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The process of making choices among alternatives with the intention of moving toward
a desired state of affairs is known as ______.
decision making
Place the steps in the rational decision-making process in the correct order, with the first
step at the top.
-Evaluate the selected choice
-Select the choice with the highest value
-Choose the best decision process
-Identify problem or opportunity
-Discover or develop possible choices
-Implement the selected choice
1. Identify problem or opportunity
2. Choose the best decision process
3. Discover or develop possible choices
4. Select the choice with the highest value
5. Implement the selected choice
6. Evaluate the selected choice
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01:42
The tendency to define problems in terms of a preferred solution happens because
_____.
it provides comforting closure to an ambiguous problem
Which of the following are ways to improve the process of identifying problems and
opportunities? (Check all that apply.)
-Becoming aware of problem identification biases
-Discussing perceptions of the situation with colleagues or coworkers
-Creating a mindset that actively searches for problems and opportunities
______ is the idea that, in decision making, people are limited by their ability to process
information, their cognitive abilities, and the finite amount of time they have to make
decisions.
Bounded rationality
Joachim is the sales manager of a large car dealership. He wants to increase sales
significantly over the next 12 months, and he and his staff have brainstormed several
ideas to achieve this. Joachim now has to choose among these alternatives. Joachim is
involved in the process of ______.
decision making
Which of the following represents the first step in the rational decision making process?
Identify the problem or opportunity
The alternative that the decision maker prefers and that is used as a comparison with
other choices is referred to as the ______.
implicit favorite
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Xavier met with his supervisor to discuss a problem he was having with a coworker.
After listening for a few minutes, his supervisor said, "The problem is that you need to
stop taking things so personally." This is an example of which limitation in effective
problem identification?
Solution-focused problem identification
The old saying, "Close enough is good enough" is an example of ______.
satisficing
The mindset that is characterized by never being satisfied with current conditions no
matter how successful that situation may be is referred to as ___.
divine discontent
Emotions affect the evaluation of alternatives in the decision-making process in which of
the following ways?
-Emotions determine our preferences for each alternative before we consciously
evaluate them.
-We "listen in" on our emotions to gain guidance when making choices.
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01:42
The concept that decision makers process limited and imperfect information and rarely
select the best choice is referred to as ______.
bounded rationality
Intuition relies on programmed decision routines that speed up our responses to pattern
matches or mismatches. What term is used to describe these programmed routines?
Action scripts
Systematic thinking about alternative futures and what an organization should do to
anticipate and react to those environments is known as ______.
scenario planning
Which statements are erroneous assumptions made by the rational choice view?
-Decision makers evaluate all alternatives in an unbiased way.
-Decision makers can process the consequences of all alternatives.
-Decision makers can simultaneously process information about all alternatives.
When evaluating decisions, people often ignore or downplay the negative outcomes and
overemphasize the positive outcomes of the decision. This is known as ______.
confirmation bias
According to the rational choice paradigm, people choose the alternative with the
highest payoff or highest subjective expected utility. This is referred to as ______.
maximizing
The rational choice paradigm completely ignores the effect of ______ in human decision
making.
emotions
The ability to sense when a problem or opportunity exists and to select the best course
of action without conscious reasoning is referred to as _____.
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intuition
Thom is the marketing manager at a consumer products company. The expensive
advertising campaign he planned hasn't yielded the results he expected, but rather than
scrap it and try something else, he decides to invest more heavily in the campaign and
run ads in more publications. This is an example of ___.
escalation of commitment
Mercy Hospital has developed a detailed set of plans to safeguard patients, staff, and
hospital assets in the event of catastrophic situations, such as airplane crashes or terror
attacks. This is an example of ______.
scenario planning
True or false: Creativity helps us in the decision making process because it assists us in
visualizing the future and seeing the impact of our alternatives.
True
Tyler is a die-hard Iowa Hawkeyes football fan, and he just bought season's tickets. He
tells everyone about the games the Hawkeyes won but doesn't seem to acknowledge
the games they lost to some inferior opponents. This is an example of ______.
confirmation bias
You've been worrying about the topic for your final paper for days. Suddenly, you have
an "Aha!" moment, and you quickly jot down a quick outline before you lose the idea.
This is the ______ stage of the creative process model.
illumination
Which of the following statements about satisficing is true?
It is the act of choosing an alternative that is "good enough."
Creative people possess both practical and __________ intelligence.
cognitive
An organizational culture in which leaders recognize and accept reasonable mistakes
as part of the creative process is referred to as a(n) ________ orientation.
learning
Jacqueline is bidding against several other people on an item at an auction. She knows
the bid is already too high, but she's doesn't want to give up, so she keeps bidding. This
is an example of ______.
escalation of commitment
The human rule
Form a team of people with diverse knowledge
The ambiguity rule
Question and refine problems and solutions
The re-design rule
Review solutions that worked in the past
The tangible rule
Embrace a learning orientation by being willing to fail
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______ is the development of original ideas that make a socially recognized
contribution.
Creativity
Rank the following actions in terms of the level of employee involvement in
decision-making, placing the greatest level of employment involvement at the top.
1. Handing over the entire decision-making process to employees
2. Describing a problem and ask employees for recommendations
3. Asking individual employees for specific information relating to a problem
The stage in the creative process model in which we suddenly become aware of a
unique idea is known as
illumination/insight
True or false: Employee involvement serves to strengthen employee commitment to the
decision because they are involved in making the decision.
True
Characteristics of creative people include ______.
-cognitive and practical intelligence
-independent imagination
-persistence
People have a tendency to be more creative when they ______.
have a comfortable level of job security
Under which of the following circumstances would employee involvement in decision
making be preferable?
The problem relates to a nonprogrammed decision
Which rule for design thinking stresses the importance of building low-cost prototypes
as a rich form of communication?
The tangible rule
The degree to which employees influence how their work is organized and carried out is
known as:
employee involvement
Which of the following are benefits of employee involvement in the decision-making
process?
-It strengthens employee commitment to the decision.
-It increases the number and quality of solutions generated.
-It may improve the evaluation of alternatives.
Which of the following personality traits and values support an independent
imagination?
-Moderately low need for affiliation
-High openness to experience
Under which of the following circumstances should employees be involved in the
decision-making process?
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-If they possess more knowledge and experience than the supervisor
-If they are unwilling to accept a decision without their involvement
