OT FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 3
Parallelism in Hebrew Poetry
1. Synonymous parallel- same thought
2. Antithetic parallel- opposite thought
3. Synthetic parallel- thoughts build
4. Exemplar parallel- thoughts build
5. External-internal parallel- balance
Fear of the lord= beginning of wisdom
Forms of wisdom= proverb, riddle, parable, analogy, song
Poetic Books 5, Job to Song of Solomon
Job (book for people in deep pain)
POC- Redeemer of Life
Who? Unknown
Where? Midian but everywhere
To suffering believers
Theme- Purpose of Suffering
1. of Job. God uses Job to teach Satan a lesson about the believer. In one day he losesAffliction
everything (family, wealth, health), and he fell down to worship. He rips off his robe and says he
came into world with nothing and he will leave nothing.
Friends could barely recognize him, sat on the floor for 7 days and 7 nights and no one said
anything- silence.
Friends gave him advice.
3. Alternative of - who argues suffering may be for purification, not always punishmentElihu
4. from God- God asks him over 100 questions and Job cannot answer any. So Job Answer
confesses ignorance and God rebukes Job’s friends.
5. of Job- Job said I despise myself and repent. So the reward was Atonement DOUBLE
material goods and same number of children. 7 bulls and 7 rams sacrificed, reward 7 more sons,
3 daughters, in heaven he will have double because there will be 20 kids total.
6. of resurrection- 2 allusionsAllusion
First allusion= if a man dies will he live again? I will wait for my renewal to come. You
will call and I will answer you
Second allusion= I know that my redeemer lives, and that in the end he will stand upon t
he earth. After my skin has been destroyed, yet in my flesh I will see God
Psalms
POC- Song of Praise
When? 1,000-year span from Moses to return from Exile
Who? Several writers including mostly David, at least 1 Moses
To whom? People of Israel
Where? Nation of Israel
Why? Hymns of praise and prayer, prophecies of Messiah
Messianic Psalms (all about Messiah coming to save us):
Birth of Lord chapter 2
Humiliation chapter 8
Deity chapter 45 and 110
Ministry chapter 69
Rejection chapter 118
Betrayal chapter 41
Crucifixion chapter 22
Resurrection chapter 16
Ascension chapter 68
High priestly ministry chapter 110
Second coming chapter 24
Millennial reign chapter 89
Proverbs
POC- Wisdom of God
Who- Solomon
Wisdom=obedience to God’s laws
Why? How to get through life on the planet, a teachers manual of wise sayings for living
Proverbs teach universal or general truths in a didactic form
Topics in Proverbs: family, wives, children, neighbors, rulers, sinners, and friends.
Ecclesiastes
POC: Purpose of Life
Who? , called which means teacherSolomon Qoheleht
Philosophy of Life-
Honest inquiry or philosophical quest
Meaning of life on earth “under the sun”
Search for truth and meaning:
A. Goads: intellectual Prods
B. Nails: fixed truths
C. One shepherd: Jehovah
D. Fear of God: beginning of wisdom
E. Judgment: meaning of life
Ecclesiastes was read at the feast of tabernacles when the whole nation was gathered at the
temple
“Vanity”- In Hebrew, - means vapor” or “breath”. Refers to the fleeting nature of human hebel
life.
Song of Solomon
POC: Lover of your Soul
Who? King Solomon
Where? Jerusalem
Kay warning: do not arouse or awaken love until it so desires
Characters:
A. Groom: Solomon
B. Bride: the shulamite
C. Daughters of Jerusalem: her friends
D. Watchmen: characters in her dream
E. Mother: Bathsheba
Illustration:
A. Christ: the shepherd
B. Bride: the church
C. Marriage: salvation
D. Marriage supper: second coming
E. King: Glorified Christ
The Song of Solomon was traditionally read at the feast of PASSOVER.
Books of Prophecy (Isaiah to Malachi)
OT Prophets theme: expectation for Christ
Meaning of prophecy:
A. Forthtell God’s message: PREACH
B. Foretell the future: PREDICT
Marks of a true prophet
A. Harmony with law of Moses
B. Authentications by miracle
C. 100% fulfillment of predictions
D. Spiritual discernment
Major Prophets (5):
Isaiah
POC- Prince of Peace
Who? Isaiah means “lord is salvation”
To whom: Judah (Southern Kingdom)
Where? Jerusalem
Critical view- multiple authors of Isaiah
Argument for author Isaiah and unityone
A. Key title= holy one of Israel
B. Dead sea scrolls
King Uzziah- died in 740 BC of old age and leprosy
Seraphim- 6 wings/angelic creatures “burning ones”
Isaiah- advisor to Hezekiah
Prophecies of Christ in Isaiah:
Virgin birth
great light in galilee
child ruler- “mighty god
rod and branch of Jesse- David’s father
ensign of the gentiles
victor at Armageddon
angel of the lord
forerunner prepares his way
incarnate God
servant of the lord
redeemer of Israel
light to gentiles
suffering servant
resurrected lord
coming king
Virgin birth prophecy:
A. messianic- prediction of the birth of Christ
B. non-messianic- refers only to the birth of a child in Isaiah’s day
C. dual-fulfillment- predicts both the birth of a child in Isaiah’s time and the future birth
of Christ
sign- miraculous sign oth:
behold- exclamatory interjectionhineh:
Virgin-almah used for an unmarried virgin girl, young virgin of marriable age
Bethulah- more common word for virgin, used for young widow
Shall conceive- harah
Behold the pregnant virgin- contradictory
Immanuel- god with us
This prediction can only refer to the virgin Mary, virgin mother of Jesus
Mighty God= El gibbor
The suffering savior, where Isaiah describes the crucifixion almost word for word
Vision of servant= lamb of sacrifice
Sprinkle with efficacious blood
Virgin birth of the servant- message rejected, person refused
No beauty or elegance does not look like king
Vicarious suffering of the servant, man of sorrows and suffering
Violent death of the servant: He died with the wicked, buried with the rich
Victorious resurrection of the servant: his days prolonged, seed justified
Jeremiah & Lamentations
POC- Righteous Branch
Who? Jeremiah the prophet
Where? Judah
To whom? Southern kingdom
Judah’s last 4 kings:
Josiah- last Godly king
Jehoahaz
Jehoiakim
Zedekiah- last king of Judah
Jerusalem destroyed 586 bc, Babylonian captivity 605-535 bc
Jeremiah: weeping prophet. Key prophecies:
A. 70 year captivity
B. Coming righteous branch
C. New covenant: new testament
Lamentations= fall of Jerusalem
Ezekiel “son of man”
POC- Glory of God
Who? Ezekiel prophet and priest
To whom? Jewish exiles in Babylon
Key issues:
A. shekinah glory: revelation of Gods presence with his people since the time of the
exodus
B. future temple: Israel’s millennial temple, not for new testament church nor eternity
where the lamb is the ultimate temple.
Restoration of Israel: 2 stages physical and spiritual
Leadership restored, land regained
Valley of dry bones
Invasion of gog and magog
Daniel
POC- The Messiah/ The anointed one
Who/ daiel, prophet and Hebrew captive
To whom? Captive Israel and Gentile world Powers
Where? Babylon
Nebuchadnezzar- son of nablopolasser invaded Judah in 605 BC, Daniel was taken captive in
605
Nebuchadnezzar dream- Daniel interprets it for him
Head of gold- Babylon
Arms of silver- media and Persia
Brass belly- Greece
Legs of iron- Rome
Feet of iron and clay- kingdom of antichrist
Lycanthropy- wolf man insanity
Nabonidus- son in law of Nebuchadnezzar married nitocris
Belshazzar- their son, he was co-regent with father Nabonidus. Forgotten by history BC he is #2
Nabonidus chronicle- inscribed is fact that he turns kingdom over to Belshazzar his co-regent
backs up bible
Cyrus cylinder- Babylon fell to Persia and Medes in 539 BC
Vision of 4 beasts
Winged Lion- Babylon
Lopsided Bear- media-persia
4 winged Leopard- Greece
10 horned monster- Rome
Little horn- antichrist
Vision of the 70 sevens, the 70 weeks of Daniel- prophecy that predicts when Jesus will come
The 70 seven- future, the 7 years of tribulation
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Views of estachology:
Pre-millennial: Christ returns before millennium
Post-millennial: Christ returns after milennium
a-millennial: no literal millennium
Daniel ends with hope of resurrection
At the end, Michael the arch angel will arise.
Minor Prophets (12):
Hosea- means salvation
Theme: undying love
Where? Northern kingdom
Prophet whose wife Gomer was unfaithful
Represents unfaithfulness of Israel
Wife put up in slave market for sale, no one willing to buy her, so Hosea her husband
buys her back for 15 pieces of silver, less than common slave, he says if you come back and be
faithful to me I will be faithful to you.
Key promise- Israel will live w no king, no sacrifice. David will become king and the land will
repent to God in the last days of history. God will eventually give them back.
Joel- Prophet of Judah.
Where? Southern kingdom
Theme: – God will send judgment If they do not repent.coming day of the Lord
Predicts plague to locusts that will eat all the crops and devastates everything. Then predicts the
plague of soldiers.
Key promise: gives us the promise of coming spirit of God in future.
Amos Shepherd- of Tekoa, fruit grower
Where? Cult center at bethel
Warn the wicked northern kingdom to repent- almost dies
Predicts judgment on Syria, Philistia, tyre, edom, ammon, moab
Predicts judgment on Israel- basket of supper fruits. Looks good on the outside, rotten on the
inside
Key warning: be prepared to meet God at any time
Key promise: Gilgal will be exiled and Bethel will be nothing. Seek God and live.
Obadiah- shortest book, 1 chapter
Where? Southern kingdom
Warns Edom- descendants of Esau, comforts Judah
Theme- that it will be brought down- enemies of Israeldoom of Edom
Key promise- as you have done, it will be done to you, your deeds will return upon your own
head
Jonah- means dove
Written to Israel
Where? Northern kingdom.
Why? Universality of salvation
Assyrians- original Middle Eastern terrorists feared and hated group. God tells Jonah to go to
Nineveh the capital of Assyria. He says in 40 days he will destroy it if they don’t repent.
Jonah runs away because he is PREJUDICE, he does not want them to repent and thinks they
deserve to die.
Nineveh is east and instead Jonah goes west. He gets on a boat to the Mediterranean, a storm
comes and he gets thrown overboard and swallowed up in a great fish.
In fish for 3 days 3 nights
Jonah prays to God, He hears and tells Jonah again go preach to Nineveh.
He preaches, Nineveh repents. Jonah complains and is mad.
So God made a vine grow overnight, worm chewed plant so it withered and made a scorching
east wind. Jonah was worried about the plant and God said I’m worried about the people.
Type: burial and resurrection of Christ – referred to as Jonah
Micah- contemporary of Isaiah
Why? Judgment and hope
Where? Northern and southern tribes
Prophecy: birth of messiah at Bethlehem in Micah 5:2
Theme- salvation
Outline of the book: judgment, hope, and then pardon on the Lord
Key promise- birth of messiah at Bethlehem who will rule over Israel
2 kings born in the bible in Bethlehem- David and Jesus, the rest born in Jerusalem
Nahum- means consolation- fall of ninevah
Warning that God will bring judgment on Assyria
Where? Southern kingdom
Why? Vindicate God’s judgment vs. Assyria- eventually destroy Nineveh, Babylon conquered it
Habakkuk- Judean prophet and priest
Warns that trouble is coming, predicts fall of Babylon if they do not repent, eventually fell to
Persians.
Why? Comfort Judah and condemn Babylon
Key promise: the “just” shall live by faith, salvation is based on faith
Zephaniah- great grandson of Hezekiah
Final call to revival for Judah the southern kingdom
Theme: judgment and restoration of Judah
Majority are doing wrong, god is calling minority to follow him
Post-exilic Prophets: (after Babylonian captivity)
Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
Haggai- contemporary of Zechariah
During Persian reign, encouraged them to rebuild the temple
Problem: glory of second temple never returned
It was built by zerubbabel and remodeled by Herod
Theme: finish the job
2nd temple stood longer than first temple, together they stood for 1,000 years
Zechariah- leader of the Levites- messianic minor prophet
Why? Prepare for the coming messiah
Prophecy- 8 visions, 4 messages, 2 burdens
Prophecies of Christ: branch, king-priest, lowly king
Predicts betrayal, crucifixion, smitten shepherd, second coming where Mount of Olives split
Theme: coming of Christ
Key promise: that they are going to reject this king, pierce and crucify Him but then will
eventually mourn Him and call upon Him.
Malachi- means messenger
Warning eventually a messenger will come to bring the people back to the lord.
Theme: is coming to announce the messiahElijah
Key promise- the days of Elijah- fulfilled in John the Baptist
Last verse- threat to strike the land with destruction/curse
