LIBERTY UNIVERSITY JOHN W. RAWLINGS SCHOOL OF DIVINITY
What is Apologetics and Why is it Important?
A Paper Submitted to
the Faculty of the School of Divinity
in Candidacy for the Degree of
Doctor of Education in Christian Leadership (Ed. D) Department of Christian Leadership and
Church Ministries
By
Mary Gracias
Lynchburg, Virginia
5/2022
What is Apologetics and Why is it Important?
What is Apologetics?
Is it the Defense of the faith?
Apologetics is the Science and Art of Christian Persuasion.
1. Apologetics is the Science and Art of Christian Persuasion
The Ethical context of Persuasion.
Most quoted verse about Apologetics, 1 Peter 3:15:
Always be prepared to give an (apologia) defense to everyone who asks you to give the
reason for the hope that you have.
What is the context of this verse?
1 Peter 3:8-17 is an ethical argument for how God’s people are to live life.
Finally, all of you, live in harmony with one another; be sympathetic, love as brothers, be
compassionate and humble. Do not repay evil with evil or insult with insult, but with blessing,
because to this you were called so that you may inherit a blessing. For, “Whoever would love life
and see good days must keep his tongue from evil and his lips from deceitful speech. He must
turn from evil and do good; he must seek peace and pursue it. For the eyes of the Lord are on
the righteous and his ears are attentive to their prayer, but the face of the Lord is against those
who do evil.” Who is going to harm you if you are eager to do good? But even if you should
suffer for what is right, you are blessed. “Do not fear what they fear; do not be frightened.” But
in your hearts set apart Christ as Lord. Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who
asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and
respect, keeping a clear conscience, so that those who speak maliciously against your good
behavior in Christ may be ashamed of their slander. It is better, if it is God’s will, to suffer for
doing good than for doing evil.
As disciples of Jesus we are called to an ethical and relational way of life and out of this
way of life to persuasively speak a word of truth.
It is not Christian Apologetics without this ethical way of life.
Burning a heretic vs. Reflecting Christ’s character.
2. Apologetics is the Science and Art of Christian Persuasion
The spectre of post-modernism frightens people from saying Christianity is true.
Many Evangelicals have taught that any attempt to persuade a non-believer is fruitless and
unbiblical.
The early Christians proclaimed the Gospel and they persuaded their contemporaries that it
was true and reasonable.
We are called to persuade others like Paul did. Acts 17 records:
As his custom was, Paul went into the synagogue and on three days he reasoned with
them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that the Christ had to suffer and rise from the
dead. “This Jesus I am proclaiming to you is the Christ,” he said. Some of the Jews were
persuaded and joined Paul and Silas, as did a large number of God-fearing Greeks and not a few
prominent women. (verses 2-4)
We will examine the Biblical Principles of Persuasion in some depth in the second half of
this lecture.
3. Apologetics is the Science and Art of Christian Persuasion
The Science of Apologetics is the systematic study of the academic disciplines which are
involved in apologetics.
To study and practice apologetics, we need to be good students and understand a large
body of knowledge. Apologetics is one branch of theological study which is interdisciplinary by
its very nature. The dialectic of spiritual growth in Apologetics: eagerness to grow and share our
faith, being confronted with things we don’t understand, honestly asking questions and a
zealous desire to learn.
Many Christian leaders shame individuals not to be honest about their questions.
Without understanding what we believe and why we believe it, our faith becomes brittle
and fragile: “Honest questions deserve honest answers.”
Virtually any aspect of human life can be turned into an argument for why Christianity is
true and reasonable.
4. Apologetics is the Science and Art of Christian Persuasion
What are the skills that are needed to communicate effectively with a non-believer?
The skill of a Christian apologist who debates atheists is comparable to the skill needed
in becoming an Olympic figure skater.
The four quadrants of learning any skill:
1. Unconsciously Incompetent
2. Consciously Incompetent
3. Consciously Competent
4. Unconsciously Competent
We need to have lay apologists, apologists in politics, apologists in media, apologists in
film, apologists in journalism, in law, in medicine and in all areas of academia.
What are the central elements of a Biblical model of persuasion?
A. Loving Relationships
With apologetics, we are to not merely protect our flock but we are to seek to win the
sheep that are helpless and harassed without a Shepherd. The Gospel of Matthew 9:35-38
relates how Jesus was confronted by the needs of the masses:
Jesus went through all the towns and villages, teaching in their synagogues, preaching the
good news of the kingdom and healing every disease and sickness. When he saw the crowds, he
had compassion on them, because they were harassed and helpless, like sheep without a
shepherd. Then he said to his disciples, “The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few. Ask the
Lord of the harvest, therefore, to send out workers into his harvest field.”
The individuals that Jesus responds to are not yet his disciples.
The Lord feels empathy and compassion in seeing unbelievers.
He tells his disciples to pray for workers, to pray for Spiritual Shepherds.
Augustine is attracted by Christian love and its way of life. Augustine recalls his mother’s
love for him and her confidence that he would one day turn to Christ. Bishop Ambrose’s
kindness and generosity softened Augustine’s heart toward the gospel.
B. Understanding
Jesus understood his audience and employed images that they understood. Paul sought to
proclaim, explain and defend the gospel (persuade) in a way that made sense in each separate
context. Understanding the person or audience one is addressing is the first essential step of
persuasion. To help individuals understand and respond to the Gospel, we need to first
understand them.
There are many different types of unbelievers:
Indifferent Unbelievers
Hostile Unbelievers
Curious Unbelievers
Sincere Unbelievers
Each requires a different response.
Roadblocks to faith
The path to faith is often littered with various roadblocks. An apologist who is seeking to
help someone come to faith must first identify the particular obstacles between that person
and a commitment of faith. These roadblocks might include various Alternatives to Christianity,
common Roadblocks to Christianity, and various Misconceptions about Christianity. Only after
understanding an individual or group, can an apologist possibly help remove such roadblocks.
Roadblock of Pride
The doorway to the truth is humility. If someone wants to enter they must humbly lower
their neck. When Augustine first examined Christianity, he rejected it, for it didn’t appeal to his
inflated pride.
Roadblock of Sin & Lust
Augustine explained: “for the space of nine years I lived a life in which I was seduced and
seducing, deceived and deceiving, the prey of various desires.”
Roadblock of False Beliefs
Augustine explained: “When I thought of you, I was not thinking of something firm and
solid. For it was not you yourself who were my God; my God was an empty fantasy, a creation of
my own error.”
Roadblock of False paths
Augustine began following the Manichean false teaching. Augustine writes “as I went
farther from the truth, I had the impression that I was drawing nearer to it.”
C. Relevance
Jesus taught the truth to people where they lived. Jesus spoke a distinct word to each
unique situation. He taught people the truth, rather than the truth to people. When the scribes
showed their lack of sincerity, Jesus responded by telling a parable that illustrated their hard
hearts. Mark writes: “They knew he had spoken the parable against them.” (Mark 12:12)
New Testament scholar Walter Hollenweger explains:
We find everywhere the same pattern: the starting point of Jesus’ evangelism is mostly
(although not always) a question, or the concrete situation of the people around him… New
Testament evangelism does not start from a proposition. It starts from a situation.
D. Identifying
The Apostle Paul is the primary example of one who, in his efforts to communicate,
identified with different audiences. In 1 Corinthians 9:19-22 he writes:
Though I am free and belong to no man, I make myself a slave to everyone, to win as many
as possible. To the Jews I become as a Jew, to win the Jews. To those under the law I became
like one under the law (though I myself am not under the law), so as to win those under the law.
To those not having the law I became like one not having the law (though I am not free from
God’s law but am under Christ’s law), so as to win those not having the law. To the weak I
became weak, to win the weak. I have become all things to all men so that by all means I might
save some.
Historian Henry Chadwick explains:
Paul’s genius as an apologist is his astonishing ability to reduce to an apparent vanishing
point the gulf between himself and his converts and yet to gain them for the Christian gospel.
E. Challenging individuals to sincerely seek the truth
Jesus promised “If anyone chooses to do God’s will, he will find out whether my teaching
comes from God of whether I speak on my own.” (John 7:17)
When Jesus sees Jerusalem he cries out:
O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets and stone those who are sent to you!
How often I would have gathered you children together as a hen gathers her brood under her
wings and you would not. (Matthew 23:37)
The Lord places blame on those who are not sincerely seeking the truth.
He condemns those who choose to not listen to and follow him.
Listen to what he says to his generation:
The Queen of the South will rise at the judgment with this generation and condemn it; for
she came from the ends of the earth to listen to Soloman’s wisdom, and now one greater than
Soloman is here. (Matthew 12:42)
The Bereans, after listening to Paul in Acts 17 are called “of more noble character” for they
responded to Paul’s message by “examining the Scriptures every day to see if what Paul was
saying was true”.
If you call out for insight and cry aloud for understanding and if you look for it as for silver
and search for it as for hidden treasure then you will understand the fear of the Lord and find
the knowledge of God. For the Lord gives wisdom (Proverbs 2:3-6a)
We see God’s sovereignty and human freedom side by side in the Scripture on this very
point.
In Acts 8:30-34 Philip is led by the Spirit to run along side the Eunuch chariot and then asks:
“Do you understand what you are reading?” “How can I,” the Eunuch answers, “unless someone
explains it to me?” So he invited Philip to come and sit with him… The Eunuch asked Philip, “Tell
me please, who is the prophet talking about?”
F. Deconstructive Apologetics
A destabilizing argument seeks to eliminate a false belief system or idea which someone
may hold. We see the apostle Paul engaged in this enterprise when he writes:
We demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of
God, and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ. (2 Corinthians 10:5)
Before a non-believer is willing to seriously consider the truth claims of Christianity, he
must be willing to leave his current worldview or explanation of the world. An unbeliever
becomes increasingly open to an alternative when shown that his world view does not
adequately explain the world. The word nihilation comes from Nihilism, the philosophical belief
that rejects the existence of meaning in the world. In essence, this process of destabilizing
someone’s worldview seeks to push someone toward nihilism. We see an example of nihilation
when Augustine observed one Christian Apologist who publically confronted the Manicheans in
open debate. Augustine recalls:
I had began to be disturbed by listening to a man called Elpidius who spoke and argued
openly against the Manichees and produced evidence from the Scripture which was not easy to
resist. And the answer which they (the Manichees) did give, seemed to me a very feeble one.
We need to identify various Alternatives to Christianity, the common Roadblocks to
Christianity, and the various Misconceptions about Christianity and begin a work of
deconstruction.
G. Positive Arguments on why Christianity is True
It is this area of positive argument and evidence that many think is apologetics. Only at this
point do arguments that show why Christianity is true and reasonable seem credible. A
consistent example in Acts of a repeated positive (why is Christianity true) argument are Paul’s
repeated speeches to the Jews explaining why Jesus was the Messiah of the Old Testament.
Augustine was eager to grow in his professional life as a professor of Rhetoric and went to listen
to Bishop Ambrose who was considered a great orator. He was stunned by what he heard:
As I opened my heart in order to recognize how eloquently he was speaking, it occurred to
me at the same time (though this idea came gradually) how truly he was speaking. First I began
to see that the points which he made were capable of being defended. I had thought that
nothing could be said for the Catholic faith in the face of the objections raised by the Manichees,
but it now appeared to me that this faith could be maintained on reasonable grounds.
