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Short Answer
Question 1
Consumer information plays a vital role in companies because it assists the firms to get a
realization of how the consumers behave online and explain the general demographics and
identity to enhance the customer experience (East et al., 2021). Therefore, one-way consumer
information is gathered for the marketing database, and they get paid, including the e-commerce
websites. In commerce websites or applications, consumers must register and input their
information, such as name, preferences, and address. The website gives them vouchers or a gift
on the first order they place. Nevertheless, there are other ways to take consumer information
without their knowledge. For example, when consumers have downloaded the mobile
application, they must put their data during registration. Also, other information will be collected
on their mobile device when they accept the terms and conditions allowing the application to
collect personal information. Most individuals are not always aware of the data being compiled.
Question 2
The World Wide Web is mainly confused with the internet, but they are two different
things. The World Wide Web (WWW), sometimes shortened as the web, is a collection of web
pages on the internet, while the internet is an excellent network of computers that are all linked
together. Therefore, the web has the advantage of being global because it allows everyone
worldwide to use the internet. The web-linked the world in a way that was not considered to be
possible before and thus, making it much more accessible for individuals to obtain information,
share and communicate. For instance, individuals can share their opinions, work, and videos with
others around the globe.
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On the other hand, the world wide web has a global problem. When the web is global, it
allows people worldwide to share their reasons, opinions, and blog. Therefore, creating a danger
of overload and excess information. This makes it difficult for the users to differentiate between
the truth and incorrect information.
Question 3
As explained by Richard Stallman and published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF),
the term free software explains it to software that confirms the end-users have the liberty to
utilize, hare, study, and change that program (O'Regan, 2018). therefore, free software, as the
term indicates, "free," does not relate to price but to freedom. Moreover, Stallman stated that
people are given different freedoms, including executing the software as they want for any
reason, learning how it operates, redistributing the copies, and distributing the copies of the
changed version.
One advantage of free software is that it encourages technological development because
it adjusts to any hardware. Also, the source code is independent and permits different groups to
work together to improve its product. The disadvantage of replacing copyright with copyleft is
that quality control can be at stake because, in copyleft, quality control is offered by the
community. When they are not active or do not understand programming, it will be challenging
to solve errors.
Question 4
The internet has become a standard part of individuals' life, and they are thus entitled to a
fundamental human right to life and liberty. Moreover, people can express their freedom of
speech and expression worldwide through the internet. Therefore, when they are denied access,
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they are denied their rights. Nevertheless, some violations of the right to access of internet can be
positive rights or negative rights. An example of a breach of the right to access the internet as a
negative right is when children under eighteen years are not allowed to access the internet and
view political or adult content. Nevertheless, they sometimes can access the restricted range,
especially when some websites do not offer suitable validations of age.
On the other hand, an example of a way to provide access to the internet as a positive
right is when learners are allowed to use the internet to aid them in their studies and learn new
things. The internet offers a variety of information that could help students learn and gain
knowledge from a different perspective of their courses.
Long Essay:
Question 5
Technological innovation came with significant benefits and disadvantages, which
resulted in some groups of people rejecting it and others accepting it. Luddite is a term used to
describe those individuals who oppose several types of modern technology because of the
consequences it brings to them, particularly in their careers (Lachney & Dotson, 2018).
Therefore, there are several criticisms concerning the Luddites. One of the major criticisms is
that technological advancement will decrease job opportunities since the Luddites are not always
interested in using technology and do not like to spend their time understanding or utilizing
modern science and technology. They tend to ignore the benefits of the technology and
concentrate on the destruction it causes, such as eliminating them in the work environment.
One of the arguments to support this criticism is that technological advancement will
make many people out of work. Therefore, for the people to safeguard their work, they will riot
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against the technology advancement claiming that it has significant impacts on people, the
environment, and society. Furthermore, for actions to be taken, they tend to riot against the
activity; for example, between 1811-1816, the United Kingdom individuals destroyed the mills
and factories to halt the societal and technological advancements that were eliminating a large
part of the career and jobs (Lachney & Dotson, 2018). Also, for nearly two hundred years, the
memory of the ferocious Luddite revolution has passed through the vital dramatic obstruction
sign to the industrial revolution.
On the other hand, the argument against the criticism is that technological advancement
will increase production and reduce production costs. Also, more careers will occur, allowing
people to concentrate on specialized savvy careers. As the cost of production decreases, the
factories will be competitive in the market. Also, although more traditional jobs are lost, more
are created on career opportunities. For example, new occupations such as programmers and
computer scientists are created.
Question 6
The advancement in technology has resulted in the emergence of the internet. Currently,
almost every part across the world has internet access, which has transformed many things. For
instance, changing the way people access information. Therefore, implementing a system that
can allow people to vote on the internet is among the big things that should be considered. This
proposal will have several advantages and disadvantages. The first advantage is that voting on
the internet will increase the results' speed. Because the votes will be cast and directly goes to the
voting database where results can be obtained. Another benefit of the proposal is to offer more
accuracy in capturing the votes. Therefore, there will be nothing like spoilt votes; other
advantages will include high voter turn and decreased cost of conducting an election because
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casting and counting of votes are automated. However, the disadvantages of the proposal
comprise security challenges because of the virus attacks and the likelihood of fraud (Al-Janabi
& Hamad, 2019). Another disadvantage is network failure which might lead to not all people
having the capacity to vote online.
When the proposal has succeeded and is adopted by the government, several things
should be considered to decrease the potential problems. The two features should be considered
in the system, including electronic signatures and unique codes for each voter (Al-Janabi &
Hamad, 2019). Electronic signatures will be vital for security purposes because they will aid in
eradicating fraud issues since one is required to vote only once. Similarly, the unique codes for
each voter are essential to ensure that they are the ones who voted and no one else used the
account of another person to vote. The voting methodology is critical because people should
recognize how to use the system and deliberate on all types of voters, such as disability and
accessibility.
Question 8
Electronic commerce systems are vulnerable to several privacy issues. The first one is
cross-site scripting. This privacy problem is an attack where the assailant injects malicious
executable scripts into the code of a reliable user or website. The assailant always starts a script
occurrence by sending a spiteful link to the target and lures them to click. Therefore, when the
website does not have the appropriate data sanitization, the spiteful link will run on the targets
system, leading to the vulnerability of obtaining the active session cookie. According to
Chaudhary & Gupta (2018), the rate of cross-site scripting has increased from seven percent to
10 percent in 2017. However, the attacks have been around for more than fifty websites in the
last ten years. There are different ways to decrease the impact of the problem by implementing
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security measures in the early website development process. For example, ensuring user input
validation is performed. Another way is to provide the output encoding is implemented.
Another privacy problem is SQL injection. This attack comprises a code injection
approach utilized to attack data-driven websites where despicable SQL statements are injected in
the entry area for them to be run. The procedure is performed to dump the database data to the
assailant. SQL injection comprised 51 percent of the cyber attacks on web systems in 2017.
Moreover, in 2012, Yahoo faced an SQL attack from a group of hackers called D33DS Company
which performed a data breach stealing more than four hundred thousand email addresses and
passwords (Thielman, 2016). The two ways of decreasing this attack's impact are by preparing
parameterized queries statements that ensure that the database can differentiate between code and
data. Another way is to utilize stored processes explained in the database and referred from the
website without accepting user inputs.
One appropriate trade-off of decreased privacy is to permit users to know more about the
company. Therefore, people will not get any records when the data is concealed. However,
through privacy improvement methods such as licensing and open profiling standards,
individuals can be safeguarded from third parties who may attempt to steal private data.
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References
Al-Janabi, S., & Hamad, N. (2019). Security of internet voting schemes: A survey.GREVISTA AUS
Journal, Special Issue, (26-2), 260-270.
Chaudhary, P., & Gupta, B. B. (2018). Plague of cross-site scripting on web applications: a
review, taxonomy, and challenges.GInternational Journal of Web-Based
Communities,G14(1), 64-93.
East, R., Singh, J., Wright, M., & Vanhuele, M. (2021).GConsumer behavior: Applications in
marketing. Sage.
Lachney, M., & Dotson, T. (2018). Epistemological Luddism: Reinvigorating a concept for
action in 21st century sociotechnical struggles.GSocial Epistemology,G32(4), 228-240.
O'Regan, G. (2018). Open-Source Software. InGThe Innovation in Computing CompanionG(pp.
209-212). Springer, Cham.
Thielman, S. (2016). Yahoo hack: 1bn accounts compromised by the biggest data breach in
history.GThe Guardian,G15, 2016.
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