Running head: LACK OF DIVERSITY 1
Annotated Bibliography: Lack of Diversity in Staffing in US Hospitals
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
LACK OF DIVERSITY 2
Annotated Bibliography: Lack of Diversity in Staffing in US Hospitals
Aberg, J. A., Blankson, J., Marrazzo, J., & Adimora, A. A. (2017). Diversity in the US infectious
diseases workforce: challenges for women and underrepresented minorities. The Journal
of Infectious Diseases, 216(suppl_5), S606-S610.
The article examines the challenges that women and minority groups face in the US
workforce of infectious diseases. The four authors who undertook this research are
accomplished experts in the field of healthcare, particularly specializing in infectious
diseases; Dr. Judith A. Aberg is a professor of clinical medicine, Joel N. Blankson a
medical professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Jeanne Marrazzo an MD in
Birmingham, and Adaora Adimora an MD at UNC School of Medicine. Their level of
qualification in the field of infectious diseases is, therefore, unquestionable. The paper
determined that there is bias in the recruitment and promotion of physicians from
minority groups in the specialty of infectious diseases. It fits within the current research
since it will pave the way for better understanding of the issues that trigger this
underrepresentation, as well as shed light on the actions that can be taken to bring about
equal representation and balance.
The source is highly helpful, especially considering its narrow approach by focusing on
the context of infectious diseases. The findings will be important in shaping the literature
review for the ongoing research, and any gaps identified here will greatly determine the
studies to be conducted so that a better understanding of the topic can be achieved. There
is no doubt that this source is indispensable in this study.
Baptiste, M. (2015). Workplace discrimination: An additional stressor for internationally
educated nurses. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 20(3), 8.
LACK OF DIVERSITY 3
Baptiste Maria M is a professor of nursing at Newark. Her article explores issues of
discrimination that internationally educated nurses (IEN) face in the United States. Many
IENs have reported being discriminated against in the American healthcare settings, and
this jeopardizes their career progression and professional development. Considering that
the current topic focuses on lack of diversity in the staffing of US hospitals, this
discrimination is potentially one of the main factors that could be leading to the
underrepresentation of some of the minority groups.
The source is very helpful in the current study since it helps lay the foundation of the
differentials that exist in the staffing of US hospitals. Moreover, it is befitting for this
exploration since it narrowly focuses on the issue of discrimination of IENs. In the
literature review, it will be necessary to understand the other issues that could trigger a
lack of diversity in US hospital staffing, and this article presents one of the potential
factors.
Germack, H. D., McHugh, M. D., Sloane, D. M., & Aiken, L. H. (2017). US hospital
employment of foreign-educated nurses and patient experience: a cross-sectional
study. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 8(3), 26-35.
This article is closely related to the article by Baptiste discussed above, as it also focuses
on foreign-educated nurses. All four authors are PhDs specializing in different areas of
nursing. They are highly credible in matters of nursing. Their paper focuses on the
implications of foreign-educated nurses on patient outcomes in the US. Interestingly, they
found that hospitals that employ a high percentage of foreign-educated nurses are highly
likely to witness negative patience experiences than those that have low foreign-educated
nurses’ employment rates. This unique perspective is important in dissecting the current
LACK OF DIVERSITY 4
topic to understand whether these negative patient experiences could be jeopardizing the
possibility of a diverse workforce in US hospitals.
The source is helpful, but its focus is broad since it does not define the specific factors
that could be held liable for the negative patient experiences. It will be used to examine
the underlying problems with diversity, especially when it comes to foreign-educated
nurses. Comparisons will be made between hospitals with foreign-educated nurses and
those considered to have considerable diversity to see where the gaps are.
Oh, S. S., Galanter, J., Thakur, N., Pino-Yanes, M., Barcelo, N. E., White, M. J., ... & Borrell, L.
N. (2015). Diversity in clinical and biomedical research: a promise yet to be
fulfilled. PLoS medicine, 12(12), e1001918.
The authors of this article are medical professionals affiliated to the University of
California. The focus of the work is to examine the state of diversity in research,
particularly clinical and biomedical research. The authors determined that minority
groups are underrepresented in most of the research events. One of the possible reasons is
the corresponding underrepresentation of minorities in the teams conducting the research.
This is an interesting area because it is in line with the current topic that explores the lack
of diversity staffing in US hospitals.
Undoubtedly, the paper is useful in the current study since it has a unique focus on the
lack of diversity in research studies, which could be founded on the lack of diversity in
the teams conducting the research. It is, therefore, going to help the current study to
understand the possible reasons for the gaps. The article is narrow enough to allow a
more focused literature review.
LACK OF DIVERSITY 5
Richman, E. E., Ku, B. S., & Cole, A. G. (2019). Advocating for Underrepresented Applicants to
Psychiatry: Perspectives on Recruitment. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents'
Journal, 14(2), 2-4.
Conducted by three doctors of medicine, this study examines the issue of
underrepresentation of some groups in psychiatry departments in the United States. The
paper embraces a multifaceted approach by first examining the need for diversity,
barriers, and recommendations on the way forward. It is relevant in the context of the
current topic since it paves the way for a better understanding of the factors increasing
the lack of diversity in this field.
Richman, Ku, & Cole’s article is indispensable in the current research. This is because it
explores an important facet of the US healthcare landscape, and also narrows its scope to
the specialty area of psychiatry. The findings of their research will be examined and
discussed in the current study’s literature review since they fit perfectly into the debate.
Spetz, J. (2016). The nursing profession, diversity, and wages. Health Services Research, 51(2),
505.
Spetz is a Ph.D. at the University of California. The article argues that despite registered
nurses forming the largest group of healthcare professionals in the US, the profession has
one of the lowest levels of diversity. Spetz also examines the existing wage gaps in this
professional and finds worrying differentials. The source fits into the topic well as it will
provide useful insights into the reasons why diversity has been difficult to attain in the
domain of US healthcare.
The source supports current research in far-reaching ways as several deductions can be
made from its findings. The only weakness of the article is that it is quite broad, meaning
LACK OF DIVERSITY 6
that it will not provide insights into any specific area of the nursing profession. However,
this will not stop it from being resourceful when it comes to the literature review.
Valentine, P., Wynn, J., & McLean, D. (2016). Improving diversity in the health
professions. North Carolina Medical Journal, 77(2), 137-140.
The authors are professors of health sciences in various institutions. Their study focuses
on the strategies that can be used to improve diversity in various professions in the
domain of healthcare, particularly in the state of North Carolina. This is one of the most
relevant sources for the current topic because the recommendations provided will form
the crust of our study.
The source is helpful because it seeks to provide solutions to the issues. Furthermore, its
narrow focus on North Carolina means that the study was conducted with a considerable
level of specificity, and therefore the results are highly reliable. Most of the findings
provided here will be discussed in the literature review.
Wheeler, D. S., Dewan, M., Maxwell, A., Riley, C. L., & Stalets, E. L. (2018). Staffing and
workforce issues in the pediatric intensive care unit. Translational Pediatrics, 7(4), 275.
The authors of this article are pediatrics specialists based in the Department of Pediatrics,
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Their paper focuses on the lack of
diversity in pediatric critical care workforce and the kind of challenges that this brings
about. They argue that diversity can significantly improve the quality of care and patience
experiences. It is a highly relevant article for the topic since it focuses on diversity in one
of the critical care areas in healthcare, the ICU.
Without a doubt, the article is useful for current research. It has narrowed its scope to
pediatric critical care, and this is important for the current study’s literature review
LACK OF DIVERSITY 7
because it gives specific findings that can be compared to those collected from other
fields of healthcare for patterns and trends to be established.
LACK OF DIVERSITY 8
References
Aberg, J. A., Blankson, J., Marrazzo, J., & Adimora, A. A. (2017). Diversity in the US infectious
diseases workforce: challenges for women and underrepresented minorities. The Journal
of Infectious Diseases, 216(suppl_5), S606-S610.
Baptiste, M. (2015). Workplace discrimination: An additional stressor for internationally
educated nurses. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 20(3), 8.
Germack, H. D., McHugh, M. D., Sloane, D. M., & Aiken, L. H. (2017). US hospital
employment of foreign-educated nurses and patient experience: a cross-sectional
study. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 8(3), 26-35.
Oh, S. S., Galanter, J., Thakur, N., Pino-Yanes, M., Barcelo, N. E., White, M. J., ... & Borrell, L.
N. (2015). Diversity in clinical and biomedical research: a promise yet to be
fulfilled. PLoS medicine, 12(12), e1001918.
Richman, E. E., Ku, B. S., & Cole, A. G. (2019). Advocating for Underrepresented Applicants to
Psychiatry: Perspectives on Recruitment. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents'
Journal, 14(2), 2-4.
Spetz, J. (2016). The nursing profession, diversity, and wages. Health Services Research, 51(2),
505.
Valentine, P., Wynn, J., & McLean, D. (2016). Improving diversity in the health
professions. North Carolina Medical Journal, 77(2), 137-140.
Wheeler, D. S., Dewan, M., Maxwell, A., Riley, C. L., & Stalets, E. L. (2018). Staffing and
workforce issues in the pediatric intensive care unit. Translational Pediatrics, 7(4), 275.
Annotated Bibliography –
• The Annotated Bibliography for your previously approved research topic
must be submitted by!Sunday. You are reminded again to keep the paper
focused on the course subject matter of "Workforce Planning and
Employment” (i.e., staffing).
• Please review again the information about this assignment in the
Professor’s Improvement Suggestions document.
• The annotated bibliography should be a scholarly document of the highest
research standards and APA formatting.
• The instructions for the annotated bibliography include a title page/cover
page, body of paper, and reference list, with all pages double-spaced and
typed in 12-point Times New Roman fonts:
• The eight references required for this scholarly assignment must come
from peer-reviewed journal articles only –!no books, textbooks,
websites, dot.coms, dot.nets, magazines, newspapers, blogs, etc.
• This will require you to read, analyze and summarize scholarly, full-text
articles from the many peer-reviewed journals available through the Liberty
University online library.
▪Reminder: A scholarly journal is a research-oriented academic, peer-
reviewed publication with an editorial board that screens articles
according to the highest academic standards. There are tutorials
available about academic journals on the LU library’s webpage, for
example:!http://www.liberty.edu/library/defining-databases-and-
journals/!. Also, see the!Professor’s Improvement
Suggestions!document for additional information, and a!list of
prohibited sources. Your articles must come from current
publications – those published within the past five years (since
2014).
• graduate students are expected to follow the APA format with skill and
precision.
• Professor’s specific reminders/suggestions for the Annotated Bibliography
assignment--
▪Begin with a title page.
▪The body of the paper, or the main section, will consist of the
annotations for all eight articles.
▪Begin each annotation with a complete reference for the article, just
as it will appear on the reference list.
▪The annotation (short description) for each reference must answer
all of the following questions (at least two paragraphs total per
article):
▪Who is the author and how are they qualified?!
▪Reflection on the source and how it fits in the topic chosen to
research.
▪A comment on whether the source was helpful; Too broad or too
narrow?!
▪Explain how this research will fit into your Literature Review.
▪On a separate page following the narrative, provide a complete
reference list in the APA format.
Running Head: THE LACK OF DIVERSITY IN STAFFING IN MAJOR HOSPITALS IN
US 1
The lack of diversity in staffing in major hospitals in the US
THE LACK OF DIVERSITY IN STAFFING IN MAJOR HOSPITALS IN US 2
Workforce planning and Employment is abroad area that entails many technicalities.
One of the technicalities that are considered is the demography of America’s workforce and
staffing issues in the healthcare field. The demography of America’s workforce is diverse in
terms of gender, age, race, among other factors. However, there are biases in the recruitment
of staff in major hospitals in the United States. Preferences lead to lack of diversity in staffing
in these significant hospitals. The issue of diversity is a substantial concern in workforce
Planning and Employment. During the recruitment process, it is essential to recruit workers
from diverse cultures, gender, age, religion, and race (Noe et al., 2017). Diversification is
critical in Employment because people from various groups bring with them different experi-
ences and skills. However, it is notable that in major hospitals in the US, there is a lack of
diversity in staffing. Most of the employees in major hospitals belong to a particular race and
gender. There is a need to research the diversification in staffing in the major hospitals in the
US. A sample of hospitals will be considered to represent significant hospitals in the US. The
data collected from the sample hospitals will be analyzed to give a picture of staffing in the
major hospitals. A report of the findings made will assist in making the conclusions about di-
versity in staffing in selected hospitals. From the results, recommendations will be given to
help the workforce planners in making employment policies. The topic, lack of diversity in
staffing in major hospitals in the US has a relation to the course topic, Workforce Planning &
Employment. The issue of diversity is crucial in making employment policies (Heneman et
al., 2003). The health care sector is one of the areas where employees should be drawn from
diverse areas because they are dealing with people from different communities.
THE LACK OF DIVERSITY IN STAFFING IN MAJOR HOSPITALS IN US 3
References
Heneman, H. G., Judge, T., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. (2003). Staffing organizations. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2017). Human resource
management: Gaining a competitive advantage. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
BUSI 643
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY GRADING RUBRIC
Student:
Criteria
(40 Points)
Levels of Achievement
Content 70%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not present
Annotation
Content
(14 points)
14 to 13 points
A scholarly, complete discussion
of each of the 8 peer-reviewed
journal articles includes all of the
following:
•Who is the author and how are
they qualified?
•Reflection on the source and
how it fits in the topic chosen
to research.
•Comment on whether the
source helpful.
•Too broad or too narrow?
•Explain how this research
will fit into your Literature
Review.
12 points
A discussion of each of the 8 peer-
reviewed journal articles includes
most of the following:
•Who is the author and how are
they qualified?
•Reflection on the source and
how it fits in the topic chosen
to research.
•Comment on whether the
source helpful.
•Too broad or too narrow?
•Explain how this research will
fit into your Literature
Review.
11 to 1 points
Some of the following were missing
or incomplete; or were not provided
for 8 articles:
•Who is the author and how are
they qualified?
•Reflection on the source and
how it fits in the topic chosen to
research.
•Comment on whether the source
helpful.
•Too broad or too narrow?
•Explain how this research will
fit into your Literature Review.
0 points
The annotations were not
provided; or the directions for
the assignment were not
followed.
Eight articles from
peer-reviewed
journals
(14 points)
14 to 13 points
A scholarly review, discussion, and
annotation of each of the 8 articles
on the reference list is present.
Current scholarship is used
(articles are not more than 5 years
old).
12 points
A discussion and annotation of each
of the 8 articles on the reference list
is present.
Current scholarship is used most of
the time (1-2 articles were more
than 5 years old).
11 to 1 points
The discussion of sources on the
reference list was limited or
incomplete; one or more sources
were not discussed in the narrative;
current scholarship was not used
most of the time (more than 3
articles were more than 5 years old).
0 points
Sources were not articles from
peer-reviewed journals; or the
directions for the assignment
were not followed.
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BUSI 643
Structure 30%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not present
APA Formatting
(6 points)
6 points
An APA-formatted in-text citation
was provided for each reference at
the appropriate places in the
narrative. An APA-formatted
reference list was present. APA
headings were used to organize the
content.
No more than 2 APA errors were
present.
5 points
An in-text citation was provided for
each reference at the appropriate
places in the narrative. A reference
list was present. Headings were
used to organize the content.
3 – 6 APA errors were present.
4 to 1 points
In-text citations were missing or
contained errors; references were
missing or contained errors;
headings were missing or contained
errors.
More than 6 APA errors were
present.
0 points
The APA format was not used.
Spelling, Grammar
and Mechanics
(6 points)
6 points
The Annotated Bibliography
begins with a title/cover page and
was typed in 12-point Times New
Roman fonts on all pages; all
pages were double-spaced; 1-inch
margins on all four sides were
used.
Correct spelling and grammar
were present throughout.
Correct punctuation and spacing
were present throughout.
The paper was typed in a formal
style, and written in the third
person.
No more than 2 errors were
present.
5 points
Some errors with the title/cover
page, 12-point Times New Roman
fonts, double-spacing; or 1-inch
margins were present.
Some errors with spelling and/or
grammar were present.
Some errors with punctuation and
spacing were present.
Some errors with formal style and/
or third person were present.
3 – 6 errors were present.
4 to 1 points
Significant errors with the title/cover
page, 12-point Times New Roman
fonts, double-spacing; or 1-inch
margins were present.
Significant errors with spelling and/
or grammar were present.
Significant errors with punctuation
and spacing were present.
Significant errors with formal style
and/or third person were present.
More than 6 errors were present.
0 points
Errors with spelling, grammar,
and/or mechanics were so
pervasive that the readability
and level of scholarship of the
paper were substantially
reduced.
/40
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