Comprehensive Virology Multiple Choice Question Set for Liberty
University
1. What is the basic structural unit of a virus called?
a) Cell
b) Virion
c) Bacterium
d) Prion
Answer: b) Virion
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical virus?
a) Capsid
b) Nucleic acid
c) Envelope
d) Ribosome
Answer: d) Ribosome
3. What type of nucleic acid is found in retroviruses?
a) Double-stranded DNA
b) Single-stranded DNA
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Single-stranded RNA
Answer: d) Single-stranded RNA
4. Which of the following is an example of an enveloped virus?
a) Adenovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Parvovirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
5. What is the process called when a virus enters a host cell?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Attachment
d) Adsorption
Answer: d) Adsorption
6. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Droplet transmission
b) Vector-borne transmission
c) Photosynthesis
d) Vertical transmission
Answer: c) Photosynthesis
7. What is the term for viruses that infect bacteria?
a) Bacteriophages
b) Mycophages
c) Virophages
d) Zoophages
Answer: a) Bacteriophages
8. Which virus family is responsible for the common cold?
a) Orthomyxoviridae
b) Rhinoviridae
c) Coronaviridae
d) Herpesviridae
Answer: b) Rhinoviridae
9. What is the primary function of a viral capsid?
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis
c) Protection of viral genome
d) Cell lysis
Answer: c) Protection of viral genome
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of prions?
a) Contain DNA
b) Contain RNA
c) Protein-only infectious agents
d) Have a viral envelope
Answer: c) Protein-only infectious agents
11. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Lysis
Answer: d) Lysis
12. Which of the following viruses uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
d) Rabies virus
Answer: c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
13. What is the term for a virus that can infect multiple species?
a) Polytropic virus
b) Monotropic virus
c) Zoonotic virus
d) Xenotropic virus
Answer: c) Zoonotic virus
14. Which of the following is NOT a way that viruses can evade the immune system?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Latency
c) Photosynthesis
d) Molecular mimicry
Answer: c) Photosynthesis
15. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into the host cell's genome
called?
a) Translation
b) Integration
c) Transcription
d) Replication
Answer: b) Integration
16. Which of the following is an example of a DNA virus?
a) Measles virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: c) Herpes simplex virus
17. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect plants?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Phytophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Phytophages
18. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral nucleic acid?
a) Double-stranded DNA
b) Single-stranded DNA
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Triple-stranded RNA
Answer: d) Triple-stranded RNA
19. What is the process of a virus entering a host cell by fusing with the cell membrane called?
a) Endocytosis
b) Exocytosis
c) Membrane fusion
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Membrane fusion
20. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral latency?
a) Continuous viral replication
b) Persistent symptoms
c) No production of infectious virus particles
d) Rapid cell lysis
Answer: c) No production of infectious virus particles
21. What is the term for genetic changes in viruses that occur over time?
a) Mutation
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
22. Which of the following is an example of a segmented virus?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Adenovirus
Answer: a) Influenza virus
23. What is the process of viral proteins being produced by host cell ribosomes called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: c) Translation
24. Which of the following is NOT a component of the viral envelope?
a) Lipids
b) Proteins
c) Glycoproteins
d) Nucleic acids
Answer: d) Nucleic acids
25. What is the term for viruses that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Mycophages
d) Virophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
26. Which of the following is an example of a retrovirus?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
d) Rabies virus
Answer: c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
27. What is the process of viral genome replication called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Integration
d) Replication
Answer: d) Replication
28. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral entry into host cells?
a) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
b) Membrane fusion
c) Direct penetration
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
29. What is the term for viruses that infect fungi?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Mycophages
d) Phytophages
Answer: c) Mycophages
30. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral capsids?
a) Made of lipids
b) Made of proteins
c) Made of carbohydrates
d) Made of nucleic acids
Answer: b) Made of proteins
31. What is the process of viral particles assembling within the host cell called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Assembly
32. Which of the following is an example of a non-enveloped virus?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Poliovirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: c) Poliovirus
33. What is the term for the ability of some viruses to infect multiple cell types?
a) Polytropic
b) Monotropic
c) Zoonotic
d) Xenotropic
Answer: a) Polytropic
34. Which of the following is NOT a step in the viral replication cycle?
a) Attachment
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
35. What is the process of viral genetic material being released from the capsid called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
36. Which of the following is an example of a virus that causes persistent infection?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Rhinovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
37. What is the term for viruses that infect other viruses?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Virophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Virophages
38. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Spherical
Answer: d) Spherical
39. What is the process of viral genetic material being transcribed into mRNA called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: b) Transcription
40. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope proteins?
a) They are always identical to host cell proteins
b) They are never glycosylated
c) They can serve as antigens
d) They are always encoded by the host cell genome
Answer: c) They can serve as antigens
41. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect animals?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Phytophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Zoophages
42. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense RNA genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
43. What is the process of viral genetic reassortment called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: b) Antigenic shift
44. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral envelope proteins?
a) Receptor binding
b) Membrane fusion
c) Immune evasion
d) DNA replication
Answer: d) DNA replication
45. What is the term for viruses that can only replicate in actively dividing cells?
a) Lytic viruses
b) Lysogenic viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Cytolytic viruses
Answer: c) Oncogenic viruses
46. Which of the following is an example of a virus that causes latent infection?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis A virus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Herpes simplex virus
47. What is the process of viral genetic recombination called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Reassortment
Answer: d) Reassortment
48. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral genome replication?
a) Rolling circle replication
b) Semiconservative replication
c) Reverse transcription
d) Photosynthetic replication
Answer: d) Photosynthetic replication
49. What is the term for viruses that can integrate their genetic material into the host cell
genome?
a) Lytic viruses
b) Lysogenic viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Cytolytic viruses
Answer: b) Lysogenic viruses
50. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral capsid proteins?
a) They are always glycosylated
b) They are encoded by the host cell genome
c) They are self-assembling
d) They are made of lipids
Answer: c) They are self-assembling
51. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell without cell lysis
called?
a) Budding
b) Exocytosis
c) Endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: a) Budding
52. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a double-stranded RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Rotavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: c) Rotavirus
53. What is the term for the ability of some viruses to infect only one type of cell?
a) Polytropic
b) Monotropic
c) Zoonotic
d) Xenotropic
Answer: b) Monotropic
54. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral infection?
a) Acute infection
b) Chronic infection
c) Latent infection
d) Photosynthetic infection
Answer: d) Photosynthetic infection
55. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
called?
a) Integration
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Integration
56. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lysogenic cycle?
a) Influenza virus
b) Bacteriophage lambda
c) Poliovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Bacteriophage lambda
57. What is the term for viruses that can cause cancer?
a) Lytic viruses
b) Lysogenic viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Cytolytic viruses
Answer: c) Oncogenic viruses
58. Which of the following is NOT a component of a viral genome?
a) DNA
b) RNA
c) Proteins
d) Nucleotides
Answer: c) Proteins
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
59. What is the process of viral genetic material being packaged into capsids called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Assembly
d) Encapsidation
Answer: d) Encapsidation
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of viral envelope lipids?
a) They are always identical to host cell lipids
b) They are encoded by the viral genome
c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
d) They are synthesized by the virus
Answer: c) They are acquired from the host cell membrane
61. What is the term for viruses that infect and kill bacteria?
a) Bactericidal viruses
b) Bacteriostatic viruses
c) Bacteriophages
d) Bacterial viruses
Answer: c) Bacteriophages
62. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a positive-sense RNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Rabies virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Hepatitis C virus
63. What is the process of minor genetic changes in viruses over time called?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Antigenic shift
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
Answer: a) Antigenic drift
64. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
a) Fecal-oral route
b) Respiratory droplets
c) Vector-borne transmission
d) Photosynthetic transmission
Answer: d) Photosynthetic transmission
65. What is the term for viruses that primarily infect single-celled organisms?
a) Zoophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Protistophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: c) Protistophages
66. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Herpes simplex virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Influenza virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: c) Influenza virus
67. What is the process of viral proteins being modified after translation called?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Post-translational modification
d) Integration
Answer: c) Post-translational modification
68. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome organization?
a) Linear
b) Circular
c) Segmented
d) Spiral
Answer: d) Spiral
69. What is the term for viruses that can infect multiple species but replicate in only one?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: d) Xenotropic viruses
70. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Adenovirus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: c) Adenovirus
71. What is the process of viral particles entering the host cell through endocytosis called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Direct penetration
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
72. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication?
a) Dependence on host cell machinery
b) Production of viral proteins
c) Synthesis of viral nucleic acids
d) Independent energy production
Answer: d) Independent energy production
73. What is the term for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?
a) Zoonotic viruses
b) Arboviruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Lysogenic viruses
Answer: b) Arboviruses
74. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a single-stranded DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Human papillomavirus
Answer: b) Parvovirus
75. What is the process of viral genetic material being released into the host cell cytoplasm
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Lysis
Answer: c) Uncoating
76. Which of the following is NOT a method of viral immune evasion?
a) Antigenic drift
b) Molecular mimicry
c) Interferon antagonism
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d) Photosynthesis
77. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in plants?
a) Phytopathogens
b) Zoophages
c) Bacteriophages
d) Mycophages
Answer: a) Phytopathogens
78. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses reverse transcriptase?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: b) Hepatitis B virus
79. What is the process of viral particles being released from the host cell by exocytosis called?
a) Budding
b) Lysis
c) Exocytosis
d) Endocytosis
Answer: c) Exocytosis
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral capsid symmetry?
a) Icosahedral
b) Helical
c) Complex
d) Cylindrical
Answer: d) Cylindrical
81. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in different types of host cells?
a) Polytropic viruses
b) Monotropic viruses
c) Amphotropic viruses
d) Xenotropic viruses
Answer: a) Polytropic viruses
82. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a negative-sense, segmented RNA
genome?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Rotavirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
83. What is the process of viral genetic material being synthesized into complementary strands
called?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Integration
Answer: a) Replication
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of viral nonstructural proteins?
a) Genome replication
b) Host cell modification
c) Immune evasion
d) Capsid formation
Answer: d) Capsid formation
85. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in multiple organ systems?
a) Systemic viruses
b) Localized viruses
c) Oncogenic viruses
d) Latent viruses
Answer: a) Systemic viruses
86. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses the lytic cycle?
a) Bacteriophage T4
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus
d) Hepatitis B virus
Answer: a) Bacteriophage T4
87. What is the process of viral genetic material being incorporated into host cell chromosomes
without integration called?
a) Episomal maintenance
b) Recombination
c) Reassortment
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Episomal maintenance
88. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral envelope glycoprotein?
a) Hemagglutinin
b) Neuraminidase
c) Fusion protein
d) Capsomere
Answer: d) Capsomere
89. What is the term for viruses that can infect and replicate in insect cells?
a) Arboviruses
b) Entomopathogenic viruses
c) Zoonotic viruses
d) Phytoviruses
Answer: b) Entomopathogenic viruses
90. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a circular DNA genome?
a) Adenovirus
b) Parvovirus
c) Papillomavirus
d) Herpes simplex virus
Answer: c) Papillomavirus
91. What is the process of viral proteins being degraded by host cell proteases called?
a) Proteolysis
b) Glycosylation
c) Phosphorylation
d) Ubiquitination
Answer: a) Proteolysis
92. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral persistence?
a) Long-term presence in the host
b) Evasion of immune responses
c) Continuous high-level replication
d) Minimal cytopathic effects
Answer: c) Continuous high-level replication
93. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in fungi?
a) Mycophages
b) Mycoviruses
c) Fungal viruses
d) Mycoviral pathogens
Answer: b) Mycoviruses
94. Which of the following is an example of a virus that uses cap-snatching?
a) Poliovirus
b) Influenza virus
c) Hepatitis C virus
d) Adenovirus
Answer: b) Influenza virus
95. What is the process of viral envelope proteins being inserted into host cell membranes
called?
a) Membrane fusion
b) Protein trafficking
c) Membrane insertion
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Membrane insertion
96. Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome replication strategy?
a) Conservative replication
b) Semiconservative replication
c) Rolling circle replication
d) Photosynthetic replication
Answer: d) Photosynthetic replication
97. What is the term for viruses that can cause disease in aquatic organisms?
a) Hydroviruses
b) Aquatic viruses
c) Marine viruses
d) Aquaviruses
Answer: c) Marine viruses
98. Which of the following is an example of a virus with a double-stranded DNA genome?
a) Influenza virus
b) Hepatitis C virus
c) Human papillomavirus
d) Rabies virus
Answer: c) Human papillomavirus
99. What is the process of viral particles attaching to specific receptors on the host cell surface
called?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Uncoating
d) Fusion
Answer: a) Adsorption
100. Which of the following is NOT a method of studying viruses?
a) Electron microscopy
b) Plaque assays
c) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
d) Photosynthetic analysis
Answer: d) Photosynthetic analysis
