PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY IN ISLAM
Classic Period (610-1250 AD) When Islam was revealed, the Arabs were known as the
ignorant people. This caused the Arabs to know very little about science and other intelligence.
Their lives follow lust, are divided, fight each other, and so on. Faced with this reality, the Prophet
Muhammad was sent by Allah with the aim of improving morals to relate to God and fellow
humans. In the matter of science, the Prophet's attention is very large. This can be seen that the
Prophet made a new tradition, namely recording and writing, in addition to the power of
memorization of the companions. All the companions who were good at reading and writing were
appointed as scribes to record all the revelations that came down on the objects that could be
written such as skins, bones, date fronds and others. Because of the seriousness of Muslims at
that time, with the encouragement and guidance of the Prophet (saw), a place to learn to write,
read and memorize the Qur'an has grown, first named Dar al-Arqam, and after the Prophet Hijrah
Kuttab was built in the emporation of the Prophet's Mosque.
When the Prophet migrated and was appointed as the head of state, the Prophet carried out: A.
Proclamation of the establishment of a state by announcing the name of Madinah al-Munawarah
for the city of Yathrib. B. Establishing the Prophet's Mosque as the center of activities of the
Islamic ummah. C. Fraternity between the Muhajirin and the Anshar, brotherhood based on
religion as the basis of citizenship. D. Making laws and regulations based on agreements known
as the Treaty of Medina. E. Creating territorial boundaries as a territorial base by making trenches
during the Khandaq war. F. Creating complementary institutions of a government, such as the
army, courts, educational institutions, bait al-mal, institutions that regulate state administration,
and compiling capable experts who act as companions of the Prophet. Through the efforts made
by the Prophet, Islamic culture developed in the Arabian Peninsula, which was then continued
by his companions after the Prophet's death. Before the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon
him) died, he did not leave a will on who would 16 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA succeeded him as
the political leader of the Muslims. He seems to have left the question to the Muslims themselves
to decide. Therefore, in a meeting at the Bani Sa'idah city hall, it was decided that Abu Bakr was
elected as the leader. As the leader of Muslims after the Prophet, Abu Bakr (632-634 AD) was
called the Caliph of the Prophet. Abu Bakr becam
e caliph for only about 2 years, but he in leading the Muslims produced several advances,
including: 1. Social (social) The social improvement carried out by Abu Bakr was an effort to
create stability in the Islamic region by successfully securing the Arab land from misfits
(apostates, false prophets and people who were reluctant to pay zakat). 2. Expansion and
development of Islamic territory The expansion and development of Islamic territory has reached
the areas of Iraq and Syria. The Islamic regions were divided into several regions and in each
region a wali (governor) was appointed. The governor also serves as a judge and prayer imam. 3.
Collection of Qur'anic verses During the time of the caliph Abu Bakr, there was a proposal from
Umar bin Khattab who requested that the verses of the Qur'an be collected into one manuscript.
The proposal was accepted, then the Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction
| 17 Then Zaid ibn ¤abit was ordered to collect them in one mushaf. Those were some of the
advances made by the caliph Abu Bakr during his 2 years leading the Muslims, and then the reins
of government were held by Umar bin Khattab. During the reign of Umar (634-644 AD), Islam
experienced great development, such as in the territorial aspect that had been pioneered by the
caliph Abu Bakr, namely the expansion of the territory outside Arabia, where the first expansion
was launched to the Syrian capital, Damascus, Ardan and Hins which were successfully
controlled until 635 AD. In addition to regional expansion, he also laid the foundations of the life
of a country, such as introducing a government administration system which is arranged into 8
provincial regions: Makkah, Medina, Syria, Jazirah, Basrah, Kufa, Palestine and Egypt; forming the
board members and separating the court institutions. For each province appointed a Governor,
their salaries are ordered. In addition, tax administration is also improved. In the field of defense
and security, Military Corps was established and paid according to their respective duties,
military posts were established in strategic places. In the field of justice, the principles of justice
were laid by compiling a treatise which was then sent to Abu Musa al-Ash'ari called Dustur Umar
or Treatise 18 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA al-Qada. The scientific field did not escape Umar's
observation, such as the idea of writing the Qur'an during the time of Abu Bakr (as). and his ijtihad
on the distribution of inheritance, the prohibition of mentioning women and verse lyrics, the
determination of the Hijri calendar. Meanwhile, in the field of social welfare, he gave salaries to
imams and muain©, procurement of lighting (lights) in mosques, organization of sermons,
establishment of al-mal temples, forging currency, abolition of the distribution of war spoils, and
construction of madrasas. Based on the above explanation, it can be understood that the Umar
period was a glorious leadership period, a period of successful establishment of the Islamic
empire in various aspects, ranging from territorial, political, economic, educational, legal, socio-
cultural, to religious and hankam aspects. After Umar bin Khattab died, the leadership was
continued by Uthman bin Affan (644-656 AD). During his long reign of about 12 years, his success
was proven where he was able to conti
nue his territorial expansion activities until he was successfully conquered, such as Armenia,
Tunisia, Cyprus, Rhades, Transoxania, Tabaristan, and some of the remaining regions of Persia.
In addition, he succeeded in building dams to maintain large flood currents and regulating the
distribution of water supply to cities, building a Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization-
Introduction | 19 streets, bridges, mosques, including the expansion of the Prophet's mosque in
Medina. He also initiated the collection and writing of the Qur'an mushaf known as the Ottoman
Mushaf. After the death of Uthman, the reins of the Muslim government experienced chaos,
where Ali and Muawiyah wanted each other to occupy the position of caliph after the death of
Uthman, so that even though Ali bin Abi Talib could rule for approximately 6 years (656-661 AD)
not much could be done for the development of Islamic culture at that time. However, it was from
this period that in the subsequent reigns religious understandings, such as khawarij, shia, and so
on, arose, which had an impact on opening the horizon of Muslim thought. Islamic Culture during
the Umayyad Period (661-750 AD) During the reign of the Umayyad Bani, the Islamic world made
many progresses. In addition to the expansion of Islamic areas, namely expansion to the Eastern
region, such as Khurasan to the Oxus river, Afghanistan to Kabul. So did the expansion to the
West, such as North Africa, the European continent in 711, Spain, France, and so on. In addition
to the expansion of Islamic regions, there are also many 20 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA made
progress in the fields of religious br
oadcasting, government, economy and culture. These advances were mainly made in the reigns
of Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (661-680 AD), Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705 AD), al-Walid ibn
Abdui Malik (705-715 AD), Umar ibn Abd al-Azis (717-720 AD) and Hashim ibn Abd al-Malik (724-
743 AD). For more details, it can be described as follows: 1. Progress during the time of Muawiyah
ibn Abi Sufyan (661-680 AD) In contrast to the previous caliphs, especially Muawiyah as the
founder of the Umayyad Bani, it included elements of the Persian system of government and
administration. For example: the implementation of an absolute monarchical system of
government and an administrative system of division of departments. Also in terms of dress,
Muawiyah used the clothes and asoseries of the caliphs like the Persian emperors. For example,
wearing oversized clothes, a crown is given on the head, if walking accompanied by special
guards, caliph titles are given. 2. Progress during the time of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705
AD) Caliph Abd al-Malik sought to create security in all Islamic regions. After the security was
stable, Abd Malik tried to carry out development to improve the welfare of the community.
Advancement of Islamic Civilization History Textbook- Introduction | 21 What is meant in
accordance with that period, is in order to keep up with Christian culture in mainland Europe. The
development results during Abd Malik's time include: a. Forming the high court b. The change of
official languages (Persian and Roman) to Arabic. c. Currency substitution. d. Construction of
posts. e. Erected buildings, such as the Darus Sina'ah factory, the Qubatus Sakhrah Mosque (670
AD), expanding the al-Haram Mosque. 3. Progress during the time of Al-Walid ibn Abdui Malik
(705-715 AD) Unlike Abd Malik, who seemed to focus more on government matters, al-Walid
focused on social and cultural fields. Al-Walid succeeded in elevating Islamic art to a higher level
than the Greek building art in Constantinople.
His efforts include: a. Establishing hospitals, and shelters and maintenance of the blind. b.
Building the Great Mosque of Damascus (705 AD), the Mosque of Medina (713 AD), continuing
the construction of the Masjid al-Haram. 4. Progress during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Azis (717-
720 AD) The efforts made by Umar include: a. Advancing the economy, where he reduced taxes
22 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA and exempted jizyah for residents who had converted to Islam. b.
Regulating the legal field, establishing defense regulations, regulating considerations and
measures, eradicating counterfeiting, abolishing customs duties and eradicating forced labor. c.
Advancing agriculture by building and regulating water channels in an orderly manner and digging
many wells for agricultural purposes. 5. Progress during the time of Hashim ibn Abd al-Malik
(724-743 AD) Among the efforts of Hashim in improving the development of the country are: a.
Build a weapons factory. b. Established a fine silk fabric company. c. Digging some canals for
irrigation, especially those leading all the way to Mecca. d. Building horse racing venues. Seeing
the many advances made during the reign of the Umayyads mentioned above is a form of culture
obtained due to the expansion of the region, because in every occupation of the regions, they
take the culture of the region, or in the sense that there is an acculturation of Western culture
with Eastern culture. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 23 Islamic
Culture in the Abbasid Period (750-1258 AD) The peak of the glory of the Abbasid state occurred
during the time of the caliph Harun ar-Rashid (170-193 AH/786-809 AD), and his son al-Makmun
(198-218 AH/813-833 AD). When arrashid ruled, the country was prosperous, wealth was
abundant, security was guaranteed despite rebellions, and the territory ranged from North Africa
to India. Caliph Harun ar-Rashid was the most powerful ruler in the world at that time, no one
could match him in terms of the vastness of the territory he ruled, and the strength of his
government and the height of the culture a
nd civilization that developed in his country. a. Advancement of Education and Science With the
rise of the Abbasid dynasty, the expansion of Arab territories was accompanied by an eruption of
intellectual activity. It was as if all Muslims at that time were intellectually feverish and became
the protectors of science. The public libraries that existed during the time of the Umayyads had
no meaning at all, so in the Abbasid era, libraries became the center of scientific development.
During the reign of Harun ar-Rashid, Islamic scholars were born who have succeeded in
excavating, developing and introducing various sciences, such as medical science, exact
science, chemistry, biology, astronomy, science 24 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA earth and so on.
Furthermore, in the field of art, amazing artists were born in the fields of literature, painting,
sculpture, building art and so on. Palaces, mosques and other magnificent and beautiful
buildings are proof of how high the quality of art has been achieved at that time. In the famous
literary art of the 1001 night story, composed by Mubasyir ibn Fathiq. In the field of technology,
the world's first clock was created, Harun ar-Rashid once gave a gift of a "water clock" to the king
of Charles the Great in Europe, who at a time did not know clocks, so ar-Rashid gifts were
considered objects for magic. Furthermore, after the reign of ar-Rashid ended, then it was
replaced by Abdullah al-Amin (193-198 AH/809-813 AD) did not experience much development,
because it only continued what had been pioneered by ar-Rashid. Then in the reign of al-
Makmun, the development of science was even more rapid because he was very fond of science.
During his reign, books of science and philosophy were imported from Byzantium and later
translated into Arabic. The translation of these books has been going on for about a century.
These books were translated and developed, so that the "Bait al-Hikmah" which was established
during the time of al-Makmun became the largest library. Textbook on the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 25 In the field of education, there has been a great development. This
can be seen at that time educational institutions consisted of two levels, namely: 1)
Maktab/kuttab and mosques, which are lower-level educational institutions, where children
know reading, calculation and writing, as well as a place where teenagers learn the basics of
religious science, such as tafsir, hadith, fiqhi and language. 2) Deepening level; Students who
want to deepen their knowledge go outside the region to study from an expert through a private
path that is in accordance with their respective fi
elds. They generally demand religious sciences. This development in the world of education
reflects the development and progress in the field of science. This is driven by the development
of Arabic, which besides being the language of administration is also the language of science. In
the field of science, the mixing or interaction of the Arabs with other nations in the sense of their
population brings great nuances and influences in the progress of science and intellectual
progress. The advanced sciences at that time were astronomy, chemistry, mathematics and
medicine. In the field of chemistry, Jabir ibn Hayyam of Tarsus, who in Europe went by the name
of Beber, was a chemist. In the field of astrology, the name of Ibn Ma'shar on 26 |Dr. H. Anwar
Sewang, MA was originally a hadith expert and is now a prominent astrologer. Especially in the
world of medicine, a series of names such as Baktishu, Ibn Masawih have become historical
documents for their actions in the world of medicine. b. Progress in Religious Knowledge The
Abbasid era, which was the golden age of Islamic tamaddun, has produced the greatest experts
in the field of religion (fuqaha) in the history of Islam with its famous fiqhi books until now. The
jurists born in this age are divided into two schools: ahlu al-hadith and ahlu al-ra'yi. The advances
in the field of religion, especially in the field of fiqhi during the Abbasid period, are: 1) Bookkeeping
of fiqh proposals, which are the rules that must be followed by the mujtahid in taking the law. 2)
The birth of fiqh terms, such as obligatory, sunnah, mandub, musyahab, haram to give meaning
to the verses of the Qur'an and sunnah.
3) The birth of famous jurists, such as Imam Abu Hanifah, Imam Malik, Imam Shafi'i, Imam
Ahmad. In addition, there are two schools of Shi'a that were born, namely the Zaidah Shi'ah who
nationalized themselves to Zaid bin Ali Husin bin Ali bin Abi Talib, and the Shi'ah Imamiah. 4)
Bookkeeping of legal books; The books of law that were written in that era included the book of
al-Fiqh alAkbar by Imam Abu Hanifah, the book of al-Muwaththa' Textbook on the History of
Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 27 by Imam Malik, the book al-um by Imam Shafi'i, the book al-
Masnad fi al-Hadith by Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, the book al-Jami' al-Shagir by Muhammad bin
Hasan al-Shaibani, and the book al-Mudauwanat al-Kubra by Abdul Rahman bin Kasim. During
the development of science, religious science also developed, such as the science of the Qur'an,
qira'at, hadith, fiqhi, kalam, language and literature. Four schools of fiqh grew and developed
during this Abbasid period. Imam Abu Hanifah who died in Baghdad in 150 AH/767 AD was the
founder of the Hanafi madhhab. Imam Malik ibn Anas, who wrote many hadiths and the founder
of the Maliki madhhab, died in Medina in 179 AH/795 AD. Muhammad ibn Idris as-Shafi'i who died
in Egypt in 204 AH/819 AD was the founder of the Shafi'i madhhab, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the
founder of the Hanbali madhhab died in 241 AH/855 AD. such as Mu'tazilah figures: Wasil bin
Atha', Abu al-Huzail al-Allaf (135-235 AH/752-849 AD); The founders of the Ash'ariyah school:
Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (873-935 AD), and Al-Maturidi (founder of Ahl al-Sunnah). Meanwhile, in the
field of Sufism, figures appeared, such as Zunnun al-Mishri, Abu Yazid al-Bustami, alHallaj and
so on. By paying attention to the above advances, it can be understood that the development in
the field of religion during the early days of the Abbasid Bani was highly appreciated because with
28 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA there was freedom for fiqhi scholars to develop their religious
understanding in society. c. Progress in Philosophy Progress in the field of philosophy began with
the translation of Greek and Persian books into Arabic, which was carried out in Bait al-Hikmah.
The Bait al-Hikmah in the cycle of historical change was replaced by a school of translation under
the guidance of Hunain ibn Ishak, in the middle of the IX century. Hunain has translated the
scientific works of Galen, the metaphysical and philosophical works of Plato and Aristotle. This
school of editors who are highly competent in philology formed a material for translation and a
critical spirit that became a requirement f
or philosophical studies that required precision and hard work in the Islamic era. These
translated works are prepared to disseminate new ideas that are considered constructive.
Historical reality proves that Greek culture had a prominent influence on the growth of Islamic
civilization. Greek cultural values enter the realm of Islamic thought with various paths. The most
prominent Hellenistic influence was in the field of philosophy. Philosophy is a movement and is
a diversity of positions united by the similarity of terms through a commitment to a rational
program of inquiry that includes logic, natural sciences and metaphysics. Another thing that
Muslims also experienced at that time was the Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization-
Introduction | 29 are theological issues. These theological problems include the problem of
God's substance and its properties, the relationship of philosophy to revelation. With the
development of philosophy, Muslim thinkers such as al-Kindi, al-Farabi were born. In short,
various areas of life have progressed inspired by the attention to serious education. It can be
understood that the glory of a nation and especially Muslims is the key to advancing education
as its base. The Middle Period (1250-1800 AD) of the Middle Ages is a stage in the history of
Muslims that began from the last years of the collapse of the Abbasid Empire (1250 AD) to the
emergence of the seeds of Islamic revival or renewal which is estimated to have occurred around
1800 AD. 1. PERIOD OF RETROGRADE
I (1250 -1500 AD.) The JENGISKHAN Dynasty is called a period of decline because during this
time the Islamic world was in the process of being destroyed by the Mongols under the leadership
of Gengiskan and his descendants and Timur 30 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Lenk who is also still
a descendant of the Mongols.The Mongols came from the mountainous area of Mongolia which
stretched from Central Asia to northern Siberia, southern Tibet and western Manchuria and
eastern Turkistan. They have a rugged character, love to fight and bravely face death to achieve
their desires . Jengiskhan adheres to the Shamaniyah religion, worships the stars and prostrats
to the rising sun. The kings of his descendants who still adhere to the Shamaniyah religion are
Hulagukhan to the VI king. The Jengiskhan Dynasty is known as the Ilkhan dynasty, which is a title
given to Hulagukhan. The areas controlled by this dynasty were those located between Asia Minor
in the west and India in the east. His arrival in the Islamic world began with the conquest of the
kingdoms of Transoxania and Khawarizm in 1219 AD; the kingdom of Ghazna in 1221 A.D.,
Azarbaizan in 1223 A.D. and the Saljuks in Asia Minor in 1243 A.D. The attack on Baghdad was
carried out by Hulagukhan in 1258 A.D. At that time the Khalipah Al Mu'tashim refused to
surrender. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 31 Finally Baghdad is
besieged. On 10 February 1258 the city's fortifications were broken through and Baghdad was
destroyed. Khalipah and his family and most of the population were killed by beheading in turn.
Some of the members of the Banu Abbas family were able to escape, and some went to Egypt
and settled there. The city of Baghdad itself was razed to the ground, as were the other cities that
the Mongolian army passed. From Baghdad the Mongol troops crossed the Euphrates river
towards Syria, then crossed the Sinai. In 1260 A.D. they managed to occupy Nablus and Gaza.
Likewise, the other areas it passed through could be conquered except Egypt. The army of the
Mamalik Kingdom which was then ruling in Egypt was able to repulse the Mongol army in a battle
at 'Ain Jalut on September 13, 1260 AD.Such is the condition of the Arab world, especially
Baghdad and most of the other Islamic kingdoms were controlled by the Mongols for
approximately 85 years under the c
ommand of the Ilkhan dynasty, which of course their presence brought more destruction and
setbacks to the Islamic world. Of the many rulers of the Ilkhan dynasty, there were those who
were concerned about the rebuilding of the civilization that he had destroyed. Among them was
Mahmud Ghazan 32 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA (683-703 /1295-1304), the first Ilkhan king who
was a Muslim. He was a patron of science and literature. He was very fond of art, especially
architecture and natural sciences, such as astronomy, chemistry, mineralogy, metallurgy and
botany. He built a kind of monastery for the dervis, a college for the Shafi'i and Hanafi schools, a
library, an observatory, and other public buildings. Mahmud Ghazan was replaced by
Muhammad Khudabanda Uljeitu (1304-1317 AD), an extreme Shi'a. He founded the city of the
Sulthaniyah king near Zanjan. During the reign of Abu Sa'id (1317-1335 AD) who succeeded
Muhammad Khudabanda, there was a very sad famine and a hurricane with hail that brought
havoc. The Ilkhan kingdom after Abu Sa'id's death became divided. Each of the fragments fights
each other. Finally they were all conquered by Timur Lenk. EASTERN DYNASTY LENK Lenk's
arrival in the Islamic world is no less destructive, in fact he is more cruel than Jengiskan or
Hulagukhan. Different from Jengiskan History Textbook of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 33
Or Hulagukhan who still adheres to
the belief of Syamaniah, Timur Lenk has embraced the religion of "Islam". On April 10, 1370 A.D.,
Timur Lenk proclaimed himself the sole ruler of Tranxosiana. He planned to conquer the regions
that had been controlled by Jengiskhan. He said: "As there is only one God in this realm, there
should be only one king on earth." In 1381 A.D. he conquered Khurasan, continuing into
Afghanistan, Persia, Fars and Kurdistan. In every country he conquered, he staged a massive
massacre of anyone who stood in the way of his plans, for example in Afghanistan he built a tower
made of 2,000 corpses wrapped in stone and clay; In Iran he built a tower of 70,000 human heads
that had been separated from his body; In India he slaughtered more than 80000 prisoners; In
Sivas, Anatolia about 4000 Armenian soldiers were buried alive. In 1401 A.D. he entered northern
Syria. Aleppo was destroyed for three days. The head of the 20000 inhabitants was made a
pyramid 10 cubits high and 20 cubits in circumference with the corpse's face facing outwards.
Many buildings, such as schools and mosques dating back to the time of Nuruddin Zanky of
Ayyubi 34 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA were demolished. Hamah, Hom's and Ba'labaka fell into his
hands in succession. Likewise, Damascus was controlled by him, so that the historic Umayah
mosque suffered heavy damage. After that the attack was forwarded to Baghdad, and
slaughtered 20,000 of its inhabitants. From the corpses he made 120 towers as a sign of victory.
Timur Lenk also had ambitions to control the Ottoman kingdom in Turkey, because this kingdom
controlled many areas of the former Jengiskan and Hulagukhan empires. In 1402 A.D. there was
a very great battle in Ankara. The Ottoman army suffered defeat. The Ottoman Sultan himself
(Bayazid I) was taken prisoner and died in captivity. After that Timur Lenk returned to
Samarkhand. He planned to invade China, but in the middle of the journey he suffered an illness
that led to his death at the age of 71. Precisely in 1404 A.D. and his body was brought to
Samarkhand. Even though Timur Lenk was famous for being very violent and cruel, he had
noticed the development of Islam. It is said that he is a devout Shi'a and likes the Naqshbandiyah
order. In every trip he always included scholars, writers and artists. He has great respect for
scholars. When he attempted to conquer northern Syria, he received with a Textbook on the
History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 35 Respects to the famous historian, Ibn Khaldun
who was sent by Sultan Faraj to talk about peace. The city of Samarkhand is enriched with
magnificent and beautiful buildings and mosques. THE MAMLUK IN EGYPT The only Islamic ruler
who could repulse the Mongol army (Hulagukhan) was the Mamalik army who was then ruling in
Egypt under the leadership of Sultan Baybars (1260-1277) as the largest and most illustrious
Sultan and was seen as the true builder of the Mamalik dynasty in Egypt. The Mamalik Dynasty
ruled since 1250 A.D. replacing the Al Ayyubi dynasty and ending in 1517 A.D. Because it was able
to drive out the Hulagukhan army, Egy
pt avoided destruction, as experienced in other Islamic worlds conquered by Hulagu. His victory
over the Mongolian army became the basic capital to control the surrounding areas. Many minor
rulers declared loyalty to this dynasty. The dynasty was also able to incapacitate the Crusaders
along the Mediterranean Sea. In the economic field, it opened 36 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, M.A.
Trade relations with France and Italy, especially after the fall of Baghdad by the Eastern army of
Lenk, made Cairo a very important city connecting the trade route between the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea with Europe. Agricultural yields have also increased. In the field of science,
Egypt became the place where scientists from Baghdad fled from the attack of the Mongolian
army. Therefore, many sciences developed in Egypt, such as history, medicine, astronomy,
mathematics, and religious science. In history, great names are recorded, such as Ibn Khalikan,
Ibn Taghribardi, and Ibn Khaldun. In the field of astronomy, it is known as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. In
the field of mathematics Abu al-Faraj al-'Ibry. In the field of medicine: Abu Hasan 'Ali al-Nafis, the
inventor of the arrangement and circulation of blood in the human lungs, Abdul Mun'im al-
Dimyathi, a veterinarian, and al-Razi, a pioneer of psychotherapy. In the field of Opthalmology,
the name of Salah al-Din Ibn Yusuf is known. Meanwhile, in the field of religious science, the
famous name of Ibn Taymiyah, a reformist thinker in Islam, al-Sayuthi who mastered many
religious sciences, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in Hadith and others. Demikain is also an architectural
midwife. They built magnificent building
gs such as schools, mosques, hospitals, museums, libraries, villas- Islamic Civilization History
Textbook- Introduction | 37 villas, domes and mosque towers. The Mamalik Kingdom ended in
1517 due to the large number of panguasa who were low morals, liked to splurge and were
coupled with the arrival of a long dry season and the outbreak of disease. On the other hand, a
new power emerged, namely the Ottoman Turkish empire which was then able to win the war
against the Mamalik army. Then Egypt was made one of the provinces of the Ottoman kingdom
in Turkey. Spain In the Middle Ages, Islam only ruled in the Granada area, under the Banu Ahmar
dynasty (1232-1492 AD) which was the last Islamic power in Spain after about 7 and a half
centuries of ruling this region. Other cities such as Cordova had fallen to the Christians in 1238
AD, Seville was liberated in 1248 and finally Granada also fell to the Christians in 1492 AD. This
was due to the division among Muslims, especially the people of the Palace in fighting for power.
On the other hand, Christians have succeeded in uniting themselves. Abu Abdullah as the last
caliph was no longer able to stem the attacks of the keristines led by Ferdinand and Isabella, and
38 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA finally surrendered, and he himself emigrated to northern Africa.
Thus ended Islamic rule in Spain. Muslims are then faced with two choices, enter the country or
leave Spain. In 1609 A.D. it can be said that there were no more Muslims in this area. The Islamic
world was destroyed after the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad collapsed, and only experienced
progress again after the emergence and development of three great empires, namely: the
Ottomans in Turkey, the Mughals in India and the Safavids in Persia. 2. THE PERIOD OF THE
THREE GREAT EMPIRES (1500-1800 AD) OF THE OTTOMAN KINGDOM The founder of this
kingdom was named UthmanI, a Turk from the Oghuz tribe. He declared himself Padisyah al
Usmani (great king of the Ottoman family) in 699 AH (1300 AD). In 1312 AD he attacked the
Byzantine city of Broessa, which was later used as the capital of his kingdom. A few years later,
the Ottomans were able to conquer parts of the European continent such as Azmir (Smyrna) in
1327, Thawasyanli in 1330, Uskandar in 1338, Ankara in 1354, and Gallipoli in 1356. Textbook on
the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 39 During the reign of Sultan Murad I (1359-1389)
the Ottomans were able to take control of Adrianople, which was later made its new capital, and
then conquered Macedonia, Sopia, Salonia and the entire northern part of Greece. Anxious about
the progress of the kingdom's expansion into Europe, the Pope fanned the spirit of war. A large
number of allied European forces were prepared to repel the Ottoman forces. This army was led
by Sijisman, the king of Hungary. But
Sultan Bayazid I (1389-1403 AD), Murad I's successor, was able to destroy the European
Christian allies. Only this unfortunate Sultan Bayazid I was defeated by the attack of the Eastern
Lenk army in the battle of Ankara in 1402 and he himself was captured by the enemy. With the
capture of Bayazid I, the Ottoman kingdom suffered a setback, until it was saved by his son
Muhammad, and continued by Murad II (1421-1451) and then by Muhammad II (1451-1481)
known as Muhammad Al Fatih. During the reign of Muhammad al Fatih, Byzantium and
Constantinople were conquered (1453 AD). The Ottoman Empire further strengthened its
position during the time of Sulaiman al Qanuni (1520-1566 AD), so that at that time the Ottoman
territory included Asia Minor, Armenia, Iraq, 40 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Syria, Hejaz, and
Yemen in Asia; Egypt, Libya, Tunis and Algeria in Africa; Bulgaria, Greece, Yugaslapia, Albania,
Hungary, and Romania in Europe. To regulate the government of the State, a book of laws (qanun)
was compiled called Multaqa al-Abhur, which became the legal handle for the Ottoman empire
until the arrival of reform in the 19th century. That's why Sultan Sulaiman was given the title "al
Qanuni." In development, Ottoman Turkey is more focused on the political, military and
architectural fields. The political field means regional expansion as above. The Military Field is
the emergence of a new military group called the Jenissari or Inkisyariah troops. It was this army
that could turn the Ottoman State into the most powerful war machine. In the field of
architecture, many magnificent buildings were built, such as schools, hospitals, villas, tombs,
bridges and mosques. The mosques are decorated with beautiful calligraphy, for example the
famous ones are the Jami Sultan Muhammad Al Fatih mosque, the Sulaiman Grand Mosque, the
Abi Ayub Al Anshari Mosque and the Aya Sopia Mosque which was originally a church building. In
the religious field, the sultan's attention
n was quite large. The patwa-patwa ulama play a very important role in taking State policies. Mufti
is the official in charge of the History Textbook of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | The 41 highest
religions that give official fatwas on religious problems in society. Without Mufti's legitimacy, the
royal legal decision may not work. For approximately 9 centuries the Usamani dynasty was
established, but then it was destroyed also due to several factors, including: • Pungli culture
Every position that a person wants to achieve must be "paid" by bribes to the person who has the
right to give the position, thus causing moral decadence and the condition of officials to be more
fragile. • Jenissari army rebellionThe progress of the Ottoman empire's expansion was also due
to the great role of the Jenissari army. So it can be imagined that the Jenissari army itself finally
rebelled against the government. • Economic RecessionThis is due to the prolonged war,
spending money and the country's economy is declining, while the state's spending is very large,
including for war costs. • Very large territoryThe vastness of the Ottoman territory was very
difficult to control. On the other hand, the 42 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, the ruling Supreme Court
was very ambitious to control a very large area, so they were involved in continuous wars with
various nations. This certainly sucks up a lot of potential that should be used to build the country.
• E. Weakness of the rulerAfter the death of Sulaimanal al-Qanuni, the Ottoman kingdom was
ruled by weak sultans, especially in the field of leadership. Finally, the government became
chaotic. SAFAWI KINGDOM IN PERSIA The forerunner of this kingdom actually originated from
the tasauf recitation association of the Safawiyyah order based in the city of Ardabil, Azerbaijan.
The name Safawiyah is taken from the name of its founder Safi al-Din, a descendant of the sixth
Shi'ite imam, Musa al Kazhim. This kingdom can be considered as the first laying of the
foundation for the formation of the State of Iran today. This tarekat movement gradually changed
its form into a political movement. The Jama'ah or its disciples turned into an army that was
organized and panatic in faith and opposed everyone who belonged to a sect other than Shi'ah.
Sapawi's leadership has changed, and increasingly exists as a political movement supported by
the Islamic Civilization History Textbook troops- Introduction | 43 strong soldiers named
Qizilbash (red berets) during the reign of Ismail (1501-1524 AD). He was the first to proclaim
himself as the first king of the Safavid dynasty in the city of Tabriz. Within ten years he had taken
control of all of Persia and the eastern part of the fertile crescent (Fortile Crescent). The Safavid
kingdom reached the peak of its progre
ss during the reign of Abbas I. During his reign, he was able to control several areas controlled by
the Ottoman Turks such as Tabriz, Sirwan, and Baghdad (1602 AD). Then in 1622 AD he was able
to control the Hurmuz islands, and changed the port of Gumrun into the port of Bandar Abbas,
so that the trade route between East and West that was usually contested by the Dutch, English
and French could be completed. Sapawi's progress is not only in the field of politics but also in
the field of science, at that time several scientists were born including Bahauddin al Syaeraji, a
generalist of science, Sadaruddin al Syaeroji, a philosopher, and Muhammad Baqir Ibn
Muhammad Damad, a philosopher, historian, theologian and a person who once held an
observance about the life of bees. 44 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA In the field of physical and artistic
fields, the Safavid rulers have succeeded in building Isfahan, the capital of the kingdom into a
very beautiful city. Mosques, hospitals, schools, a giant bridge over the Rud zende, and the Chihil
Sutun palace were also built. Art elements can also be seen, for example, in the form of
handicrafts such as ceramics, carpets, clothing and weaving, fashion, pottery and others. After
the death of Abbas I, the Safavid kingdom was successively ruled by six kings, namely Safi Mirza
(1628-1642), Abbas II (1642-1667), Solomon (1667-1694), Hussein (1694-1722), Tahmasp II
(1722-1732), and Abbas III (1733-1736). During the time of these kings, the condition of the
Safavid kingdom gradually declined, which eventually led to its destruction. Safi Mirza was a
jealous and cruel person towards the royal dignitaries. Abbas II was a drunken king. Sulaiman, in
addition to being a narcotics addict, also
enjoys nightlife along with his harem herem. While Hussein was a king who was very
discriminatory, too partial to the Shi'a and cruel towards the Sunnis. Textbook on the History of
Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 45 Other factors were the prolonged conflict with the Ottoman
Empire, the moral decadence among the imperial powers, and also the internal conflicts among
them in the struggle for power. MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA The Mughal Empire was located in
India and Delhi as its Capital. It was established a quarter of a century after the establishment of
the Safavid kingdom. It was founded by Zahiruddin Babur (1482-1530 AD), one of the grandsons
of Timur Lenk. He was determined to control Samarkhan, which was an important city in Central
Asia at that time. So in 1494 he managed to conquer it thanks to the help of King Ismail I, the
Safavid king. In 1504 AD he was also able to conquer Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan. The Hindu
kingdom in India was also conquered. Babur died in 1530 A.D. by his son Humayun. (1530-1556
AD) was able to merge Malwa and Gujarat into the areas it had controlled. Humayun died by
falling on the stairs of his library (1556 AD), replaced by his son, Akbar.Akbar (1556-1606 AD) was
able to conquer the remaining Indian kings of that time, as well as Bengal. On the matter of
religion, Akbar has the opinion that 46 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA libral and wants to unite all
religions in a new form of religion called Din Ilahi. Akbar also applied the politics of Sulakhul
(Universal tolerance), so that all people were viewed as equal, not differentiated because of
ethnic and religious differences. The great sultans after Akbar include Jehangir (1605-1627 AD)
with his consort Nur Jehan, Shah Jehan (1628-1658 AD) and Aurangzeb (1659-1707 AD). After
Aurangzeb were weak sultans who could not maintain the continuation of the Mughal
empireSome of the advances of the Mugha
l empire included in agriculture, namely in the form of grains, rice, beans, sugarcane, vegetables,
spices, tobacco, cotton, indigo and dyeing materials. The works of Mughal royal art that can still
be enjoyed today are beautiful and awesome architectural works such as the pearl-lined Mosque
building, and the Tajmahal in Agra, the Grand Mosque of Delhi and the beautiful Palace in Lahore.
In addition to the advances made by the Mughal empire, there were several weak factors that led
to its destruction in 1858, including: • There was stagnation in military development so that it
could not monitor the movements of the British army in the coastal areas. Likewise the Textbook
on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 47 The strength of his gr
ound troops was becoming less and less reliable, especially in operating his own weapons. •
Moral decadence and luxury living among the royal dignitaries resulting in waste in the use of
money. • Aurangzeb's rude attitude in carrying out his ideas led to conflicts between religions,
such as the Shi'ah, Shi'a and Sunni sects. • All heirs to the royal throne in the last half of Mughal
rule were weak in leadership ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE AGES In 132 AH/750 AD,
the descendants of the Umayyads were wiped out, marking the end of the dynasty. Only
Abdurrahman, the only descendant of the Umayah tribe managed to escape to Andalusia and
establish the Umayyad II dynasty on the European mainland. In line with the rapid development
of Islam in Asia and Africa, Islam also spread to Europe. Namely through the following three ways.
• The western road, which was carried o
ut from North Africa through the Iberian Peninsula under the leadership of Thariq bin Ziyad (711
AD). In fact, the Islamic army was able to 48 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA passed through the
Pyrenees Mountains which were finally held back by the French army under the leadership of Karl
Martel in the city of Poitiers (732 AD). Finally, the Umayyad Caliphate government took the lead
in the Iberian peninsula known as the Banu Umayah II (711 A.D. 1492 A.D.) with its capital
Cordoba. • The middle way, which is carried out from Tunisia through Sicily to the Apenina
peninsula. Islam could occupy Sicily and southern Italy, but it could be retaken by the Nordic
nations in the 11th century. • The eastern road, where in 1453, the Turks under the leadership of
Sultan Muhammad II succeeded in conquering Byzantium by first attacking Constantinople from
the rear, namely the Black Sea, thus surprising the eastern Byzantine army. From Byzantium, the
Ottoman Turkish army continued to resist as far as the Austrian city of Vienna. After that, the
Ottoman Turkish army retreated back to the Balkan Peninsula and controlled the area for
approximately four centuries. It was only in the 19th century that the area managed to break away
from Islamic rule. However, the city of Constantinople was still controlled by the Umayyad
dynasty and turned into Istanbul
