-Textbook: Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural and Open Systems Perspectives
(Paperback) 2007 by Scott, W. Richard / Davis, Gerald
-Forum Instructions and requirements are attached.
-From your readings this week, discuss the various types of network
organizations and how this can impact the environmental process. Some
environmental areas to consider can be through creating new
organizations, technological changes, ecological processes, and much
more.
3
Discussion
Board
Forum
3
From
your
readings
this
week,
discuss
the
various
types
of
network
organizations
and
how
this
can
impact
the
environmental
process.
Some
environmental
areas
to
consider
can
be
through
creating
new
organizations,
technological
changes,
ecological
processes,
and
much
more.
Your
replies
(two
required)
to
your
classmates'
thread(s)
must
be
substantive
in
nature.
*Please
review
the
Discussion
Board
Instructions
and
Rubric
prior
to
completing
this
assignment.
Your
thread
is
due
by
11:59
p.m.
(ET)
on
Thursday.
Your
replies
are
due
by
11:59
p.m.
(ET)
on
Sunday
of
Module/Week
6.
BUSI 735
DISCUSSION BOARD FORUM INSTRUCTIONS
Discussion Board Forums Modules 2, 4, 6, and 8 (130 Points Per DB)
Discussion boards are collaborative learning experiences. Therefore, the student will create a
thread in response to the provided prompt for each forum. Each thread must be 2,100-2,200
words (due by Thursday of each week) and demonstrate course-related knowledge. In addition
to the thread, the student will reply to the threads of at least 2 classmates. Each reply must be
600-700 words (due by the end of the respective module/week). Each initial thread must include
a mínimum of 7 sources in addition to the Bible, and peer replies must include the integration of
at least 3 peer-reviewed source citations and scripture, in current APA format, outlined in each
respective Discussion Board rubric. Each thread and reply must integrate at least 1 biblical
principle.
This course utilizes the Post-First feature in all Discussion Board Forums. This means you will
only be able to read and interact with your classmates’ threads after you have submitted your
thread in response to the provided prompt. For additional information on Post-First,
click here for a tutorial.
Note: Students will not be permitted to attach files within the forum posts, you can copy/paste
from any Word file. Formatting consideration is provided due to the editing feature in
Blackboard, but students must attempt the best APA format as possible.
For Discussion Board Forums 1–3 (Modules 2, 4, and 6), submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET)
on Thursday of the assigned module/week, and submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on
Sunday of the same module/week.
For Discussion Board Forum 4 (Module 8), submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday
of Module/Week 8, and submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday of the same
module/week.
1
Network Organizations
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation
2
Network Organizations
Network Organizations and Their Types
Network organizations are a collection of independent firms that behave as a single large
entity. These organizations use social mechanisms to coordinate and control their activities. The
entities that form network organizations are normally legally independent but not always
(Manning, 2017). Some entities can be wholly-owned subsidiaries or divisions within an
organization. Network organizations are classified according to the elements of their structure,
purpose, and process. They combine co-specialized and intangible assets that are controlled
through shared power. Joint ownership is vital in network organizations since it helps to integrate
assets and communicate effectively in an effective and supple manner. The organizations blend
market and entities and they lie between vertical incorporation and market disaggregation.
Besides, there are various network structures that include internal, dynamic, and stable. The
internal network structure is found in an organization that is based on the fundamental premise
that in case their interior units are uncovered by the competitors in the market, they will still
remain innovative a rise to obtain the entrepreneurial and market advantages without much
subcontracting (Vermeulen & Keskiner, 2017). On the other hand, stable network organizations
use outsourcing as a way to increase their elasticity in the value chain. The dynamic network
organizations are different from internal and stable networks since they make extensive use of
outsourcing as a way of supporting their operations.
Moreover, various ecologists and institutionalists have come out to challenge the
assumption underlying possibility that organizations can easily change their basic structures as
outlined by transaction costs analysts. According to ecologists and institutionalists, an
organization is an inertial structure and tough to change. They view the process of applying a
3
change to an organization as hard, rare, and hazardous to the feasibility of an organization. The
ecologists are concerned with birth, change, and death, which are the most revealing dependent
variable in organizations. The differences in organizations exist since different levels of attention
are given to the various external conditions (Scott & Davis, 2015). To give attention to all levels,
various models such as evolutionary models can be applied to all the levels. However, many
studies have been concentrated on population levels leading to less information on evolutionary
models. The organizational population is made up of all the entities that share general forms.
Besides, the main principle of the evolutionary models is to give an explanation of organizational
diversity. According to the models, diversity in organizations occurs partially since every
organization changes its features by adaptation over time. During the evolution of network
organizations, the environment differentially selects the organization for survival. The selection
is based on the fit between organizational systems and environmental features. There are various
processes that are highlighted in the evolutionary analysis, such as the formation of variety,
selecting some forms over the others, and retaining and diffusing the selected forms. Firstly, a
variety of organizations are created by a process that is planned or unplanned. In the next step,
organizations are formed by differential selection for survival. During the last stage of forming
organizations, some entities are preserved in some style either by reproduction or replication.
The ecological origin is based on an open model, and the significance of the environment,
natural structures are underlined. The bottom line for this system is the survival of organizations.
Environmental Areas and Impacts
One of the most important meanings of entrepreneurship is its connection with creating
new organizations. A few years ago, many people were engaged in starting new firms or
organizations. The idea of starting a new organization involves many steps such as planning,
4
purchasing facilities or equipment, and hiring workers. During the earlier days, the creation of
organizations was mainly focused on entrepreneurs' character and traits. The businesspersons
inspected their variables, such as an urge to achieve and risk-taking tendency (Meyer et al.,
2019). Recently, economists and sociologists' work give more focus to the essence of context
and the interpersonal work of founders. The economist and sociologists discovered that during
the opening of many organizations, there is no level playing field. Thus, various essential
differences are present in opportunity structures, and the key element is the capacity of a person
to take advantage of them. Research has noted that there are a variety of facets of context, such
as resources, knowledge, and networks. Networks are of great variety, but the multiplicity of
one's ties is critical since it intensifies access to information. Therefore, it vital to both strong and
weak ties. Knowledge is composed of personal and social variables, and they are affected by a
person's intelligence, job experiences, and availability of education. An organization's structure
is one of the substantial factors that influence decisions, communication, and overall
performance. Various evolutionary theorists acknowledge that the failure of the businesses was
due to wrong ideas. When opening a new organization, there are many false beginnings, and
dead-ends and hindrances occur frequently. Thus, other existing organizations take advantage of
and benefit from the innovative ideas of the first movers.
Technological Change
In most cases, organizations go through change through a slow and gradual incremental
model of evaluation. Most theories state that new organizations and populations use punctuated
equilibrium where they arise during periods of rapid, discontinuous change (Khotamov &
Avazov, 2020). Punctuated equilibrium states that the development of new technologies is the
reason why new types of organizations have developed. When there is a high technology, there is
5
a need for new services and products, leading to the creation of new industries. Researchers have
gone ahead to evaluate the difference between the two types of innovation. The first innovation
is one that destroys the competence of the existing participants, while the second is the one that
enhances them. In most cases, destructive innovation leads to the creation of new organizations
and industries.
An Analysis of Organizational Populations’ Concept
Organizational populations’ concept is used to evaluate aggregates of an organization that
seems to be alike. An instance of an organization that can be used to illustrate this concept is
institutions of higher learning. In the past, most organizations’ formations were defined
according to their generic structures. However, most scholars have suggested the best analog for
organizations is to define them using their blueprints that transform inputs into outputs.
However, other schoolers have disagreed with the concept and believe that the best way to
identify a population is possessing a form where specific time–and–space instances. In recent
years, there have been a lot of researches being done on how organization populations should be
defined. Most scholars have found problems with the best approach to defining the concept. One
of the approaches used to define organization populations is where the common-sense category
is applied, such as universities and hospitals. Another approach is where the organizational forms
are dynamic, and they change over time.
Most scholars have relied on the common-sense approach in defining a population. They
have discussed how most organizational forms are fixed due to their initial properties, and they
are likely to retain their original futures. Organizations that are developed at a given period are
likely to have similar features in their structures. They resist change, and they carry similar
features over time. Around the beginning of the twentieth century, most organizations were
6
developed based on their functional departments such as production, sales, and marketing,
engineering, and finance. Later on, firms began to embrace diversified strategies in their
structures. This changed their administrative decisions and the new form of organizations, and
this innovation was essential till today.
Ecological Processes
Ecologists have evaluated various types of organizational strategies that are used for
survival. The major one is a specialist strategy that exhibits little tolerance to environmental
variation. Besides, a generalist strategy ensures that an organization can thrive and reproduce
under different environmental conditions (Sullivan,Thomas & Rosano, 2018). Those
organizations using specialist strategy are smaller and leaner, and hence they are more likely to
be successful. In those originations using general strategy, they are able to ride out
environmental fluctuations and cope with other uncertain environments. However, the two
strategies are interrelated, where a successful organization that uses general strategy creates
conducing environments where specialist organizations coexist.
Regulative, Normative, And Cultural-Cognitive Aspects of Institutions
Institutions are composed of various elements such as normative, regulative, and cultural-
cognitive that provide stability to the daily social lives. Together with the associated activities
and resources, these elements are able to provide stability in an institution. When an institution
has a regulative system, it has systems of rules and governance (Zukauskaite, 2018). Through
these rules, an institution is able to have a mechanism that enhances the rule of law. As a
normative system, an institution is able to provide a moral framework that guides the conduct of
social life. In a normative system, behaviors are guided by a social obligation that the institution
has to others. The behaviors are internalized by the participants. An institution that has a cultural
7
cognitive system emphasizes both the mental constructs of individuals and commonly shared
meanings. Institutional ideas are mostly applied to analyze how organizations operate at the
intermediate levels and that effects beliefs, norms, and societal rules. The theories of rational
systems argue that organizations are capable of competing in the market place with technical
instruments and economic laws. Organizations are more rational than cultural principals.
Organization structures have developed and emerged to be vibrant in their organizing processes.
Diverse organizational populations have filled the market place with their constraining partners
who operate with institutionally developed frameworks of common meanings.
Personal Perspective
To gain momentum in the environment, most organizations are constantly changing. A
change in the environment in most cases requires all organizations operating in that environment
to change. Organizations have to change in terms of their strategy, structure, procedures, culture,
technology, and policies. When there is a change in technology, organizations should also come
together and create network organizations to enhance their survival strategy. A good example of
the importance of network organizations can be drawn from Corinthians 12:4-7 where it says,
“now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit; and there are varieties of service, but the
same Lord; and there are varieties of activities, but it is the same God who empowers them all in
everyone. To each is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good”. (Bible New
International Version). This versus emphasizes the need for unity and coming together to share
different gifts for mutual existence. The verses agree that each and every person can contribute
differently to ensures that life is easier for everyone. Thus, this is a clear indicator that each
organization requires unity so as to survive in the competitive market. Organizations should not
be proud but should come together to create a fortune. Furthermore, organizations should exist as
8
open systems that care about external environments and all competitors who are trying to be
better than them. They should know that they are likely to be affected by both external and
internal forces. Besides, organizations should develop work behaviors through social norms.
These social norms should further be cataloged into a manual by the institutions. These social
norms should be passed down to all members of the organization and act as the organization’s
procedures and rules to be followed. Also, organizations should focus on developing their
resources for their own benefits and others, such as shareholders, employees, and business
partners. By focusing on the benefits of others, organizations are able to thrive and partner with
others in the market to achieve greatness.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is evident that network organizations are a collection of independent
firms that behave as a single large entity. They are classified according to the elements of their
structure, purpose, and process. They combine co-specialized and intangible assets that are
controlled through shared power. They are different from internal and stable networks since they
make extensive use of outsourcing as a way of supporting their operations. During the evolution
of network organizations, the environment differentially selects the organization for survival.
The selection is based on the fit between organizational systems and environmental features. The
paper has also stated that networks are of great variety, but the multiplicity of one's ties is critical
since it intensifies access to information. Therefore, it vital to both strong and weak ties. Besides,
the paper has evaluated how network organizations impact the environmental process. The
analysis has been done critically by considering various factors such as technological change,
ecological process, and organization populations concept.
References
9
Khotamov, I., & Avazov, N. (2020). I digital innovation activities today and their types. Архив
научных исследований, (11).
Manning, S. (2017). The rise of project network organizations: Building core teams and flexible
partner pools for interorganizational projects. Research Policy, 46(8), 1399-1415.
Meyer, M., Kuusisto, J., Grant, K., De Silva, M., Flowers, S., & Choksy, U. (2019). Towards
new Triple Helix organisations? A comparative study of competence centres as
knowledge, consensus and innovation spaces. R&D Management, 49(4), 555-573.
Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open
systems perspectives. Routledge.
Sullivan, K., Thomas, S., & Rosano, M. (2018). Using industrial ecology and strategic
management concepts to pursue the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 174, 237-246.
Vermeulen, F., & Keskiner, E. (2017). Bonding or bridging? Professional network organizations
of second-generation Turks in the Netherlands and France. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 40(2), 301-320.
Zukauskaite, E. (2018). Variety of regional innovation systems and their institutional
characteristics. In New Avenues for Regional Innovation Systems-Theoretical Advances,
Empirical Cases and Policy Lessons (pp. 41-60). Springer, Cham.
1
Network Organizations
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation
2
Network Organizations
Network Organizations and Their Types
Network organizations are a collection of independent firms that behave as a single large
entity. These organizations use social mechanisms to coordinate and control their activities. The
entities that form network organizations are normally legally independent but not always
(Manning, 2017). Some entities can be wholly-owned subsidiaries or divisions within an
organization. Network organizations are classified according to the elements of their structure,
purpose, and process. They combine co-specialized and intangible assets that are controlled
through shared power. Joint ownership is vital in network organizations since it helps to integrate
assets and communicate effectively in an effective and supple manner. The organizations blend
market and entities and they lie between vertical incorporation and market disaggregation.
Besides, there are various network structures that include internal, dynamic, and stable. The
internal network structure is found in an organization that is based on the fundamental premise
that in case their interior units are uncovered by the competitors in the market, they will still
remain innovative a rise to obtain the entrepreneurial and market advantages without much
subcontracting (Vermeulen & Keskiner, 2017). On the other hand, stable network organizations
use outsourcing as a way to increase their elasticity in the value chain. The dynamic network
organizations are different from internal and stable networks since they make extensive use of
outsourcing as a way of supporting their operations.
Moreover, various ecologists and institutionalists have come out to challenge the
assumption underlying possibility that organizations can easily change their basic structures as
outlined by transaction costs analysts. According to ecologists and institutionalists, an
organization is an inertial structure and tough to change. They view the process of applying a
3
change to an organization as hard, rare, and hazardous to the feasibility of an organization. The
ecologists are concerned with birth, change, and death, which are the most revealing dependent
variable in organizations. The differences in organizations exist since different levels of attention
are given to the various external conditions (Scott & Davis, 2015). To give attention to all levels,
various models such as evolutionary models can be applied to all the levels. However, many
studies have been concentrated on population levels leading to less information on evolutionary
models. The organizational population is made up of all the entities that share general forms.
Besides, the main principle of the evolutionary models is to give an explanation of organizational
diversity. According to the models, diversity in organizations occurs partially since every
organization changes its features by adaptation over time. During the evolution of network
organizations, the environment differentially selects the organization for survival. The selection
is based on the fit between organizational systems and environmental features. There are various
processes that are highlighted in the evolutionary analysis, such as the formation of variety,
selecting some forms over the others, and retaining and diffusing the selected forms. Firstly, a
variety of organizations are created by a process that is planned or unplanned. In the next step,
organizations are formed by differential selection for survival. During the last stage of forming
organizations, some entities are preserved in some style either by reproduction or replication.
The ecological origin is based on an open model, and the significance of the environment,
natural structures are underlined. The bottom line for this system is the survival of organizations.
Environmental Areas and Impacts
One of the most important meanings of entrepreneurship is its connection with creating
new organizations. A few years ago, many people were engaged in starting new firms or
organizations. The idea of starting a new organization involves many steps such as planning,
4
purchasing facilities or equipment, and hiring workers. During the earlier days, the creation of
organizations was mainly focused on entrepreneurs' character and traits. The businesspersons
inspected their variables, such as an urge to achieve and risk-taking tendency (Meyer et al.,
2019). Recently, economists and sociologists' work give more focus to the essence of context
and the interpersonal work of founders. The economist and sociologists discovered that during
the opening of many organizations, there is no level playing field. Thus, various essential
differences are present in opportunity structures, and the key element is the capacity of a person
to take advantage of them. Research has noted that there are a variety of facets of context, such
as resources, knowledge, and networks. Networks are of great variety, but the multiplicity of
one's ties is critical since it intensifies access to information. Therefore, it vital to both strong and
weak ties. Knowledge is composed of personal and social variables, and they are affected by a
person's intelligence, job experiences, and availability of education. An organization's structure
is one of the substantial factors that influence decisions, communication, and overall
performance. Various evolutionary theorists acknowledge that the failure of the businesses was
due to wrong ideas. When opening a new organization, there are many false beginnings, and
dead-ends and hindrances occur frequently. Thus, other existing organizations take advantage of
and benefit from the innovative ideas of the first movers.
Technological Change
Technological change can be defined as the entire process of inventions and innovations.
It covers all research and processes of inventing new technologies and releasing them to the
market. It also involves all disruptions and convergence that ensures that emerging technologies
are diffused throughout the entire society. Thus, technological change is based on developing
better and more technology in society. In economics, both evolutionary and neoclassical
5
frameworks analyze technological change as a factor that changes cultural consumption. The
changes, especially in digital consumption, have multiple effects on individuals' preferences on
cultural consumption. Thus, technological change not only means more but also different. In
most cases, organizations go through technological change through a slow and gradual
incremental model of evaluation. Most theories state that new organizations and populations use
punctuated equilibrium where they arise during periods of rapid, discontinuous change
(Khotamov & Avazov, 2020). Punctuated equilibrium states that the development of new
technologies is the reason why new types of organizations have developed. When there is a high
technology, there is a need for new services and products, leading to the creation of new
industries. Researchers have gone ahead to evaluate the difference between the two types of
innovation. The first innovation is one that destroys the competence of the existing participants,
while the second is the one that enhances them. In most cases, destructive innovation leads to the
creation of new organizations and industries.
An Analysis of Organizational Populations’ Concept
Organizational populations’ concept is used to evaluate aggregates of an organization that
seems to be alike. An instance of an organization that can be used to illustrate this concept is
institutions of higher learning. In the past, most organizations’ formations were defined
according to their generic structures. However, most scholars have suggested the best analog for
organizations is to define them using their blueprints that transform inputs into outputs.
However, other schoolers have disagreed with the concept and believe that the best way to
identify a population is possessing a form where specific time–and–space instances. In recent
years, there have been a lot of researches being done on how organization populations should be
defined. Most scholars have found problems with the best approach to defining the concept. One
6
of the approaches used to define organization populations is where the common-sense category
is applied, such as universities and hospitals. Another approach is where the organizational forms
are dynamic, and they change over time.
Most scholars have relied on the common-sense approach in defining a population. They
have discussed how most organizational forms are fixed due to their initial properties, and they
are likely to retain their original futures. Organizations that are developed at a given period are
likely to have similar features in their structures. They resist change, and they carry similar
features over time. Around the beginning of the twentieth century, most organizations were
developed based on their functional departments such as production, sales, and marketing,
engineering, and finance. Later on, firms began to embrace diversified strategies in their
structures. This changed their administrative decisions and the new form of organizations, and
this innovation was essential till today.
Ecological Processes
Ecologists have evaluated various types of organizational strategies that are used for
survival. The major one is a specialist strategy that exhibits little tolerance to environmental
variation. Besides, a generalist strategy ensures that an organization can thrive and reproduce
under different environmental conditions (Sullivan,Thomas & Rosano, 2018). Those
organizations using specialist strategy are smaller and leaner, and hence they are more likely to
be successful. In those originations using general strategy, they are able to ride out
environmental fluctuations and cope with other uncertain environments. However, the two
strategies are interrelated, where a successful organization that uses general strategy creates
conducing environments where specialist organizations coexist.
Regulative, Normative, And Cultural-Cognitive Aspects of Institutions
7
Institutions are composed of various elements such as normative, regulative, and cultural-
cognitive that provide stability to the daily social lives. Together with the associated activities
and resources, these elements are able to provide stability in an institution. When an institution
has a regulative system, it has systems of rules and governance (Zukauskaite, 2018). Through
these rules, an institution is able to have a mechanism that enhances the rule of law. As a
normative system, an institution is able to provide a moral framework that guides the conduct of
social life. In a normative system, behaviors are guided by a social obligation that the institution
has to others. The behaviors are internalized by the participants. An institution that has a cultural
cognitive system emphasizes both the mental constructs of individuals and commonly shared
meanings. Institutional ideas are mostly applied to analyze how organizations operate at the
intermediate levels and that effects beliefs, norms, and societal rules. The theories of rational
systems argue that organizations are capable of competing in the market place with technical
instruments and economic laws. Organizations are more rational than cultural principals.
Organization structures have developed and emerged to be vibrant in their organizing processes.
Diverse organizational populations have filled the market place with their constraining partners
who operate with institutionally developed frameworks of common meanings.
Personal Perspective
To gain momentum in the environment, most organizations are constantly changing. A
change in the environment in most cases requires all organizations operating in that environment
to change. Organizations have to change in terms of their strategy, structure, procedures, culture,
technology, and policies. When there is a change in technology, organizations should also come
together and create network organizations to enhance their survival strategy. A good example of
the importance of network organizations can be drawn from Corinthians 12:4-7 where it says,
8
“now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit; and there are varieties of service, but the
same Lord; and there are varieties of activities, but it is the same God who empowers them all in
everyone. To each is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good”. (Bible New
International Version). This versus emphasizes the need for unity and coming together to share
different gifts for mutual existence. The verses agree that each and every person can contribute
differently to ensures that life is easier for everyone. Thus, this is a clear indicator that each
organization requires unity so as to survive in the competitive market. Organizations should not
be proud but should come together to create a fortune. Furthermore, organizations should exist as
open systems that care about external environments and all competitors who are trying to be
better than them. They should know that they are likely to be affected by both external and
internal forces. Besides, organizations should develop work behaviors through social norms.
These social norms should further be cataloged into a manual by the institutions. These social
norms should be passed down to all members of the organization and act as the organization’s
procedures and rules to be followed. Also, organizations should focus on developing their
resources for their own benefits and others, such as shareholders, employees, and business
partners. By focusing on the benefits of others, organizations are able to thrive and partner with
others in the market to achieve greatness.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is evident that network organizations are a collection of independent
firms that behave as a single large entity. They are classified according to the elements of their
structure, purpose, and process. They combine co-specialized and intangible assets that are
controlled through shared power. They are different from internal and stable networks since they
make extensive use of outsourcing as a way of supporting their operations. During the evolution
9
of network organizations, the environment differentially selects the organization for survival.
The selection is based on the fit between organizational systems and environmental features. The
paper has also stated that networks are of great variety, but the multiplicity of one's ties is critical
since it intensifies access to information. Therefore, it vital to both strong and weak ties. Besides,
the paper has evaluated how network organizations impact the environmental process. The
analysis has been done critically by considering various factors such as technological change,
ecological process, and organization populations concept.
10
References
Khotamov, I., & Avazov, N. (2020). I digital innovation activities today and their types. Архив
научных исследований, (11).
Manning, S. (2017). The rise of project network organizations: Building core teams and flexible
partner pools for interorganizational projects. Research Policy, 46(8), 1399-1415.
Meyer, M., Kuusisto, J., Grant, K., De Silva, M., Flowers, S., & Choksy, U. (2019). Towards
new Triple Helix organisations? A comparative study of competence centres as
knowledge, consensus and innovation spaces. R&D Management, 49(4), 555-573.
Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open
systems perspectives. Routledge.
Sullivan, K., Thomas, S., & Rosano, M. (2018). Using industrial ecology and strategic
management concepts to pursue the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 174, 237-246.
Vermeulen, F., & Keskiner, E. (2017). Bonding or bridging? Professional network organizations
of second-generation Turks in the Netherlands and France. Ethnic and Racial
Studies, 40(2), 301-320.
Zukauskaite, E. (2018). Variety of regional innovation systems and their institutional
characteristics. In New Avenues for Regional Innovation Systems-Theoretical Advances,
Empirical Cases and Policy Lessons (pp. 41-60). Springer, Cham.
