TRANSOXANIA or SAMARKAND
Transoxania is the region of Bukhara and Samarkand. Transoxania is a region located in
Central Asia, located around western China and Southern Russia and east of Afghanistan. In this
region there are two important cities that are the center of Islamic civilization, namely Samarkand
and Bukhara. 1. Samarkand Samarkand is located south of the As-Saghad river. The oldest
history of the city of Samarkand is mentioned in the news of the wars of Alexander the Great in
the East. In some records it is mentioned that the city of Samarkand was occupied several times
by Iskandar when he and his army fought against Spitamenes. However, according to the oldest
Arabic narrations, it was Alexander who founded the city of Samarkand. After 323 AD, the city
became part of a power centered in Bactria. After that, the city also established the kingdom of
Graeco-Bactrion (Bactria – Greece) during the time of Anthiochus II Theos. Since then, the
political and economic relations between Samarkand and Persia and China Textbook of the
History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 399 were cut off, although cultural relations still
continue. In Samarkand there is a famous tomb that is highly respected and visited by people,
namely the tomb of Qasim bin Abbas, who was
seen as the bringer of Islam to this country during the time of Caliph Uthman bin Affan.
In Samarkand there is also the tomb of a famous theological scholar, Abu Manshur Al-Marturidi,
who was a founding scholar of the Maturidiyah school, a supporter of Ahlus Sunnah. One of the
walisongo, namely Maulana Malik Ibrahim (died 1419 AD) is also said to have come from the
Samarkand area, because he came from the descendants of Ibrahim AsSamarkandi, who was
later known in Java as Ibrahim Asmarakandi. [11] 2. As for Bukhara is thought to have existed
before Islam, this city already existed when Iskandar Zulkarnain came there. Persian influence is
particularly prominent in ancient buildings. So is the influence of China. Before Islam came to
Bukhara, Buddhism was quite a lot. Repeatedly Muslims expanded into this Bukhara region, but
failed. In 204 AH / 819 AD Al-Makmun, the Caliph of the Abbasid Dynasty centered in Baghdad
handed over the affairs of the government of the Transoxanian state, especially Samarkand 400
|Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA and Bukhara to the family of Asad ibn Saman. Since then, these two
cities have been under the rule of the Samaniyan Dynasty. During the reign of the Samaniy,
Samarkand became a very prosperous area and its people lived prosperously, which can only be
compared to the reign of Timur Lenk and his descendants there, five hundred years later.
Although the capital moved to Bukhara, Samarkand rem
ains the most important city because it is a center of Islamic trade and culture. In the city
of Bukhara there is a tomb that is revered and is a place of pilgrimage for Muslims, namely the
tomb of Bahauddin An-Naqsyabandi (died in 8 H / 14 AD), a founder of a sect in Sufistic midwives,
namely the Naqsyabandiyah order which has many followers in the Islamic world. In its heyday
in Bukhara there was a palace of the Samani Dynasty which was a university and a center of
scientific activities and knowledge life. In addition, from the city of Bukhara was born a famous
hadith scholar, Imam Bukhari, who wrote the book Saheeh Bukhari. The city of Bukhara is known
as the center of Islamic religious sciences. In 906 H / 1500 AD the cities of Samarkand and
Bukhara fell to Shaibani, the Uzbek king. After his death, that year was also mentioned by Babur,
the Mongol king of India. However, the following year Babur returned to India and the Textbook
on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 401 Transoxania was again under the control
of the Uzbeks, of which Samarkand and Bukhara were part of the Soviet Union. Since 1992 AD,
Uzbekistan has become an independent Muslim country, because the Soviet Union dissolved on
its own. Aceh Aceh has the center of the Islamic world in Southeast Asia. In its heyday, Aceh was
the center of civilization in the Eastern Islamic world, namely Southeast Asia. In fact, Aceh is the
transmission gate of the path of the spread of Islam to all parts of Southeast Asia. Therefore, Aceh
is famous as the Porch of Mecca. Aceh is the gateway for Islam to enter the entire archipelago. In
Aceh, there was the first Islamic kingdom, namely the Kingdom of Peurlak, the Kingdom of
Samudra Pasai, and the Kingdom of Aceh Darus Salam. From Aceh, several scientific figures
emerged that signified scientific progress among Muslims in Southeast Asia. Some of the
prestigious Acehnese scholars who are famous for their works are Nuruddin Ar-Raniri, Hamzah
Fanshuri, Abdurrauf Singkel, Syamsuddin Sumatrani, and others. Aceh during the Samudra Pasai
period was once led by Sultans who loved knowledge and civilization. Among the 402 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA Sultan who loves knowledge is Sultan Al-Malikuz Zahir, where during his reign
Ibn Battuta wrote about his travel defects in his very famous book Rihlah Ibn Battuta, as well as
Marcopolo once stopped in Aceh. Aceh was also led by female sultans, namely Shafiatuddin
Syah, Zakiyatuddin Syah and Naqiyatuddin Shah. From Aceh, Islam developed to various regions
of the archipelago, including Islam to Ampel, Demak, Cirebon, and continued to develop to
Sukawesi, Maluku and Kalimantan. Aceh was also a force that the Dutch were very afraid of
during the colonial period, because Aceh had a very powerful power in facing Dutch colonialism.
[12] Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 403 CHAPTER XVI Islamic
Contribution to Science and Philosophy The amazing intellectual achievements that have been
achieved by the Islamic community can clearly be observed when we analyze them
comparatively with the development of Arab intellectuals before Islam. The science of poetry and
orators are two prominent things that we can see in the reality of intellectual history before Islam.
Only after the unity of Islam by sourcing its teachings in the form of the Qur'an and the sunnah of
the Prophet. Develop science in Arab society in particular and Islamic society in general which
includes various scientific fields such as history, geography, philosophy, law, political theory,
and historical criticism. When Islam ruled for centuries, there were many golden ink marks in its
history both in terms of regional expansion and in terms of science. Islam spread rapidly, as well
as its civilization. Many of the Islamic civilization
s have a great influence on the world even today this influence is still felt. 404 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA Philosophy of Islamic Appeal The process of development of Muslim thinkers,
is carried out in three phases and is closely related to the history of Islam. First, due to the
political upheaval during the caliphate of Ali, which led to the Shiffin rebellion and the Jamal war.
Second, as a result of the expansion of Islam in the west to Spain and France, to the south to
Sudan, Ethiopia and so on, to the east to India and then to the north to Russia. The flow of foreign
ideas and absorbed and filtered by Muslim thinkers, nourished the growth and development of
Muslim thought and in its course developed Islamic philosophy, Sufism and other Islamic
sciences. Third, as a result of the change in society from traditional to modern society, the
horizon of regional thinking has become even broader. Personal life is getting more and more
complex, giving rise to new problems that need to be solved. The three factors mentioned above
are very helpful in the birth of new ideas for Muslims. Greek philosophical thought began to
develop in the VI century BC. The Developing Greek Philosophy Is Not a Textbook of the History
of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 405 The result of the thought of the Greek philosophers of
that time alone, but more accurately said to be the result of the process of thought development
and the collection of cultural choices before the time of the philosophers. The original purpose
of the existence of Greek philosophy was to tes
t the truth of religious teachings, so religious knowledge that can be justified by reason is
called philosophy and what is not appropriate is called religious stories. One of the people who
contributed to spreading Greek culture was Alexander the Great who in 331 BC was able to
control Persia (Darius), but in that colony, he always tried to unite Greek culture with the culture
of his colony, among others, by means of marriage, dress and the appointment of officials or
attendants. Around the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. Islam had spread its wings to Syria, Egypt,
North Africa and parts of Spain. It was through Christian philosophers in Syria that Muslims came
to know Greek philosophy. Thus Greek philosophy that came to the Islamic world did not come
directly from Greece but through philosophers outside Greece and even mixed with the ideas in
which it developed. The views of Muslims on philosophy are different, including: 406 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA 1. Philosophy is not for ordinary people, because philosophy is like a very
abstract nature, in a wide range, only certain people can engage in philosophy (thinkers) 2.
Philosophy is to think and seek the truth. In the teachings of Islam, there is a thing that comes
from Allah, the banaran contained in the greatness of Allah. Amazement at the greatness of Allah
causes people to want to know and think about it in order to be grateful for Allah's blessings more
deeply. So, to reflect and think that is the path to philosophy and to philosophize is to appreciate
and be grateful for God's favor. Appreciate Allah who has given reason to man and be grateful for
Allah's favor by using that reason. Factors That Encourage Muslims to Study Philosophy 1. That
Islamic teachings encourage believers to study science. The translation and discussion of Greek
philosophy began to be evident during the time of the caliph Haru ar-rasyid, beginning with
practical knowledge such as medical knowledge, astronomy and other knowledge. Greek
philosophical thought was further developed by thinkers called the muktazilah school and
Islamic philosophers. It seems that these two groups use the philosophical thinking method for
the History of Islamic Civilization Textbook- Introduction | 407 defends religion and solves its
problems. 2. Muslims see the benefits of studying Gre
ek philosophy, especially to strengthen the Islamic faith and also useful for polemics or
apologies, with people who are not of the same religion or who deviate from the teachings of
Islam. 3. Situations and conditions require translation, especially science-i; You who do not
touch on religious issues, because the society is getting more advanced. After Muslims believe
in the goodness of the translated knowledge values, then the more activities are added to learn
the knowledge of Yuanani by any means. However, after Makmun's caliphate, namely the era of
the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil, the translation of books was no longer widely carried out
(especially philosophy books) and was even banned. [1] Muslim Scientists and Scholars 1. Al-
Thabari The name of the captive is Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Jarir al Thabari. Born in Amul,
Thabaristan located on the southern coast of the Thabaristan Sea (Qazwayn Sea) in 225 AH/839
AD and died in Baghdad in 310 AH/923 AD. He was a great historian, encyclopedist, interpreter,
qira'at, hadith scholar and jurist. 408 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Karya al-Thabari in the field of
history is very famous, namely in the field of general history, entitled Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk
(history of nations and kings) or Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Anbiya' wa al-Muluk wa al-Khulafa' (history
of the Messengers, Prophets, Kings, and Caliphs). A
. Al-Thabari as a Historian Broadly speaking, the content of al-Thabari's history books can
be divided into two parts, namely the pre-Islamic history section and the Islamic history section.
In the first part, al-Thabari begins the history of the Apostles and kings by highlighting the history
of the Prophet Adam and the early Prophets and their system of government. In the next section,
he highlights the history of Sasanian (Persian) culture. The narrations he collected related to the
history of Sasania were quoted from Arabic manuscripts from the book of Persian kings
translated by Ibn Muqaffa'. In the second part, al-Thabari explained the history of the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH), the important events he went through and the wars he led. After that, he
explained the history of Islam during the time of al-Khulafa' alRashidin, including the expansions
that occurred during this period. The history of the Ummayah dynasty is a separate part, and his
work ends with the history of the Abbasid dynasty. The last event raised in the Textbook of the
History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 409 by al-Thabari is an event that occurred in the
year 302 AH/915 AD. 2. Al-Mas'udi His full name is Abu Al-Hasan Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali (Baghdad-
fustat, Egypt 956 AD). He was a historian and geographer, geologist, and zoologist Muslim, also
studying kalam (theology), morality, politics, and linguistics. Most historians argue that he was
born in Baghdad at the end of the 9th century and died in Fursat in 956 AD. However, Ibn Nadim
in his book al-Fihrits (index) refers to him as of Maghrib origin. Among his works that can be known
are the following. (1) Dzakhair al-Ulum wa Ma Kana fi Sa'ir al-Duhur (the treasure of knowledge in
each korn), (2) alIstidzkar Lima Marra fi Salif al-A'mar about past events. (3) Date of the Akhbar
al-Umam min al- 'Arab wa al-'Ajam (history of the peoples, Arabs and Persians), (4) Akhbar al-
Zaman wa man Abadahu al-Hadtsna min alUmam al-Madhiyah wa al-Ajyal al-Haliyah wa al-
Mamalik al-Da'irah (about the history of the past and present nations and their kingdoms). 3. Al-
Biruni 410 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA His full name is Abu Rayhan Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al-
Biruni al-Khawarizmi. He was born in Khawarizm, Turkmenia in the month of Dzulhijjah 362 AH /
September 973 AD and died in Ghazna in the month
of Rajab 448 AH / December 13, 1048 AD. He mastered the sciences of history,
mathematics, physics, astronomy, medicine, linguistics, geology, geography, and philosophy.
He is famous for composing and translating many works on Indian culture into Arabic. "Al-biruni"
is the nickname given to him. In the Khawarizmi language, the word "biruni" means foreigner.
There are two opinions as to why he is nicknamed a "foreigner". The first opinion states that he
was so nicknamed because although he was from Khawarizmi, he lived there only for a short
time, because he often wandered. Because he often leaves his hometown. The second opinion
states that the reason he was called so was because he first lived in one of the areas of
Khawarizmi which was inhabited by many foreigners (immigrants). 4. Ibn Khaldun His full name
is Waliyuddin 'Abd al-Ramhan ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn abu Bakr Textbook on the
History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 411 Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Khaldun. He was
born in Tunisia at the beginning of the month of Ramadan 732 H (May 27, 1333 AD) and died in
Cairo on the 25th of Ramadan 808 H / March 19, 1406 AD. His family came from Khadrolmaut
and his lineage reached the Prophet's companion named Wayl ibn Hujr from the Kindah tribe. He
composed his monumental book kitab al-I'bar
wa Diwan al-Mubtada' wa al-Khabar fi Ayyam al-A'rab wa al-'Ajam wa al-Barbar wa man
Siwahum min Dzaw al-Sulthan al-Akbar (abbreviated as al-I'bar) which consists of seven large
volumes. This book contains a study of history, and is preceded by a discussion of human social
problems known as Muqaddimah ibn Khaldun which is the first volume of the book al-I'bar. The
book of Muqaddimah opens a wide path to the discussion of social sciences. Therefore, in the
history of Islam, Ibn Khaldun is seen as the foundation of the social sciences in Islam. [2] 5. Ibn
Rushd (Averros) Ibn Rushd was a genius who came from Andalusia with encyclopedic
knowledge. His life was mostly devoted to serving as "Kadi" (judge) and physicist. In the western
world, Ibn Rushd 412 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, M.A. is known as Averroes and the greatest
commentator on Aristotle's philosophy that influenced Christian philosophy in the Middle Ages,
including thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas. Many people came to Ibn Rushd to consult on
medical and legal issues. Ibn Rushd's Thoughts Ibn Rushd's works include the fields of
philosophy, medicine and jurisprudence in the form of essays, reviews, essays and resumes.
Almost all of Ibn Rushd's works were translated into Latin and Hebrew (Jewish) so it is likely that
the original works no longer exist. There are two philosophies of Ibn Rushd, namely the
philosophy of Ibn Rushd as understood by Europeans in the Middle Ages; and Ibn Rushd's
philosophy about his faith and religious attitude. 6. Ibn Sina (Aviecienna) Ibn Sina (980-1037),
also known as Avicenna in the Western World, was a philosopher, scientist, and physician born
in Persia (now part of Uzbekistan). He was also a prolific writer where most of his work was about
philosophy and medicine. For many, he is the "Father of Modern Medicine" and many more titles
for him, most of which are related to his works in the field of medicine. His most famous work is
the Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 413 Qanun fi Thib which has
been a reference in the field of medicine for centuries. The work of Ibn Sina, the greatest physicist
of medieval Persia, played an important role in the reconstruction of Europe. He is the author of
450 books on several major subjects. Many of them focus on philosophy and medicine. He is
considered by many to be the "father of modern medicine." George Sarton called Ibn Sina "the
most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous in all fields, places, and times." His
most famous works are The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, also known as Qanun
(full title: Al-Qanun fi At Tibb). 7. Al-Khawarizmi In education, it has been proven that al-
Khawarizmi was a well-informed Islamic figure. His knowledge and expertise are not only in the
field of sharia but also in the fields of philosophy, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, arithmetic,
Islamic history and chemistry. He has invented the use of Secans and Tangens in trigonometric
and astronomical research. In his youth he worked under the rule of Caliph al-Ma'mun, working
at Bayt al-Hikmah in Baghdad. He worked in an observatory, which is a place to study
mathematics and astronomy. Al-Khawarizmi is also 414 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA is trusted to
lead the caliph's library. He once introduced Indian numerals and Indian methods of calculation
to the Islamic world. He is also an Encyclopedia writ
er in various disciplines. AlKhawarizmi is a figure who first introduced algebra and hisab.
He learned a lot more science in the field of mathematics and produced very popular
mathematical concepts that are still used today. 8. Jabir Ibn Hayyan / Ibn Geber The discovery of
chemistry by Jabir proves that scholars in the past were not only good at religious sciences, but
at the same time also mastered general sciences. "After medicine, astronomy, and
mathematics, the Arabs made the greatest contribution in the field of chemistry," wrote the
Western historian, Philip K Hitti, in History of The Arabs. Thanks to his discovery, Jabir was
dubbed as the Father of Modern Chemistry. In the next development, Jabir Ibn Hayyan made
instruments for cutting, smelting and crystallization. It perfects the basic processes of
sublimation, evaporation, liquefaction, crystallization, limemaking, distillation, dyeing,
purification, fixation, amalgamation, and oxidation-reduction. All of this he has prepared his
techniques, practically all modern chemical 'techniques'. He distinguishes between direct
distillation using wet vessels and not Islamic Civilization History Textbook- Introduction | 415
direct who use dry vessels. He was the first to claim that water could only be purified through the
distillation process. [3] The Discovery of Modern
Science and Technology Among Muslim Intellectuals In Mehdi Nakosteen's book,
several contributions of Islamic science to modern science are mentioned: 1. Through the twelfth
century and part of the thirteenth century, Muslim works on science, philosophy, and other fields
have been translated into Latin, especially from Spanish and enriched the western curriculum,
especially northwestern Europe. 2. The Muslims, however, have given the West an experimental
method, albeit imperfect. 3. The Arabic notation and decimal systems were introduced to Arabic.
4. Their translated works, especially those of people like Avicenna in medical science, were
already used as texts in high school classrooms, as far back as the middle of the seventeenth
century. 5. They stimulated the thinking of Europeans, relearned it with the cultures of 416 |Dr.
H. Anwar Sewang, M.A. Classical and others, thus helping to produce the Renaissance (century).
6. They are the pioneers of European universities, they have established hundreds of high schools
before Europe 7. They preserved Greco-Persian thought when Europe was intolerant of Pagan
cultures. 8. European students in Muslim universities are bringing back new methods of
teaching. 9. They have contributed the knowledge of hospitals, sanitation and food to Europe. [4]
The intellectual progress of Islam in fact not only ruled the Islamic world, but also the people of
Europe also benefited from this progress, especially after the decline of Islamic rule. In fact,
Endress further said that the contact between Islam and Christianity has provided new
awareness for the people of Kriistan which then led them to studies about Islam where this
activity continues to this day. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 417
The contribution of Islam to the intellectual revival of Europe. As explained by Mehdi Nakosteen,
one of the reasons for the decline of Islam was the large number of Islamic libraries that were
destroyed by the Mongol army while in the west, many books were not destroyed because many
libraries were located far from the reach of destruction. Many private libraries have several
important book collections. However, according to Nakosteen, these best works were saved by
Latin scholars from Europe through several translations into Latin, Hebrew, Spanish, Italian,
Catalan, and other languages during the 12th and 13th
centuries. [5] The development of Islamic science can be divided into three stages. The
first stage is inheritance and translation. During this period, Greek writing files were collected to
be translated into Arabic. One of the famous institutions that collects and translates is the Baitul
Hikmah built by the government of Caliph Al-Ma'mun from the Abbasid Dynasty. The second
stage is the classification of branches of science, then formulating scientific methods in studying
and proving them. The third stage is the development and discovery of new sciences. Among
them: 1. Mathematics 418 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Mathematics is knowledge obtained
through musical and rational scales. The mathematical concepts developed are as follows: (1)
logic about evidence, (2) empirical ideas about exact laws and natural laws (3) operational
concepts (4) mathematics moves from static descriptions to dynamic descriptions. [1]
Phytagoras researched the tones of nature and the notes of musical scales. From the results of
his research, he was inspired to create a decimal number system of 1-10, 11-20 and so on which
is still used all over the world. which later inspired Plato (428-347 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC)
and on the development of mathematics and rational philosophy of the western world. In the
course of science that departs from mathematics influenced by Islamic culture, the location of
the Qibla was found, the discovery of a pattern of s
ymmetrical possibilities between space and time that is static, various discoveries about
crystal symmetry. Unfortunately, this book does not include al-Kawarizmi's name, if you want to
be honest other than Phytagoras. [6] The Hindu figures outlined by Khawarizmi (9th century) and
Biruni (11th century) were completely introduced to Europe by Adelard of Bath and through
suatau adaptation by Ibrahim Ibn Ezra (12th century). During this time many mathematical works
were translated. [7] Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 419 2.
Arithmetic According to ibn Khaldun arithmetic is the knowledge of numbers that are combined
in a series of calculations and measuring series. This discipline is its first branch of the
mathematical sciences and the most certain. He enters into proof through counting. Books on
this knowledge were written by As-Syifa, AnNajat by Ibn Sina. It is a branch of arithmetic: the first
person to write this discipline was al-Khawarizmi, and later, Abu Kamil Shuja bin Aslam. The best
book is the book by al-Quraisyi. 3. Geometry The expansion of the Islamic world requires
guidance in the field of geography. Faced with the growing need for travel and trade and
government affairs, geographers worked hard to improve, develop, and populate the world map
obtained from Babylonian, Persian, and Greek sources as well as from Jewish, Christian and
Chinese manuscripts. The Islamic cartographic view of the region resembles the modern
cartographic view. Abu Ishaq al-Istakhri with his works: Al-Masalik wa Al-Mamalik (The Path of
the Kingdom) and Ibn Hawqal divided the Islamic regions into 420 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA 12
regions and separated the non-Islamic regions into different categories and wrote an atlas. Al-
Mas'udi, in his work Muruj al-Dhahab (Golden Meadows and Gem Mines), outlines the places he
visited and contains portraits of Europe. Ibn Batuta, a 14th-century explorer of Moroccan origin,
spent his life traveling from North Africa to China and Southeast Asia complete with his reports.
Ibn Khaldun gave an explanation of the areas and people within the boundaries of Islam. Al-Idrisi
made a map of the world in the form of silver reliefs and then detailed it on 71 separate maps and
accompanied it with the book Kitab al-Rujari. Piri Re'is, a sea captain during the Ottoman period,
produced maps of the Mediterranean as well as even maps of West Africa and the Americas. 4.
Optics is a branch of geometry that explains the occurrence of errors in visual perception, based
on knowledge of how the causes of these things occur. Visual perception occurs through the
cone generated by the rays. The top is the point of view and the base is the object being seen.
This science also discusses the difference in seeing the moon at different latitudes (de Slane
notes that Ibn Khaldun has said Longitudelongitude). Bachelor of History Textbook of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 421 The most famous mention of this is Ibn al-Haitsan. 5. Astronomy
A science that studies the motion of fixed stars and planets, astronomy draws conclusions based
on geometric methods about the existence of certain shapes and various positions of circles that
require movement that can be seen with the senses
. And astronomy also proves that with the precision of equinoxes, for example, the center
of the earth is not identical to the center of the small circle (epicycle) that carries (the stars) and
moves in a large circle. Then through the constant movement of the stars, astronomy proves the
existence of an eighth astronomical circle. It is also proven that a single star has a certain amount
of declination. The Greeks used a tool they called the Astrolab (dzat i-halg). In Islam at the time
of al-Makmun built a large observation device known as the Astrolab, but it was not completed
later the foundation of this building disappeared, and forgotten The best work in this field is the
Majisti (Al-Magest) composed by Ptolemy (the king of Greece) while prominent Muslim
philosophers such as Ibn Sina summarized it in Ash-Shifa, Ibn Rushd (the philosopher of
Andalusia) also summarized the works of Ptolemy. Ibn as-Samah and ibn as-Shalt in 422 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA kitab al-Iqtishar, Ibn al-Farghani has an astronomical summary. 6. Physics
Menuru Islamic Encyclopedia Physics is a science that discusses matter, energy, and its
interactions. The scope of physics is very broad, including the structure of matter, the properties
of various forms of matter and their interactions. According to Ibn Khaldun Physics is a science
that discusses the bodies from the point o
f view of movement and stillness attached to it. Physics studies the celestial bodies and
elemental substances, as well as the humans, animals, plants and quarries created from them.
Regarding springs, earthquakes that occur in the earth, as well as clouds, steam, thunder,
lightning, and storms in the atmosphere and others. Next, he studied the body, the soul in various
forms where it appeared in humans and animals and plants Aristotle's books on physics are
summarized in Ibn Sina's ash-shifa. Then Ibn Sina summarized Ash-Shifa in the book An-Najah
and al-Iham. Ibn Sina seemed to challenge Aristotle and put forward many of his own opinions,
while Ibn Rushd summarized but did not oppose. 7. Medicine Textbook History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 423 Medicine is a branch of physics that studies the body in terms of
health and pain. Doctors try to maintain health and cure diseases with the help of medicines and
food. Galen or Galinus, a scientist who lived during the time of the prophet Isa, his medical works
were the mother of medical science afterwards. In Islam, there are prominent doctors such as
ar-Razi (Muhammad ibn Zakaria) 251-313H / 866-925 AD, al-Majusi (Ali ibn al-Abbas in the 10th
century), and Ibn Sina. And the most famous of the Andalusians is Ibn-Zuhr (Abdul Malik ibn Zuhr
(avenzoar) died 557 AH (1162 AD).[ 8] 8. Algebra The science of algebra has spread westward
through Latin translations by Adelard of Bath, John of Seville, and Robert of Chster. (Plato of Tivoli
also translated the Spherics of Theodosius of Bythinia, from Arabic to Latin. Further introduced
through the Hebrew writings of Abraham bar Hiyya, translated into Latin by Plato of Tivoli in 1145.
[9] 424 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA CHAPTER XVII The Crusades War (1095-1291) Causes of the
Crusades The Crusades lasted for approximately two centuries, starting from the First Crusade
to the VIII Crusade, from 1095-1291. The Crusades were an attack of Christian bigotry
coordinated by the Pope whose goal was to seize the holy city of Palestine from the hands of
Muslims. The war, which has been going on for almost two centuries, arose because of the
reaction of Christians to Muslims who were considered the aggressors. Based on the existing
history, from 632 until the outbreak of the crusade, several important cities and holy places for
Christians were controlled by Muslims, such as Syria, Asia Minor, Spain, and Sicily. [4] This event
damaged the connection between the Eastern and Western worlds, especially between Islam
and Christianity. The raid that lasted for two centuries took the loss of both lives and property
and culture. In addition, there are many more I
slamic Civilization History Textbooks- Introduction | 425 The impact of this crusade. It
was called the Crusades, because every European who fought in the war wore a cross on their
shoulders, badges and pennants. The term is also used for small expeditions that took place
during the 16th century in regions outside of continental Europe, usually against pagans and non-
Christians for mixed reasons; between religion, economics, and politics. The traditional
numbering scheme of the Crusades included 8 major expeditions to the Holy Land during the
11th to 13th Centuries. Other unnumbered "Crusades" continued into the 16th Century and
ended when the political and religious climate in Europe changed significantly during the
Renaissance. The reason for the Crusades was because the Seljuk empire prevented Christians
from worshiping and treated them as a marginalized group who were treated arbitrarily, in
addition, the Muslims were also said to have insulted them and their religion. Until the Christians
reported this to Pope Urban II in 1095. [5] After Pope Urban II heard this, Pope Urban II
immediately gathered all the Christians and delivered a fiery open speech outside a French
monastery called Claremont. In his speech Pope Urban II told the 426 noble assembly Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA of Germany, France, and Italy that the Christian world was in danger. And
called on all Christians to help their fellow Christians to expel Muslims from Jerusalem and told
them to always use the cross, so this war is call
ed the Crusades. [6] In another book, it is stated that the forerunner of the Crusades was
due to the Byzantines' concern about the attack of the Seljuk Dynasty who wanted to attack the
Byzantines who wanted to control the Byzantine agriculture. So the Byzantine emperor Alexius
Commenus asked Pope Urban II for help to mobilize the Christians to help them repel the Seljuks.
[7] Pope Urban II eventually complied with the Byzantine emperor's request. Pope Urban II then
gathered Christians to unite against the Muslims. [8] In his speech, Pope Urban II ignited the spirit
of Christians by declaring that by participating in the crusade, past sins will be forgiven and
guaranteed to heaven, in addition to the families of the crusaders will be guaranteed life and
salvation. So that the Crusaders did not only come from the Roman area, but also from the
kingdoms Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 427 in Europe, ranging
from ordinary volunteers, traders, farmers, and even robbers who want to go to heaven. [9] From
some of the descriptions above, it can be concluded that the causes of the Crusades include:[10]
1. Religious Factors The capture of Jerusalem (471 H / 1070 AD) by the Seljuk Dynasty from the
Fathimid power based in Egypt caused Christians to feel unfree in performing worship in their
holy places. Because the Seljuk Dynasty applied very strict rules to Christians when they wanted
to worship in the Holy Land (Baitul Maqdis). Until those who had just returned from worship to
Bailly Maqdis always complained about the bad attitude of the Seljuk Dynasty who were too
fanatical. Christian political leaders still think of the benefits that can be drawn from the
conception of the Crusades, and to regain the freedom to make pilgrimages to the holy land of
Jerusalem. In 1095 AD, Pope Urban II called on Christians in Europe to wage holy war. Pope Urban
II's appeal succeeded in attracting many Christians because he promised and guaranteed that
anyone who engages in the holy war will be free from the penalty of sin. 1. Political Factors 428
|Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, M.A. The defeat of Byzantium (Constantinople/Istanbul) at Manzikart in
1071 A.D., and the fall of Asia Minor under Saljuk rule prompted Emperor Alexius I Comneus
(Byzantine emperor) to enlist the help of Pope Urban II, in his attempt to restore his power in the
occupied areas of the Saljuk Dynasty. On the other hand, the Crusades were the culmination of
a number of conflicts between Western and Eastern countries, that is, between Muslims and
Christians. With rapid development and progress caused anxiety in Western figures, so they
launched attacks on Muslims. Such a situation prompted Christian rulers in Europe to seize
Islamic territories one by one, such as Egypt, Jerusalem, Damascus, Edessca and others. In
addition, the condition of Islamic power at that time was weakening. So that European Christians
dared to revolt by the way of the Crusades, that is, when the Seljuk Dynasty in Asia Minor was
experiencing division, the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt was in a state of collapse, while Islam in Spain
was increasingly shaky. This situation was exacerbated by the triangular conflict between the
Fatimid caliphate in Egypt, the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, and the Umayyad caliphate in
Cordoba. 1. Social Factors of Islamic Civilization History Textbook- Introduction | 429 The social
stratification that exists in European social societ
y is divided into three levels, namely the church, the nobility, and the common people.
The common people are considered marginalized and do not have any position in society, their
lives are very oppressed and they have to follow what the landlord says, so their lives are always
overshadowed by a sense of worry. The call for war made them excited. With the hope that they
can have a better position, besides that they are promised to get better freedom and welfare. 1.
Economic Factors Since the 10th century, the Muslims had controlled the trade routes in the
Mediterranean Sea, and the predominantly Christian European merchants were disturbed by the
presence of Muslim troops, so they had plans to push the forces of the Muslims out of the sea.
This was supported by the extraordinary ambition of the great merchants on the coast of the
Middle East (Venezia, Genoa and Piza) to control a number of trading cities along the East coast
and the south of the Mediterranean Sea, so as to expand their trading network, for which they
were willing to bear 430 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, M
A partly funded the Crusades with the intention of making the region their trading center,
because the European route will connect with trade routes in the East through this strategic
route. Social strata also affects economic factors. This is because there is a tradition that the heir
to the property is the eldest child, when the eldest child dies, all the property will be handed over
to the church. This caused the poverty population in Europe to be higher, so that when there was
a call for a Crusade they got a glimmer of hope for economic improvement. The Crusades were a
holy war for Christians, but the Crusades as a holy war were only a cover for the leaders of the
Roman church, because actually the factors and objectives of the Crusades were because of
politics and economics. So that some Crusader volunteers also do not only fight in the name of
God, but also because of their own interests. [11] During the Crusades, Christian, German,
Jewish soldiers slaughtered Muslims in the streets. A 180-degree turn with the treatment of the
Islamic army against the Christian army. In fact, Islam usually treats Christian countries well and
they are even given positions in the government. [12] "An awesome view will be seen. Some of
our men beheaded the enemy; Other Islamic Civilization History Textbook- Introduction | 431
fired at them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others torture them longer by putting
them in a burning fire. Piles of heads, hands, and feet are visible on the streets of the city. We
walked on the corpses of humans and horses. But this is only a minor problem when compared
to what happened at Solomon Monastery, where religious worship is now being sung again.
There, the bloody men were made to kneel and shackled around their necks." Above is a
statement from Salahuddin al-Ayyubi describing the situation during the Crusades. This kind of
situation will definitely move the heart of anyone who reads and permeates while imagining the
situation of Muslims who are treated in such a way. Periodization of the Crusades As previously
known, the crusades occurred in a short period of time, namely from the 11th to the 13th century.
In some references there are those who say that the crusade has 9 phases, in other sources it is
mentioned only 8, and 7 there are even some who mention only 3 phases. The following is an
explanation of the 9 periodizations of the Cru
sades and a brief explanation of the 3 periods of the Crusades. 432 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang,
MA 1. Crusade I (1095-1099 AD) The first period of the Crusades is referred to as the period of
conquest. The cooperation between Emperor Alexius I and Pope Urban II succeeded in arousing
the spirit of Christians, especially due to the speech of Pope Urban II, at the Council of Clermont
on November 25, 1095, at which time Pope Urban II said, "The Turks are a restrictive race, a race
that is truly far from God, people whose hearts are truly unguided and whose souls are not cared
for by God. Killing these monsters is a holy act, Christians are obliged to exterminate this vile race
from our country." The response to Pope Urban's call was extraordinary. In the spring of 1096,
five armies of 60,000 soldiers departed. This movement is a spontaneous movement that is
followed by various circles of the Christian community. Along the road to Constantinople they
made trouble and even clashed with the Hungarian and Byzantine populations. With this
phenomenon, the Seljuk Dynasty declared war on the mob, so that finally the movement of the
Crusaders could be easily defeated. Starting from the defeat of the Christians, Godfrey of Buillon
took over the leadership of the Crusaders, thus turning the Crusaders into a well-organized
military expedition. In the Battle Against the Army: A Textbook on the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 433 Godfrey, the Muslims were defeated, so they succeeded in
occupying Palestine (Jerusalem) on June 7, 109
9. Godfrey's army carried out a massive massacre of Muslims for one week in addition to
burning the buildings of the Muslims, before this army occupied Jerusalem, they first conquered
Anatolia, Tartur, Aleppo, Tripoli, Syria, and Acre. The victory of the Crusaders in this period has
changed the map of the situation in the Islamic world in the region. As a result of this victory, the
Crusaders established four Christian kingdoms, namely in the holy land of Jerusalem,
Enthiokhie, Raha and Tripolisyam, while Nicola was returned to the Byzantine Emperor.The First
Crusade was marked by the rise of the Seljuk (Turkish) empire that entered Armenia, Asia Minor
and Syria, then swept the Byzantine (Roman) region devastated its army at the battle of Mazikert
and along the Mediterranean Sea during the time of Alip Arselan and Malik Shah, Jerusalem was
conquered. 2. Second Crusade (1147-1149 AD) The Second Crusade also occurred because of
the rise of the Seljuk Banu and the fall of Halab (Aleppo), Edessa, and part of the land of Sham to
Imaddudin Zanky (1144 AD). After 434 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Imaduddin died, he was
succeeded by his son named Nuruddin and assisted by Salahuddin until 1147 AD. The Second
Crusade was led by Lode Wiyk VII or Louis VII (King of France), Bernard de Clairvaux and Concrad
III of Germany. The Islamic Army consisting of Turks, Kurds and Arabs was led by Nuruddin Sidi
Saefuddin Gazi and Mousul and commanded by Salahuddin Yusuf ibn Ayyub. On July 4, 1187
there was a battle between Saladin's army and the Crusaders at Hittin near Jerusalem. In this
battle the Muslims were able to destroy the crusaders, so the kings of Bailly Maqdis and Ray
Mond were taken prisoner and sentenced to death. Salahuddin's victory in this war provided a
great opportunity to capture other cities, including Jerusalem, Jerusalem, and Al Qudus. When
the city of Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders, they committed a massacre of the Muslims,
but when the city was recaptured by Salahuddin, the Muslims did not retaliate against them, even
treating them well and gently. When Baitul Maqdis returned to the hands of the Muslims, the
sound of the call to prayer resounded, the church bell stopped ringing, and the golden cross was
lowered from the sacred dome. In this period, it is referred to as the period of the History of
Islamic Civilization Textbook- Introduction | 435 The reaction of the Muslims to the fall of some
Islamic territories to the Crusaders has aroused the consciousness of Muslims to gather strength
to face the Crusaders. Under the command of Imaduddin Zangi, the Governor of Mousul, the
Muslims moved forward to stem the attack of the Crusaders and they even managed to retake
Aleppo, Adessa (ArRuha') in 1144 AD. After Imaduddin Zangi died, his position was replaced by
his son Nuruddin Zangi, he continued his father's struggle to liberate the Eastern countries from
the clutches of the Crusaders. The cities that
were successfully liberated included Damascus (1147 AD), Antioch (1149 AD) and Egypt
(1169 AD). The success of the Muslims achieved various victories, especially after the emergence
of Salahuddin Yusuf Al-Ayyubi (Salahuddin) in Egypt, who succeeded in liberating Jerusalem on
October 2, 1187. This led the Crusaders to resurrect their forces so they assembled forces and
sent stronger military expeditions. The expedition was commanded by great European kings,
Frederick I (The Lion Heart, King of England) and Philip II (Augustus, King of France). 436 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA The Crusader military expedition this time was divided into several divisions,
some by land and others by sea. Frederick, who was leading the land division, was killed in his
crossing of the Armenian river, near the town of Ar-Ruha', and part of his army returned except
for a few men who continued on their way under the leadership of Frederick's son. As for the
division that took the sea route to Sicily led by Richard and Philip II, there they met Saladin's army,
a fierce battle ensued, because of the imbalance of forces, Saladin's army retreated, and the city
of Acre was abandoned by Saladin's army and headed to Egypt to defend the area. In such a
situation the two sides made a truce and mad
e a peace treaty, the essence of which was: "The inland areas will belong to Muslims and
Christians, who will make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem will be safe, while the northern coastal
areas, Acre and Jaffa will be under the control of the Crusaders." Not long after the agreement
was agreed, Salahuddin died in the month of Safar 589 H or February 1193 AD. 3. Crusade III
(1187-1191 A.D.) Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 437 After Saladin
died, he was succeeded by his brother Sultan Adil. Salahuddin died after successfully uniting
Muslims and returning Baitul Maqdis to Muslims. This period is better known as the period of
petty civil wars or periods of destruction within the Crusaders themselves. This is because this
period was more encouraged by political ambitions to gain power and something material, from
religious motivations. Their goal to liberate Jerusalem seems to have been forgotten, this can be
seen when the Crusaders who were prepared to attack Egypt (1202-1204 AD) turned out to
change course towards Constantinople, this city was captured and occupied and then controlled
by Baldwin as its first king. In this period, it has been engraved in history, namely the emergence
of a famous and valiant heroine, namely Syajar Ad-Durr, she succeeded in destroying the army
of King Lois IX, of France and at the same time captured the king. In this period the Crusaders
always suffered defeats. Nevertheless, they have gained great wisdom, they can know that
Islamic culture and civilization have been so advanced, even the culture of the East-Islam caused
the birth of a renaissance in the West. 438 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA 4. Crusade IV (1202-1204
AD) The Crusaders argued that the way to retake Jerusalem was to first control the Banu Ayyub
family in Egypt which was the center of Islamic unity at that time. Therefore the Crusaders
focused their attention and strength on taking control of Egypt. However, the Fourth Crusade was
carried out in cooperation with Venice and the former Greek emperor. The Crusaders took control
of Constantinople (1204 AD) and replaced Byzantine rule with Latin rule there. At that time, Egypt
was ruled by the Crusaders, so the treaty with the Christians in 1203-1204 AD and 1210-1211 AD
was strengthened. 5. Crusade V (1217–1221 AD) The Crusade V remained in Constantinople and
there were constant conflicts with the Emperor. The V Crusade was led by Jeande Brunne
Cardinal Pelagius as well as the king of Hungary, although on November 5, 1219 they captured
the port city of Damietta, but on their way to Cairo on July 24, 1221 Textbook of the History of
Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 439 They made a disturbance in Al Masyura (on the banks of
the Nile) and then they returned home. 6. Crusade VI (1228–1229 AD) The Crusade VI was led by
Frederick II of Hobiens Taufen, Emperor of Germany and king of Italy and later became the
Viceroy of Jerusalem because he succeeded in controlling Jerusalem not by war but by a 10-year
peace treaty with Sultan Al-Malikul Kamil, nephew of Salahuddin al-Ayyubi, but 14 years later, in
1244 the power was taken over by Sultan Al Malikul Shaleh Najamuddin Ayyub along with Kallam
and Damascus. 7. VII Crusade (1248–1254 AD) This war was led by King Louis IX of France in
1248, but in 1249 the Crusaders managed to ta
ke control of Damietta (Damyat). It was during this time that the leader of the Islamic
army, Malikul Shaleh died and was replaced by his son Malikul Asraff Muzafaruddin Musa. When
Louis IX failed to capture Antiock controlled by Sultan Malik Zahir Bay Bars in 1267/1268, and was
about to capture Tunis, he and his entourage were captured by the Islamic forces on 6 April 1250
in a battle in Egyptian waters, after they gave a ransom, they were released by the Islamic Army
and they returned to their homeland. 440 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA 8. Crusade VIII (1270 AD) In
the VIII Crusade, on August 25, 1270, Louis IX perished due to disease (another history states that
he was killed). Finally in 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella succeeded in kicking all the
Muslims from Granada, Andalusia. Another history also explains that the VIII Crusade did not
have time to form because the last city, Aere, which was occupied by the Crusaders, was instead
successfully controlled by Malikul Asyraf (Malikul Shaleh's son). Thus the Crusade was buried by
the Sabile War. But even though the Conventional and Frontal Wars have ended formally, in fact
other types of wars with more sophisticated quality continue to take place along with the
progress of the times. 9. Crusade IX (1271-1291 AD) In 1219 AD, a war known as the Sixth Crusade
erupted, in which the Christian army led by the German king, Frederic II, tried to capture Egypt
first before going to Palestine, hoping for
help from Coptic Christians. In the attack, they succeeded in occupying Dimyath, the
Egyptian king of the Ayyubid Dynasty at that time, al-Malik al-Kamil, made a promise to the
Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 441 with Frederick. The contents
included Frederick being willing to release Dimyath, while al-Malik al-Kamil was willing to release
Palestine, Frederick guaranteed the safety of Muslims there, and Frederick did not send aid to
Syrian Christians. In the next development, Palestine was recaptured by the Muslims in 1247 AD,
during the reign of al-Malik al-Shalih, the next ruler of Egypt. When Egypt was ruled by the Mamalik
Dynasty which replaced the Ayyubid Dynasty, the leaders of the war were held by Baibars,
Qalawun, and Shaykh Islam Ibn Taymiyyah. It was during their time that Akka was recaptured by
the Muslims in 1291 AD. Thus the Crusades raged in the East. This war did not stop in the West,
in Spain, until the Muslims were expelled from there. It is an aspect of efforts to eliminate
indigenous or Islamic institutions by replacing local history with Western curricula. In this further
war the Christians also suffered defeats, but Christians in all forms and ways tried to destroy
Islam both through politics, economics and education. The nine periodizations of the Crusades
are not enough to illustrate how much Westerners want 442 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA to destroy
Islam. Here is a summary of the nine periods above, which are organized into three periods. 1.
First Peiode: The first period, called the period of conquest (1009-1144). Hassan Ibrahim Hassan
in his book Tarikh Al-Islam describes the first crusade led by Pierre I'ermite as a mob of
commoners who had no experience in war, were undisciplined, and unprepared. This crusader
army was defeated by the forces of the Saljuk Dynasty. The next Crusaders were led by Godfrey
of Bouillon. This movement is more of a well-organized military. They succeeded in occupying
the holy city of Palestine (Jerusalem) on July 7, 1099. [7] The triumph of the crusaders in this
period changed the map of the Islamic world and the establishment of Latin-Christian kingdoms
in the east, such as the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099) under King Godfrey, Edessa (1099) under
King Baldwin, and Tripoli (1099) under King Reymond. [8] 2. The Second Period of the History
Textbook of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 443 The second period or called the period of
reaction of the Muslims (1144-1192). The victory of the Muslims was evident after the emergence
of Salahuddin Yusuf Al-Ayyubi (Saladin) in Egypt who succeeded in liberating Jerusalem on
October 2, 1187. In this crusade, Richard and Saladin's side finally agreed to a truce and made
an agreement. The peace treaty was established on paper on November 2, 1192, with the
provision that the coastal areas belonged to the Latins while the inland areas belonged to the
Muslims, and pilgrims coming to the Holy city were not to be disturbed. The following year,
February 19, 1193, Shalah fell ill with a fever in Damascus and on March 2, 1193 Shalah died at
the age of 55. Its tomb, which is adjacent to the Umayyad mosque, is still an attraction for the
Syrian capital. The Crusades were divided into several divisions, the Crusades were conducted
in 1189 AD.[9] some by road and partly by sea. F
rederick, who commanded the overland division, was killed when he attacked the
Armenian river, near the city of Ruba (Edessa). Some of his soldiers returned, except for a few
who were still alive. The other two divisions that traveled by sea met in Sicily. They were in Sicily
until winter passed. Richard 444 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA headed to Ciprus and occupied it
there. Philip went straight to Arce, and his army faced Saladin's army, resulting in a fierce battle.
However, with Saladin's army choosing to retreat and take steps to defend Egypt. In such a
situation, Richard and Saladin's side agreed to carry out a ceasefire and make an agreement. This
agreement is called Shulh al-Ramlah. [10] 3. Third Period The third period (1193-1291) is better
known as the period of petty civil war or the period of destruction within the crusaders. In this
period, a heroine emerged from among the Muslims who was famous for her bravery, namely
Syajar Ad-Durr. He was able to show the greatness of Islam by liberating and allowing King Louis
IX to return to his country, France. The Crusades are actually still happening today, it's just that
they are no longer wars using weapons, but intellectual wars. In this period, wars were caused
by political ambitions to gain power from something materialistic rather than religious. In this
period, a heroine emerged from among the Muslims who was famous for her bravery, namely
Syajar Ad-Durr. He is the author of the Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization-
Introduction | 445 destroyed the army of King
Louis IX of France and captured the king. In 1219 AD, the war resumed again, at that time
the Christian army was under the rule of the German King, Frederick II, they tried to capture Egypt
first before seizing into the territory of Palestine, hoping that they would get help from the Qibthi
Christians. [11] The influence of the Crusades on Islamic civilization The Muslims were eventually
able to win the very grueling crusade, which took place in 1096-1291 AD. Despite the victory, the
Muslims suffered tremendous losses because the wars took place in the Islamic world (Turkey,
Palestine, and Egypt). On the other hand, Christians experience defeat in the crusade, but gain
invaluable wisdom because they can get acquainted with the advanced Islamic culture and
civilization. The civilization and culture they acquired from the East-Islam led to the birth of the
Renaissance in the West. The influence of the crusade for the Islamic world is to further
strengthen and strengthen the values of unity and unity of the ummah in defending the existence
of religion. Another influence was to introduce the Islamic world with high culture to the western
world.
