METHODOLOGY ON INFLUENCE OF EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON
EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE IN MOI TEACHING AND REFERRAL HOSPITAL
ELDORET, KENYA
Research Design
This study employed a case study design is a type of research method that is used when
one wants to get information on the current status of a person or an object. It is used to
describe what is in existence in respect to conditions or variables that are found in a given
situation. Case studies are used in preliminary and exploratory studies to allow the study
to gather information, summarize, present and to be interpreted to follow with the need of
clarification (Mitchell, 2012). The case that was chosen in this study is MTRH in
Eldoret.This kind of research design applies in this study because the current situation in
the MTRH is the same as the nature of the defination of problem.
Target Population
According to Kombo & Tromp (2006), a population is a group of individuals, objects or
items from which samples are taken for measurements. Mugenda (2003) defines target
population as the population to which the researcher wants to generalize the results of a
study. The research targeted the population of 500 nurses and 30 Head of departments of
Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital from which a sample were selected. The nurses were
preferred by the researcher since they are the highest populated compared to employees
in other department and hence would provide a more accurate representation of the views
of the employee population.
Table Target population
Category Target population
HoD
30
Nurses
500
Total
530
Source: MTRH 2014
Sample size and sampling procedures
Sampling is that part of statistical practice which concerns the selection of individual
observations intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern, especially
for the purposes of statistical inference (Ghoshi, 2002). Sampling frame which has the
property that study can identify every single element and include any in the sample. The
most straight forward type of frame is a list of elements of the population preferably the
entire population with appropriate contact information. The sampling frame must be
representative of the population and this is a question outside the scope of statistical
theory demanding the judgment of experts in the particular subject matter being studied
(Kothari, 2006).
The study employed the Krejcie and Morgan formulae (1970) from where a total of 28
heads of departments and 217 nurses were sampled to form a total target population of
245 respondents. Krejcie and Morgan (1970) methods the following formula to determine
sampling size:
S = X2NP (1-P)/ d2 (N-1) + X2P(1-P)
S = required sample size
X2 = the table value of chi-square for one degree of freedom at the desired confidence
level
N = the population size
P = the population proportion (assumed to be .50 since this would provide the maximum
sample size)
d = the degree of accuracy expressed as a proportion (.05)
Table Sample size
Category Target Population Sample size
HoD
30 28
Nurses
500 217
Totals 530 245
Source: MTRH (2014)
Oso and Onen (2005) describe a sample as a part of a target population procedurally
selected to represent that population. In this study the sampling units are the individual
nursing employees who work at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital- Eldoret. A
sample of 217 respondents were selected by simple random sampling from a target
population of 500 nurses. Purposive sampling was used to select head of departments. the
28 head of departments participated in the study.
The Research Instruments
Questionnaires were the main data collection instrument due to the nature of data that is
required, the time available for the study and the objectives of the study. Mugenda (2003)
defines a questionnaire as a research instrument developed to address a specific objective,
research question or hypothesis. The questionnaire developed had both open ended and
closed ended type of questions. In this research, the questionnaires were used due to the
following reasons: the questionnaires allow the researcher to collect a large amount of
data within a relatively short period of time. Questionnaires are also less expensive than
many other data collection techniques, yet provide reliable results.
The questionnaires were divided into three sections to enable the researcher to capture the
necessary data required for the research. The first section dealt with the respondent‟s
demographics, in which they are required to indicate their age, gender, education level
and length of service. It is imperative that the questionnaire captured the respondent‟s
demographic features. The second section of the questionnaire dealt with the
independent. The third section dealt with the dependent.
Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments
Validity of Research instruments
Validity is the degree to which the research instruments measures what it is supposed to
measure (Gay, 1976, Mugenda and Mugenda (2003). Validity is the accuracy and
meaningfulness of inferences of the results. Therefore, validity refers to the extent to
which an instrument has to measure what it ought to measure accurately on the variables
of the study and produce data, which can be used to explain the phenomenon and give
meaningful inferences. This was done through careful examination of the content of the
test and removing from it all those elements that may prejudice participant‟s responses.
The researcher ensured the validity of the instruments by consulting supervisors, other
lecturers in the Department University of Nairobi and any recommended advice
emanating from these personnel were dully affected.
Reliability of Research instruments
According to Mugenda, and Mugenda (2003), Gay (1976) reliability is a measure of
degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results or data after repeated
trials. The reliability of the instruments was tested through a pilot study, which was
conducted at the Uasin Gishu district Hospital – Eldoret. The pilot study involved census
sampling of all the 16 nurses at the district hospital. The test-retest technique was
applied in the piloting i.e. questionnaires were administered and after two weeks the same
questionnaires were administered to the same. The Crombach‟s alpha scale was used
with reliability being taken for values above 0.5.
Data Collection Procedure
This refers to the series of events to be followed during the data collecting process .In this
research study, the researcher first booked appointments with all the staff in MT RH
before making a formal visit on the respective day of the appointment. The researcher
requested to be allowed to conduct the study in the Institution. Upon visiting, on the day
of the study, the researcher issued the questionnaire to the staff and students of the
institution. The respondents were guided on how to respond and were assured of
confidentiality after which they were given the questionnaires to fill.The researcher then
gave the respondents 30 minutes to fill the questionnaires after which the questionnaires
were collected upon completion. The researcher then assemble all the collected
information and appreciate the respondents before leaving.
Data Analysis Methods and Justification
The study adopted quantitative analysis in order to achieve the objectives of the study.
Inferential statistics were applied, in drawing conclusions and, in some cases, making
predictions about the properties of a population based on information obtained from a
sample. Inferential statistics are used to answer cause-and-effect questions, make
predictions and investigate differences between and among groups. However, inferential
statistics by themselves do not prove causality, thus such proof is always a function of a
given theory, and it is vital that such theory be clearly stated prior to using inferential
statistics.
Multiple regression analysis technique was used to determine the effect of independent
variables on the dependent variable, it was used to measures the relative influence of each
independent variable based on its covariance dependent variable and was useful in
forecasting. Usually, it is most appropriate when both the independent and dependent
variables are interval, though some social scientists also use regression on ordinal data.
Like correlation, regression analysis assumes that the relationship between variables is
linear (Bernard, 2006).
In its simplest form multiple regression analysis involves finding the best straight-line
relationship to explain how the variation in an outcome (or dependent) variable, Y,
depends on the variation in a predictor (or independent or explanatory) variable, X. Once
the relationship is estimated, it is possible to use the equation:
Y = b
0
+ b
1
X
1
+ b
2
X
2
+ b
3
X
3
+ b
4
X
4
+ e
Where
X
1
=
Salaries
X
2
=
Training of
employees X
3
=
Work
environment
X
4
=
Promotions
E= Error margin
Y= Employee performance
Operational Definition of Variables
To achieve the objectives of the study the researcher investigated influence of extrinsic
motivation on employee‟s performance in moi teaching and referral hospital Eldoret,
Kenya. The objectives of the study include the influence of; establish how salary
influence employee performance in Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, determine how
staff promotion influence employee performance in Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital,
establish how training influence employee performance in Moi Teaching and Referral
Hospital and examine how working environment influence employee performance in
Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. To achieve these objectives questionnaires were
used each with specific questions for each objective.
Table Operational Definition of Variables
Objective Variables Indicators Measurement
scale
Tools of
analysis
Types of
tools
To establish
the influence
of how salary
influence on
employee
performance
Dependent
Employee
performance
Independent
Salary and
other
- Increase
Job
Satisfaction
- Job
commitment
-improved
Nominal
Ordinal
Desciptive
statistics.
tables
Frequency
distribution
tables
in Moi
Teaching and
Referral
Hospital.
monetary
reword
performance
To determine
how staff
promotion
influence
employee
performance
in Moi
Teaching and
Referral
Hospital.
Dependent
Employee
performance
Independent
Employee
promotions
-Increased
trust
-level
performance
-increased
responsibility
Nominal
Ordinal
Descriptive
statistics
Tables
Frequency
distribution
tables
To establish
how training
influence
employee
performance
in Moi
Teaching and
Referral
Hospital.
Dependent
Employee
performance
Independent
Employee
training
- Number of
Staff
seminars and
workshops
Increased
Educational
leaves
Number of
Refresher
courses
Nominal
Ordinal
Desciptive
statistics.
tables
Frequency
distribution
tables
To examine
Dependent
- Work Nominal Desciptive Frequency
how working
environment
influence
employee
performance
in Moi
Teaching and
Referral
Hospital.
Employee
performance
Independent
Working
Environment
station.
-good
housing
Ordinal
statistics.
tables
distribution
tables
Ethical considerations.
Ethical issues are those issues pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of
morality of a study. The researcher agrees to comply with the following principles which
aim at protecting the dignity and privacy of every individual who, in the course of the
research work carried out under the project, were requested to provide personal or
commercially valuable information about him/herself or others (hereinafter referred to as
a subject of research)
Before an individual becomes a subject of research, he/she was notified of: the aims,
methods, anticipated benefits and potential hazards of the research; his/her right to
abstain from participation in the research and his/her right to terminate at any time his/her
participation; and the confidential nature of his/her replies.
No individual became a subject of research unless he/she is given the notice referred to in
the preceding paragraph and provides a freely given consent that he/she agrees to
participate. No pressure or inducement of any kind shall be applied to encourage an
individual to become a subject of research. The identity of individuals from whom
information is obtained in the course of the project shall be kept strictly confidential. At
the conclusion of the project, any information that reveals the identity of individuals who
were subjects of research were destroyed unless the individual concerned has consented
in writing to its inclusion beforehand.
No information revealing the identity of any individual were included in the final or in
any other communication prepared in the course of the project, unless the individual
concerned has consented in writing to its inclusion beforehand.
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