Please respond to EACH student with at least 200 words each, at least 1 reference and a
biblical viewpoint.
here is the original discussion post. you do NOT need to respond to the original,
JUST to my 2 classmates: There can be no denying the impact that technology has
had on our modern society. The field of law enforcement is not immune to these
changes. Part of the readings for this week focused on the ‘3-I model,’ which
includes geographical Information systems (GIS), predictive policing, and social
media. Discuss these technologies in detail. Then, explain how these technologies
can be applied to a strategic intelligence apparatus. Also, discuss which of these
you feel can be the most beneficial to intelligence-led policing. Be sure to defend
your answer with scholarly research and remember to integrate a Biblical
perspective to your posting.
1. Senicia- The 3i model has referred to the police department's analytical base to gather
data or intelligence by understanding and to analyze the environment. A technology
determines interpretation and provides the significance of emerging threats. The 3i model
includes geographic information systems, predictive policing, and social media.
The geographical information system is a framework that allows capturing and analyzing
spatial and geographic data (Sui & Goodchild, 2011). It is a software or computer based
application that will enable users to create self-created searches, edits and store spatial
and non-spatial data. On the other hand, the statistical data using adopted software helps
police forces achieve guidance for decision-making, which is called predictive policing. It
increases traditional practice by applying advanced algorithms (Meijer & Wessels, 2019).
Another part of the 3i model is social media that allows individuals to exchange data or
create user-generated content on websites. Social media has the capacity of scalability
and collective intelligence. It is one of the systems based on modern era technology,
which handles and can increase the amount of work and decision-making.
The geographic information system plays an essential role in intelligence-led policing as
it helps gather data and manipulate it. It also indicates threats before time as it is
considered the best crime-controlling tool (Sui & Goodchild, 2011). Police departments
need it, as it is helpful as a police planning tool, testing crime theories, and
communication tool. It also supports intelligence-led policing in crime investigation and is
an evaluation tool. It works more than any device for strategic intelligence apparatus.
Analyzing predictive policing has both negative and positive effects, such as it helps
reduce crime, but it is observed that predictive policing tries to harm the power of
information. Geospatial technologies can also help in removing corruption and ensure
public safety. On the other hand, social media's presence can help intelligence-led
policing as it lets police communicate and give announcements.
References
Meijer, A., & Wessels, M. (2019). Predictive policing: Review of benefits and drawbacks.
. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(12), , 1031-1039.
Sui, D., & Goodchild, M. (2011). The convergence of GIS and social media: challenges
for GIScience. . International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(11), ,
1737-1748.
2. Sterling- Technology has certainly had a huge impact on the field of law enforcement
as well as society in general. Within law enforcement, there are several technology-
based factors that have greatly influenced programs and policies including geographical
information systems (GIS), predictive policing, and social media. GIS tools capture, store,
manipulate, manage, and analyze geospatial data and related information. GIS software
is used for several things including plotting and visualizing the locations of unlawful
activities, detecting crime patterns, and helping formulate strategies for identifying
suspects, deploying officers, and making arrests (DHS, 2013). “As such, GIS is as much
associated with police accountability and the geographic allocation of police personnel as
it is with understanding crime spots (Ratcliffe, 2016, p.150).” Rather than replacing an
agency’s process of collecting and analyzing information, GIS simply enhances the
agency’s ability to use the data. GIS allows the user to make queries, analyze spatial
information, make corrections, add information, and present maps used as actionable
intelligence. Important to this process is the absolute need for good data quality and the
need for a complete suite of accurately reported attributes of the crime event or incident
(Ratcliffe, 2016, p.150). This allows the analysts to better manage the information by
filtering, deleting, or combining data to create significant analyses.
GIS is a key component in predictive policing. “Predictive policing is the use of analytical
techniques to identify promising targets for police intervention with the goal of preventing
crime, solving past crime, and identifying potential offenders and victims (Perry, McInnis,
Price, Smith, & Hollywood, 2013, p.1).” By applying advanced analytics to data sets with
various intervention models, law enforcement uses predictive policing to help “predict”
what and where criminal activity is likely to happen and allocate or deploy resources as
needed. Simply stated, predictive policing uses historical crime data to forecast future
crime, particularly in relation to geography. “Using models supported by prior crime and
environmental data to inform different kinds of interventions can help reduce the number
of crime incidents (NIJ, 2014).”
Over the last decade, social media has had a massive influence on society including law
enforcement, and its impact on crime prevention and awareness. “More than 90 percent
of U.S. police departments in cities with 10,000 residents or more have a website and
more than 80 percent of them use social media (Ratcliffe, 2016, p.152).” Social media
offers law enforcement direct ways to engage with the community by sharing critical
information and updates while receiving feedback about local concerns. This information
sharing has become extremely useful in incidents such as active shooters, traffic hazard
notifications, locate missing children, and informing the public about wanted criminals.
Social media can also assist first responders in getting critical information such as the
location to help persons injured or in danger.
With regard to utilizing technology to develop strategic intelligence, all of these resources
are extremely useful. GIS and predictive policing work together to help pinpoint high
crime areas and detecting crime patterns. This allows decision-makers to develop
strategic intelligence and to allocate resources to these specific locations to target and
mitigate criminal activity more effectively. This also helps in other aspects such as in
budgeting when these decision-makers must decide exactly what resources are needed
and their cost based on these crime spots and other areas of concern. Social media has
already proven useful in strategic planning. Agencies are recognizing the importance of
social media to collaborate with other agencies and keep the public informed of
impending concerns or crime patterns. This allows the community to better prepare
themselves when in these areas and inform law enforcement of criminal activity in
progress. Social media is also used by law enforcement to plan for events such as flash
mobs. Flash mobs generally organize through various media outlets to convene at a
predetermined time and location for a specific purpose, many times to commit acts of
robbery or shoplifting. By monitoring social media, law enforcement is able to allocate
resources to the location in a timely manner and potentially disrupt the criminal activity.
Overall, social media seems to be the most beneficial to intelligence-led policing. Nearly
everyone has some sort of social media, including criminals. Criminals, who are often not
the brightest individuals, many times like to brag about their crimes on social media.
Child pornographers and sexual predators use social media to find their next victim. A
prime example of law enforcement’s effective use of social media in the recent Capitol
Riot. By studying thousands of social media posts, law enforcement officials were able to
make hundreds of arrests for vandalism, assault, and other crimes.
From a biblical perspective, technology can certainly help criminals, especially those who
like to brag about their crimes and post pictures of them doing so. Proverbs 21:23 (KJV)
tells us, “Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from troubles.”
Unfortunately for them, many criminals can’t keep their mouths shut and their stupidity
comes back to bite them. By using this technology, law enforcement is often led to
discovering intelligence that can help them in strategic planning. In like manner, God
leads and teaches us in order that we may be prepared in end. Psalms 25:5 (KJV) tells
us, “Lead me in thy truth, and teach me: for thou art the God of my salvation; on thee do I
wait all the day.”
Reference
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). Geographical Information Systems and
Predictive
Policing Application Note. Retrieved
from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/GIS-Predictive-Policing-
AppN_0813-
508_0.pdf#:~:text=Geographic%20information%20system%20(GIS)%20tools%20display,
%20store,%20manage,,where%20and%20when%20crimes%20will%20most%20likely%
20occur.
National Institute of Justice. (2014). Overview of Predictive Policing. Retrieved from
https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/overview-predictive-policing.
Perry, W., McInnis, B., Price, C., Smith, S., and Hollywood, J. (2013). Predictive Policing:
The
Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND
Corporation, 2013. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR233.html.
Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Intelligence-Led Policing. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor, &
Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-315-71757-9.
Running head: DISCUSSION RESPONSE ON IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY 1
Discussion Response on Impact of Technology
Institutional Affiliation
Student’s Name
Date
DISCUSSION RESPONSE ON IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY 2
Response one
Hello Senicia, after a proper analysis of your discussion, I agree that the 3i model is used
in the police department analytic base to gather information by analyzing and understanding the
environment. The GIS is one of the 3i models, and it captures and analyzes geographical data. I
agree with you that it manipulates information and identifies threats early enough before they
cause harm. It indeed is the best tool for controlling crimes. It also allows communication
between police officers, making their work easy when solving crimes (Sui & Goodchild, 2011).
We can also say that GIS helps make the community a crime-free zone since crimes can be
detected early enough and prevented. The 3i model is a very beneficial technology in creating a
safe environment and identifying criminals before harming people.
In my perspective, I think that this technology allows them to be more severe with their
work since some work has been made easy for them through the detection of crimes before they
happen. It has made the officers put all their efforts to stop crime just as Colossians 3:23 says,
"whatever you do, work heartily, as for the Lord and not for men (KJV). Their work is now done
correctly to reduce crime rates and make their environment a safe place for everybodys stay.
Reference
Sui, D., & Goodchild, M. (2011). The convergence of GIIS and social media: challenges for GIS
science. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(11), 1737-1748.
The Holy Bible- KJV. Colossians 3:23.
DISCUSSION RESPONSE ON IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY 3
Response two
Hi Sterling, in your discussion, you have stated that technology has a significant impact
on law enforcement, which I completely agree with. I agree that GIS is associated with police
accountability and the geographic allocation of police officers after seeing and understanding
crime spots (Ratcliffe, 2016). GIS is used to manipulate data it obtains from the field and uses it
to create meaning out of it and identify potential crime or unlawful activities in the area. I would
not argue that GIS is the best model for reducing and preventing criminal activities by
identifying them early before they cause any harm to the people.
From a biblical perspective, I think that the technology we are using to help prevent
crime comes from Jesus. Luke 10:19 says, "Behold, I have given you the authority to tread on
serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy and nothing shall hurt you." (KJV).
In many ways, Jesus has given us the authority to fight against our enemies, for example,
murderers and thieves. That is why we have the technology to help police officers identify them
before they cause any harm to people.
References
Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Intelligence-Led Policing. 2nd ed. New York, NY. Routledge, Taylor, &
Francis Group.
