BUSI 418
LEVELS OF EVIDENCE
Student Name: Megan Campbell Date: December 4, 2023
Title of Guideline: Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Preventative
Medication
Articles from your Literature Review
Assignment
Level of
Evidence
Identified in the
article
What Criteria Identified the
Research in this Article as the
Level of Evidence You
Selected (Method & Design)?
Biblical Integration or
Christian World View
Article 1 Title: Non-linear associations of
25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with
risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause
mortality: Results from The Health
Improvement Network (THIN) database
Purpose: The purpose was to show whether
the vitamins were doing more harm than good.
Results: The results from this article showed
that it may make you worse to take these
supplements.
Level: IV This article used a cohort study
and also observed large groups
of patients. The evidence was
well designed.
Our bodies are a temple
created by God. It is
important to watch what we
put in them, and do research
on if something may be
harmful to it. 1 Cointhians 3
talks about this, saying the
the spirit dwells in us, and
because God dwells in us if
we destroy our bodies we do
not bring honor to Him. (1
corinthians 3:16-17)
Therefore this research helps
us to know what we should
and should not put into our
bodies.
Article 2 Title: Vitamin and Mineral
Supplements in the Primary Prevention of
Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: An
Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the
Level: IV This artice had many different
methods. It used meta-analysis,
four different studies, including
a cohort study.
“Or do you not know that
your body is a temple of the
Holy Spirit within you,
whom you have from God?
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BUSI 418
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Purpose: The purpose for this article was to
show how researchers review the evidence of
potential benefits and harms in taking vitamins
and supplements.
Results: This artile showed that taking
vitamins and supplements did not lower the
risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer. It also
brought to light that beta carotene increased
individuals risk of getting lung cancer.
You are not your own,” (1
corinthians 6:19 ESV ) God
is ultimately in charge of
what happens to us, but we
honor Him by watching what
we put in our bodies. When
we do this He will reward us,
and doing the research on
what we are putting in our
bodies is essential.
Article 3 Title: Vitamin D and Calcium
Supplements: Helpful, Harmful, or Neutral for
Cardiovascular Risk?
Purpose: The purpose of this article was to
show that even with recent meta-analysis and
randomized trials, they failed to find a reason
to take supplements.
Results: The results of this article were that
there was no considerable change made when
taking supplements.
Level: I This was a meta-analysis study,
and used systemic reviews as a
guideline.
Romans 12 references our
bodies as living sacrafices for
God (Romans 12:1-2 ESV ). We
need to not let the world tell us
what we should and should not
put into our bodies. Ultimately
God is going to give us wisdom
when it comes to what we need.
Our bodies are also designed to
help us crave what we need in
our bodies. And naturally we
can find essential vitamins and
minerals in a lot of the foods we
eat, as well as vitamin D from
the sun.
Article 4 Title: Dietary and circulating
vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of
total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic
Level: II This was a well-designed
randomized controlled trial.
“Before I formed you in the
womb I knew you, and before
you were born I consecrated
you; I appointed you a
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BUSI 418
review and dose–response meta-analysis of
prospective observational studies.
Purpose: The purpose of this article showed
the opposite of the last three articles. I showed
that there could be a potential good influence
on those people who have or will get
cardiovascular disease.
Results: When taken in higher doses it was
shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular
disease.
prophet to the nations”
(Jeremiah 1:5 ESV ). God made
everyone different, and made
certain people able to
understand more than others.
This is a wonderful thing, as it
has helped us to futher
understand how to make
supplements to help benefit us
in many different ways. He has
a plan for everyone and
therefore it is important to
remember what we take is
beneficial to our health and well
being.
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References
1 corinthians 3:16-17 ESV - - Bible Gateway. (n.d.). https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%2BCorinthians%2B3%3A16-
17&version=ESV
1 corinthians 6:19 ESV - - Bible Gateway. (n.d.). https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%2BCorinthians
%2B6%3A19&version=ESV
Fortmann S, P., Burda B U., Senger C, A., Lin J, S., Whitlock E, P., (n.d.). Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention
of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
Annals of internal medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24217421/
Heravi, A. S., & Michos, E. D. (2019). Vitamin D and Calcium Supplements: Helpful, Harmful, or Neutral for Cardiovascular
Risk?. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal, 15(3), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-15-3-207
Jayedi, A., Rashidy-Pour, A., Parohan, M., Zargar, M. S., & Shab-Bidar, S. (2019). Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-
carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective
observational studies. Public health nutrition, 22(10), 1872–1887. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003725
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Jeremiah 1:5 ESV - - bible gateway. (n.d.). https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2B1%3A5&version=ESV
Romans 12:1-2 ESV - - Bible Gateway. (n.d.). https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2B12%3A1-
2&version=ESV
Zhang, R., Autier, P., Sachs, M. C., Anderson, J. L., Lutsey, P. L., Jorde, R., Swart, K. M. A., Scragg, R., Wang, T. J., Semba, R. D.,
Garland, C. F., Gaksch, M., Degerud, E., Zhu, K., Rejnmark, L., Manson, J. E., Crowe, F. L., Blak, B. T., Booth, N., & Maguire,
A. (2019, September 18). Non-linear associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with risk of cardiovascular disease
and all-cause mortality: Results from the Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076019303632
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