BMIS 580
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COURSE PROJECT PHASE: LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS
OVERVIEW
This phase of the course project requires you to write a Literature Review. The literature review
must be at least 1,900 words of text (graphics, tables, etc. [non-textual items] can be inserted in
an APA-formatted appendix), contain a minimum of 10 peer-reviewed sources (scholarly journal
articles), follow current APA format, contain a title page, reference page, and an appendix
section if needed for non-textual items.
INSTRUCTIONS
Ideally a literature review must contain 3 main sections; however, for this course you only need
to focus on Section 1.
1. Tell what the research says (theory).
2. Tell how the research was carried out (methodology).
3. Tell what is missing, the “gap” that your research intends to fill.
Writing a literature review entails conducting research, but to be more specific it states the
following information.
Establishes a theoretical framework for your HCI problem/topic (subject area).
Defines key terms, definitions and terminology.
Identifies studies, models, case studies, etc. that support your problem/topic.
Defines/establishes your problem or area of study.
To conduct your research you will need to review related literature to your HCI IS problem. The
Jerry Falwell Library should be used to conduct your research along with this course textbook
and previous course textbooks. Your peer reviewed research must lead to an appropriate IS
solution to your problem and should answer the following question: what literature attempts to
solve my problem? Your literature review must contain the following sections with supporting
writing.
Introduction
Establishes a theoretical framework for your problem/topic (subject area)
o Briefly state the importance of IS.
Briefly re-state your Project Problem and Project Purpose that you wrote in Phase 1.
o Why do you need this?
Define any key terms, definitions, and terminology that the reader may need to know
before reading your literature review.
o It may be best to do this after writing the entire literature review.
Review of Literature
Tell me what the research says (theory) about your problem.
o Finding research about your problem defines/establishes your problem or area of
study (re-affirms that the problem does exist and why fixing this problem is
important)
o Identify any studies, models, case studies, etc. that support your problem/topic.
Conclusion/Results
State the literature that you found and why it attempts to solve your problem.
BMIS 580
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How can you use this literature to help you solve your problem?
Does the literature lead you to an appropriate IS solution for your problem?
Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.
Submit your assignment to the Turnitin Draft link to check for potential issues with plagiarism.
When you are ready, submit the final version of your assignment to the designated Turnitin
submission link.
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Literature Review: Human-Computer Interactions
Student's Name
Institution
Course
Tutor
Date
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Literature Review: Human-Computer Interactions
Information system plays an important role in human-computer interaction. It is the
medium by which humans and machines communicate and process requests. When designing
this medium, many factors have to be considered, including the needs of the people involved,
their skill levels, goals, environment, and cultural context, among others. Information systems
are of great importance in human-computer interaction (HCI). It is often assumed that
information systems facilitate communication between humans and machines, but it also
facilitates communication among people as well as other aspects of HCI, such as usability
assessment and interface design.
In this era of information technology, human-computer interaction plays an extremely
important role in our daily lives. As more people use computers and smartphones, HCI is
becoming an increasingly important field. For example, a human-computer interaction user
interface is how a user interacts with a device or application to take input from them, interpret
it and display results on the screen. A good user interface allows users to interact easily with
computers and applications, improving productivity and increasing satisfaction. Also, HCI
provides a multifaceted interface from the cognitive and design of the user activities to the
design of user interfaces to the management of information and devices. In recent years HCI
has experienced significant progress in increasing application domains and subjects as well as
techniques and tools. However, HCI remains a dichotomy between academic research and
practice. The current study, therefore, focuses on providing a solution to Craigslist's poorly
designed human-computer interaction to help improve accessibility and navigability that
enhances user experience.
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The HCI Process
Key Terms and Definition
Human-computer interaction and Interactive computing
Human-computer interaction is not the same as "interactive computing." Human-
computer interaction is a broader concept than interactive computing. The former is more
closely related to the study of how humans interact with computers and machines (including
mechanical devices) (HU, 2012). Interactive computing generally refers to techniques for
allowing users to interact with a computer using input devices, typically by entering
commands through some control device: a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, or other digital
systems, or in some cases, by issuing voice commands or touch gestures.
The review of the literature seeks to explain the current status of human-computer
interaction, analyze characteristics or attributes including efficiency, effectiveness,
satisfaction, and importance, and the type of usability attributes that were used during the
evaluation of versatile applications displayed in a variety of articles, and recommendations
and strategies for improving device design. The impact of this study on future usability
studies, as well as what lessons various researchers should consider when conducting
usability evaluations on portable devices and their apps, are also investigated.
Human-
computer
interaction
needs
Analysis Design
Implementation
and Deployment
Prototype
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Review of Literature
Human-computer interaction is a broad concept that involves many different aspects,
such as designing a good interaction model (e.g., using a desktop metaphor) that can make
the computer more efficient in completing its task (Croon, 2022). For example, the desktop
metaphor has limited functionality for users to search and manage files (Culen, 2015). HCI
emerged in the 1980s with the emergence of personal computing, just as machines, including
the IBM PC 5150, Apple Macintosh, and Commodore 64, began to appear in society-
changing numbers in homes and offices. For the first time, complex electronic devices such
as word processors, game consoles, and accountancy tools were offered to regular customers.
As a result of computers no longer being room-sized, expensive equipment designed solely
for professionals in specialized areas, the requirement for human-computer interaction that
was both simple and efficient for inexperienced users grew incredibly valuable. Additionally,
interface software such as Microsoft Word is based on an interaction model (e.g., basic
elements and their properties) that are not natural to the user's needs (Klumpp et al., 2019).
Nonetheless, as technological advances such as the Internet and smartphones proliferate,
computer use will shift away from the desktop and into the mobile environment.
Since the 1980s, there have been many books and texts on computer interaction,
human-computer interaction (HCI), human-friendly design, and new interfaces. An early
book on human-computer interaction is "The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design" by
Jef Raskin, published in 1987. The book explains the principles of graphical user interface
design in the context of information visualization (Hu, 2012). Raskin defined human-
computer interaction from a slightly different perspective. Still, his view is close to the
definition given by Alan Kay in his 1983 paper "Personal Dynamic Media": "Human-
computer interfaces" are the hardware and software that allow people and computers to talk
to each other (Hu, 2012). Computer hardware and software are not the only things that people
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speak of as "human-computer interfaces"; computer-mediated services such as transactional
databases (e.g., banking services), computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) systems,
and audio-visual data communication also qualify as human-computer interfaces (Jameson et
al., 2014).
The main goal of human-computer interaction is to improve users' performance by
designing the best and easy-to-use interface. This includes improving usability, accessibility,
acceptability, and learnability (Dix, 2017). The user interface design is an important area of
human-computer interaction that deals with how a device or application serves as a medium
between a user and the actual service provider. Jameson et al. (2014) study explores three
major points, namely how a device will work in terms of how it takes input from users and
outputs the information, how to make the computer or device feel like it works seamlessly
with its environment, and how to make humans learn more about the new interactive system.
Good interaction design can make people enjoy computers and improve their
professional productivity. It can also save a lot of money for companies by increasing
productivity, reducing errors and failure rates, and lowering the cost-of-service support
(Pitale & Bhumgara, 2019). At the beginning of the 20th century, research on human-
computer interaction mainly concentrated on identifying the best ways for humans to interact
with computers and how we can maximize the efficiency of human-computer interaction (Hu,
2012). More recent research focuses on how we can improve our life experience through
technology.
Another key HCI issue is that various users build various conceptions or frames of
reference regarding their encounters and acquire and retain skills and knowledge in varied
contexts. Cultural and racial differences can have a role. Another factor to consider when
studying or creating HCI is that user experience technology evolves quickly, opening up new
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interaction possibilities that past research conclusions may not apply to. Furthermore, user
preferences shift as they gain proficiency with new interfaces.
Human-computer interaction not only relates to computer software but also related with
hardware and application programs as well. The Internet, web browsers, and smartphones are
all part of human-computer interaction because they involve the use of computers (Croon,
2022). HCI aims to allow users to work efficiently and comfortably with computers. For
example, HCI has developed the concept of "direct manipulation" to improve user efficiency.
In direct manipulation interfaces, users can perform the desired tasks by pointing or clicking
directly at the objects they want with a computer mouse or trackball. This method, which was
first employed by the Xerox Alto computer in 1973, involves objects designed to be directly
manipulated by users (Kim & Ryu, 2014). This feature is popular with users nowadays and is
used in applications such as Apple's OS X and Microsoft's Windows Vista.
There are many different approaches to human-computer interaction design. It is
paramount to understand how people interact with computers to enhance human-computer
interaction through design (Hu, 2012). This can be achieved through the design of computers
and software (human-computer interaction). Still, to fully understand how people interact
with a computer, we must study the interaction of different human aspects (behavioral
psychology) (Culen, 2015). People's psychological factors are related to their personality,
strengths, and weaknesses. HCI is important for many tasks, such as word processing, email
editing, and online banking. To achieve good human-computer interaction in all applications,
we must understand how people think about these kinds of work and behavior in different
situations (Croon, 2022).
Designers must understand whether their user's needs are met clearly or not when
designing a good user interface and usability. People's needs and desires, as well as their
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sensory perceptions and cognitive abilities, are important factors. According to Van der Bijl-
Brouwer and Darst's (2017) study, it is possible to design user interfaces with the same
function, but different interfaces can have different styles. However, we still need to
understand why this happens. Designers should investigate what drives people's choices and
conduct many experiments to determine the key factor determining the users' decision-
making process (Reeves, 2015). This is for people who study human behavior in models that
look at how people think. Kim and Ryu (2014) established that it is also important for HCI
designers who design applications such as web browsers, word processors, or email programs
to better understand people's interactions with the computer.
The relationship between computer science and human-computer interaction was
irregular in the past. Computer scientists made strong use of computers and computers
without understanding people (Waddell et al., 2015). In recent decades, computer science has
developed rapidly in many fields. Today, human-computer interaction is one of them.
Human-computer interaction is a branch of computer science related to many other scientific
fields, such as artificial intelligence, mechanical engineering, and ergonomics. Human-
Computer Interaction (HCI) has two major streams: human factors (HFI) and human-centered
design (HCD). The discipline that focuses on studying how humans interact with computers
is called Human Factors and serves mainly as a research discipline within HCI.
There are clear distinctions between people and non-humans in the computer system
environment. Despite this, HCI makes every effort to guarantee that they get along and
engage productively. To create a viable system, one must apply their knowledge of humans
and technology and engage with potential users all throughout the design process.
A review of literature such as Croon's (2022) study, Hu's (2012), and Dix's (2017)
provide a rich starting point to solve Craigslist's human-computer interaction problem arising
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from the minimalist design the company adopted over the years. HCI is presently being
studied by a large number of big organizations and academic institutes. In a few instances,
computer software engineers have traditionally paid little consideration to computer usability.
Many computer users nowadays believe that computer manufacturers still do not prioritize
making their computers "user-friendly." Computer system developers, on the other hand, may
argue that machines are extraordinarily difficult items to design and manufacture and that the
desire for the capabilities that machines can deliver has always outpaced the desire for ease of
use. Croon's (2022) study will be pivotal in designing a good interactive model. Similarly,
Hu's (2012) study is critical to addressing current users' needs and developing a human-
friendly design. Also, Dix's (2017) study will help improve on usability, accessibility,
acceptability, and learnability of the entire Craigslist platform. The literature provides
human-computer interaction solutions to Craigslist's poorly designed HCI.
Inclusion, the review has established the difference between human-computer
interaction and interactive computing. The main difference between the two concepts is that
the human-computer interaction is a broader concept and encapsulates interactive computing
as well. The review equally indicates that the former is more closely related to the study of
how humans interact with computers and machines. Interactive computing generally refers to
techniques for allowing users to interact with a computer using input devices, typically by
entering commands through some control device: a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, or other
digital systems, or in some cases, by issuing voice commands or touch gestures.
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References
Culen, A. L. (2015). HCI education: Innovation, creativity and design thinking.
In International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions (pp. 125-
130).
Croon, A. (2022). Thinking with care in human-computer interaction. Feminist
Theory, 23(2), 232-246.
Dix, A. (2017). Human-computer interaction, foundations, and new paradigms. Journal of
Visual Languages & Computing, 42, 122-134.
Hu, B. (2012). Applications of Interaction Design on the Website interface design.
In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 468, pp. 378-381). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
Jameson, A., Berendt, B., Gabrielli, S., Cena, F., Gena, C., Vernero, F., & Reinecke, K.
(2014). Choice architecture for human-computer interaction. Foundations and Trends®
in Human-Computer Interaction, 7(1–2), 1-235.
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Kim, J., & Ryu, H. (2014). A design thinking rationality framework: Framing and solving
design problems in early concept generation. Human-Computer Interaction, 29(5-6),
516-553.
Klumpp, M., Hesenius, M., Meyer, O., Ruiner, C., & Gruhn, V. (2019). Production logistics
and human-computer interaction—state-of-the-art challenges and requirements for the
future. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105(9),
3691-3709.
Pitale, A., & Bhumgara, A. (2019, November). Human-Computer Interaction Strategies—
Designing the User Interface. In 2019 International Conference on Smart Systems and
Inventive Technology (ICSSIT) (pp. 752-758). IEEE.
Reeves, S. (2015, August). Human-computer interaction as science. In Proceedings of The
Fifth Decennial Aarhus Conference on Critical Alternatives (pp. 73-84).
Van der Bijl-Brouwer, M., & Dorst, K. (2017). Advancing the strategic impact of human-
centred design. Design Studies, 53, 1-23.
Waddell, T. F., Zhang, B., & Sundar, S. S. (2015). Human-computer interaction. The
International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication, 1-9.
