to adopt EMDR interventions to help a community
recover from an incident.
The therapies involved in this approach have proven effective in
responding to such incidents and helping victims recover.
The EMDR intervention approach
EMDR is an evidence-based approach for treating post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD).
EMDR is recognized by WHO and other international organizations.
Patients or victims are required to visualize the whole experience and
give a clue of what happened.
Why is EMDR recommended
Developed by Dr. Shapiro, EMDR is recommended for treating all
cadre patients.
The first psychological intervention often commences at a quarter of
a year to prevent trauma risks.
The memory remains in a permanent recalling state.
EMDR phases
EMDR often applies an eight-phased model
The first and second phases involve information gathering.
The information is analyzed to the eighth phase where the standard
approach is applied to address the issue.
Critical Incident Techniques (CIT)
CIT involves a set of procedures.
Its advantage is that it does not restrict the witnesses into a fixed
paradigm.
It incorporates various views thus flexible.
Importance of Critical Incident
Techniques (CIT)
CIT is a chronological procedure in getting data on an event.
This approach gives the team a better way of understanding the
occurrence of an event.
The method also uses the data collected to help in boosting the
victims’ performance.
Christian perspective on critical
incidents
According to Christians, critical incidents are inevitable.
Such incidents are even captured in the Bible in the book of genesis.
The scripture is the word of God and individuals should rely on them
when faced with such circumstances.
Recommendation on the approaches
Natural forces and technological advancement make critical incidents inevitable.
A community success can be gauged in its ability to handle the occurrence of a
disastrous incident.
The two approaches are effective since they offer a better way of viewing a
situation.
The teams are trained to handle the physical aspect of the incidents.
Conclusion
Technology is a solution to almost all humans’ challenges.
The impact of technology has been terrorism and war.
The same technology should be able to provide alerts for quick
responses
References
The Holy Bible (n.d). Paul’s letter to Timothy (2nd Timothy 3;16)
Bott, G. & Tourish, D. (2016). The critical incident technique reappraised; using critical Incidents to
illuminate organizational practices and build theory
Elan, S. & Brunt, L (2015). Early EMDR intervention following a community critical incident
https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgremdr/9/1/17
Fetherston, T. (2015). The importance of essential incidents reporting and how to do it
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675258/
Ignacio, J., Susana, U., Lucina, A. & Martha, G. (2016). EMDR protocol for recent critical
Intervention; a randomized controlled trial in a technological disaster context
https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgremdr/9/4/166
Monroe, P. (2017). Using scriptures in counseling https://thecrossingchurch.com/wp-
content/uploads/pdfs/usesOfScriptureInCounseling.pdf
MBA Skool Team, (2020). Critical incidents method https://www.mbaskool.com/business-
concepts/human-resources-hr-terms/15250-critical-incident-method.html
Rosala, M. (2020). Critical incidents techniques https://www.nngroup.com/articles/critical-incident-
technique/
Workpositive (2020). What are the critical incidents?
https://www.workpositive.ie/information/whatarecriticalincidents
