Liberty University
Human Immune System and Response Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Questions with Answers
1. Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
a) Physical barriers
b) Phagocytes
c) Complement system
d) B lymphocytes
Answer: d) B lymphocytes
2. The first line of defense in the immune system is:
a) Antibodies
b) T cells
c) Physical barriers
d) Complement system
Answer: c) Physical barriers
3. Which of the following cells is NOT a type of phagocyte?
a) Neutrophils
b) Macrophages
c) Dendritic cells
d) Basophils
Answer: d) Basophils
4. The process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens is called:
a) Endocytosis
b) Exocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?
a) Opsonization
b) Cell lysis
c) Antibody production
d) Inflammation
Answer: c) Antibody production
6. Natural killer cells are part of which immune system?
a) Innate immune system
b) Adaptive immune system
c) Both innate and adaptive immune systems
d) Neither innate nor adaptive immune systems
Answer: a) Innate immune system
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
a) Helper T cells
b) Cytotoxic T cells
c) Regulatory T cells
d) Plasma T cells
Answer: d) Plasma T cells
8. Antibodies are produced by:
a) T cells
b) B cells
c) Macrophages
d) Neutrophils
Answer: b) B cells
9. The process by which B cells differentiate into plasma cells is called:
a) Activation
b) Proliferation
c) Differentiation
d) Maturation
Answer: c) Differentiation
10. Which of the following is NOT a class of antibody?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgF
d) IgM
Answer: c) IgF
11. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in:
a) Antigen presentation
b) Antibody production
c) Phagocytosis
d) Complement activation
Answer: a) Antigen presentation
12. Which of the following is NOT a cytokine?
a) Interferon
b) Interleukin
c) Tumor necrosis factor
d) Complement
Answer: d) Complement
13. The process of developing immunity to a pathogen after exposure or vaccination is called:
a) Passive immunity
b) Active immunity
c) Innate immunity
d) Adaptive immunity
Answer: b) Active immunity
14. Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
a) Vaccination
b) Previous infection
c) Maternal antibodies transferred to fetus
d) Memory B cell response
Answer: c) Maternal antibodies transferred to fetus
15. The thymus is primarily responsible for:
a) B cell maturation
b) T cell maturation
c) Antibody production
d) Phagocyte activation
Answer: b) T cell maturation
16. Which of the following is NOT a function of helper T cells?
a) Activation of B cells
b) Activation of cytotoxic T cells
c) Direct killing of infected cells
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Direct killing of infected cells
17. The process by which the immune system becomes tolerant to self-antigens is called:
a) Autoimmunity
b) Self-tolerance
c) Hypersensitivity
d) Immunodeficiency
Answer: b) Self-tolerance
18. Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease?
a) AIDS
b) Influenza
c) Rheumatoid arthritis
d) Common cold
Answer: c) Rheumatoid arthritis
19. Allergies are an example of:
a) Type I hypersensitivity
b) Type II hypersensitivity
c) Type III hypersensitivity
d) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: a) Type I hypersensitivity
20. Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for allergic reactions?
a) Neutrophils
b) Mast cells
c) Macrophages
d) T cells
Answer: b) Mast cells
21. The complement system is activated through which of the following pathways?
a) Classical pathway only
b) Alternative pathway only
c) Lectin pathway only
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
22. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferons?
a) Antiviral activity
b) Activation of NK cells
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
23. The process by which memory B cells rapidly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to an
antigen is called:
a) Primary response
b) Secondary response
c) Tertiary response
d) Quaternary response
Answer: b) Secondary response
24. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?
a) Specificity
b) Memory
c) Diversity
d) Immediate response
Answer: d) Immediate response
25. Herd immunity refers to:
a) Immunity in farm animals
b) Immunity in a large portion of a population
c) Immunity transferred from mother to child
d) Immunity acquired through vaccination
Answer: b) Immunity in a large portion of a population
26. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen-presenting cell?
a) Dendritic cells
b) Macrophages
c) B cells
d) Erythrocytes
Answer: d) Erythrocytes
27. The process by which T cells learn to distinguish self from non-self occurs in:
a) Bone marrow
b) Thymus
c) Spleen
d) Lymph nodes
Answer: b) Thymus
28. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?
a) Blood filtration
b) Antibody production
c) Red blood cell storage
d) Hormone secretion
Answer: d) Hormone secretion
29. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is primarily associated with:
a) Allergic reactions
b) Mucosal immunity
c) Neutralization of toxins
d) Complement activation
Answer: a) Allergic reactions
30. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Type I (immediate)
b) Type II (cytotoxic)
c) Type III (immune complex)
d) Type V (delayed)
Answer: d) Type V (delayed)
31. The process by which B cells undergo genetic rearrangement to produce diverse antibodies
is called:
a) Clonal selection
b) Somatic hypermutation
c) Affinity maturation
d) V(D)J recombination
Answer: d) V(D)J recombination
32. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of self-tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
33. The term "opsonization" refers to:
a) The process of antibody production
b) The coating of pathogens to enhance phagocytosis
c) The activation of complement system
d) The differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
Answer: b) The coating of pathogens to enhance phagocytosis
34. Which of the following is NOT a component of the lymphatic system?
a) Lymph nodes
b) Spleen
c) Thymus
d) Liver
Answer: d) Liver
35. The process by which lymphocytes exit blood vessels and enter lymphoid tissues is called:
a) Diapedesis
b) Extravasation
c) Homing
d) Margination
Answer: b) Extravasation
36. Which of the following cells is responsible for presenting antigens to CD4+ T cells?
a) CD8+ T cells
b) B cells
c) Neutrophils
d) Macrophages
Answer: d) Macrophages
37. The term "antigenic drift" is associated with:
a) Bacterial evolution
b) Viral mutation
c) Antibody diversification
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Viral mutation
38. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
a) Rapid response
b) Non-specific
c) No memory
d) Antigen-specific
Answer: d) Antigen-specific
39. The process by which B cells produce different antibody classes without changing antigen
specificity is called:
a) Class switching
b) Affinity maturation
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) V(D)J recombination
Answer: a) Class switching
40. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen presentation
b) T cell activation
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine secretion
Answer: c) Antibody production
41. The term "epitope" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) A specific part of an antigen recognized by antibodies
c) A class of antibodies
d) A type of cytokine
Answer: b) A specific part of an antigen recognized by antibodies
42. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)?
a) Toll-like receptors
b) NOD-like receptors
c) RIG-I-like receptors
d) T cell receptors
Answer: d) T cell receptors
43. The process by which neutrophils release DNA and proteins to trap pathogens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Degranulation
c) NETosis
d) Opsonization
Answer: c) NETosis
44. Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: d) Antigen presentation
45. The term "clonal selection" refers to:
a) The process of selecting the best antibodies
b) The proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes
c) The selection of T cells in the thymus
d) The process of selecting the most effective vaccines
Answer: b) The proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes
46. Which of the following is NOT a type of cytotoxic cell?
a) CD8+ T cells
b) Natural killer cells
c) Neutrophils
d) Eosinophils
Answer: c) Neutrophils
47. The process by which macrophages present antigens to T cells is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Opsonization
Answer: c) Antigen presentation
48. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of memory B cells?
a) Long-lived
b) Rapid response to antigen re-exposure
c) High-affinity antibody production
d) Ability to phagocytose pathogens
Answer: d) Ability to phagocytose pathogens
49. The term "central tolerance" refers to:
a) Tolerance induced in peripheral tissues
b) Tolerance induced in primary lymphoid organs
c) Tolerance to food antigens
d) Tolerance to commensal bacteria
Answer: b) Tolerance induced in primary lymphoid organs
50. Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines?
a) Cell signaling
b) Immune cell activation
c) Inflammation regulation
d) Antigen recognition
Answer: d) Antigen recognition
51. The process by which antibodies neutralize toxins is called:
a) Agglutination
b) Precipitation
c) Opsonization
d) Neutralization
Answer: d) Neutralization
52. Which of the following is NOT a type of T helper cell?
a) Th1
b) Th2
c) Th17
d) Th5
Answer: d) Th5
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
53. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of neural connection
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) The site of antibody production
d) The area where complement proteins are synthesized
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin in immunity?
a) Physical barrier
b) Production of antimicrobial peptides
c) Maintenance of commensal microbiota
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
55. The process by which T cells become activated upon encountering their specific antigen is
called:
a) T cell education
b) T cell selection
c) T cell priming
d) T cell tolerance
Answer: c) T cell priming
56. Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell?
a) Natural killer cells
b) ILC1
c) ILC2
d) Plasma cells
Answer: d) Plasma cells
57. The term "molecular mimicry" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
58. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon-gamma?
a) Macrophage activation
b) Increased MHC expression
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
Answer: d) Stimulation of antibody class switching
59. The process by which B cells internalize and process antigens is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Pinocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgM antibodies?
a) First antibody produced in primary response
b) Pentameric structure
c) Efficient at complement activation
d) Able to cross the placenta
Answer: d) Able to cross the placenta
61. The term "superantigen" refers to:
a) A highly potent vaccine
b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
c) A type of memory B cell
d) A highly effective antibody
Answer: b) A molecule that activates a large number of T cells non-specifically
62. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C3?
a) Opsonization
b) Inflammation
c) Membrane attack complex formation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
63. The process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf large particles is called:
a) Pinocytosis
b) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Phagocytosis
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Immediate hypersensitivity
b) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c) Immune complex hypersensitivity
d) Chronic hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Chronic hypersensitivity
65. The term "anergy" in immunology refers to:
a) Overactivation of immune cells
b) Lack of energy in immune cells
c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
d) Increased antibody production
Answer: c) Unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to antigens
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of regulatory T cells?
a) Suppression of autoimmune responses
b) Maintenance of peripheral tolerance
c) Inhibition of excessive immune responses
d) Direct killing of infected cells
Answer: d) Direct killing of infected cells
67. The process by which T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules is called:
a) Antigen processing
b) Antigen presentation
c) T cell activation
d) T cell restriction
Answer: d) T cell restriction
68. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
a) Faster than primary response
b) More robust than primary response
c) Involves memory cells
d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
Answer: d) Primarily produces IgM antibodies
69. The term "idiotype" refers to:
a) A type of white blood cell
b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
c) A class of cytokines
d) A type of T cell receptor
Answer: b) The unique antigen-binding site of an antibody
70. Which of the following is NOT a function of natural killer cells?
a) Killing virus-infected cells
b) Killing tumor cells
c) Antibody production
d) Cytokine production
Answer: c) Antibody production
71. The process by which B cells undergo mutations to produce higher affinity antibodies is
called:
a) V(D)J recombination
b) Class switching
c) Somatic hypermutation
d) Clonal selection
Answer: c) Somatic hypermutation
72. Which of the following is NOT a type of antigen?
a) T-dependent antigen
b) T-independent antigen
c) Superantigen
d) Autoantigen
Answer: c) Superantigen
73. The term "immune privilege" refers to:
a) Enhanced immune responses in certain tissues
b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
c) Immunity acquired through vaccination
d) Immunity transferred from mother to fetus
Answer: b) Reduced immune responses in certain tissues
74. Which of the following is NOT a function of IgA antibodies?
a) Mucosal immunity
b) Neutralization of pathogens
c) Complement activation
d) Protection of mucous membranes
Answer: c) Complement activation
75. The process by which macrophages become activated and increase their antimicrobial
activities is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Phagocytosis
c) Macrophage activation
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: c) Macrophage activation
76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
a) Lack of antigen-specific receptors
b) Rapid response to pathogens
c) Production of cytokines
d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
Answer: d) Ability to present antigens to T cells
77. The term "epitope spreading" is associated with:
a) Vaccine development
b) Autoimmune diseases
c) Antibody production
d) T cell selection
Answer: b) Autoimmune diseases
78. Which of the following is NOT a function of the thymus?
a) T cell maturation
b) Positive selection of T cells
c) Negative selection of T cells
d) B cell maturation
Answer: d) B cell maturation
79. The process by which antibodies bind to and neutralize viruses is called:
a) Opsonization
b) Agglutination
c) Neutralization
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Neutralization
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of pattern-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Interleukin-2
Answer: d) Interleukin-2
81. The term "immunological memory" refers to:
a) The ability to remember past infections
b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
c) The process of learning in the immune system
d) The storage of antibodies in the body
Answer: b) The long-lived cells that respond quickly to re-infection
82. Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?
a) Antigen capture
b) Antigen processing
c) Antigen presentation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
83. The process by which B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called:
a) Clonal expansion
b) Affinity maturation
c) Plasma cell differentiation
d) Class switching
Answer: c) Plasma cell differentiation
84. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
a) Most abundant antibody in serum
b) Able to cross the placenta
c) Involved in secondary immune responses
d) First antibody produced in primary response
Answer: d) First antibody produced in primary response
85. The term "danger signal" in immunology refers to:
a) A warning sign of infection
b) A molecule released by damaged cells
c) A type of cytokine
d) A signal for antibody production
Answer: b) A molecule released by damaged cells
86. Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in immunity?
a) Filtering blood for pathogens
b) Storing platelets and red blood cells
c) Initiating immune responses to blood-borne antigens
d) Producing bile for digestion
Answer: d) Producing bile for digestion
87. The process by which T cells become tolerant to self-antigens in the thymus is called:
a) Positive selection
b) Negative selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Negative selection
88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
a) Express CD8 co-receptor
b) Recognize antigens presented by MHC class I
c) Produce perforin and granzymes
d) Produce antibodies
Answer: d) Produce antibodies
89. The term "cross-reactivity" in immunology refers to:
a) The ability of an antibody to bind to multiple antigens
b) The interaction between T cells and B cells
c) The process of antibody class switching
d) The activation of complement system
Answer: a) The ability of an antibody to bind to multiple antigens
90. Which of the following is NOT a function of eosinophils?
a) Defense against parasites
b) Involvement in allergic reactions
c) Phagocytosis of bacteria
d) Release of cytotoxic granules
Answer: c) Phagocytosis of bacteria
91. The process by which antibodies bind to and clump together pathogens is called:
a) Precipitation
b) Neutralization
c) Agglutination
d) Opsonization
Answer: c) Agglutination
92. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a) Type I (immediate)
b) Type II (cytotoxic)
c) Type III (immune complex)
d) Type V (delayed)
Answer: d) Type V (delayed)
93. The term "immunodominance" refers to:
a) The most potent immune response
b) The strongest antibody
c) The preferential recognition of certain epitopes by the immune system
d) The dominance of T cells over B cells
Answer: c) The preferential recognition of certain epitopes by the immune system
94. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement C5a?
a) Chemotaxis
b) Mast cell degranulation
c) Increased vascular permeability
d) Antigen presentation
Answer: d) Antigen presentation
95. The process by which T cells recognize self-MHC molecules in the thymus is called:
a) Negative selection
b) Positive selection
c) Clonal deletion
d) Anergy induction
Answer: b) Positive selection
96. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgE antibodies?
a) Involved in allergic reactions
b) Binds to mast cells and basophils
c) Most abundant antibody in serum
d) Provides protection against parasites
Answer: c) Most abundant antibody in serum
97. The term "immunological synapse" refers to:
a) A type of antibody
b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
c) A region in the spleen
d) The site of antibody production
Answer: b) The junction between an antigen-presenting cell and a T cell
98. Which of the following is NOT a function of interferons?
a) Antiviral activity
b) Activation of NK cells
c) Inhibition of cell proliferation
d) Antibody production
Answer: d) Antibody production
99. The process by which B cells internalize antigen-antibody complexes is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Pinocytosis
c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d) Exocytosis
Answer: c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
100. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?
a) Rapid response
b) Non-specific
c) No immunological memory
d) Antigen-specific receptors
Answer: d) Antigen-specific receptors
