DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE
Actually, Europe owes a lot of debt to Islam because there are so many Islamic
civilizations that affect Europe, such as from Spain, the crusades and Sicily. Spain itself is the
most important place for Europe to absorb Islamic science and culture, both in the form of
politics, social, economy, culture and education. Some of the developments of Islam include the
following. 1. Political field There was a balance of power because in the west there was a feud
between the Umayyad II in Andalusia and the Carolingian empire in France, while in the east there
was a feud between the Abbasid and the eastern Byzantine empire in the Balkans. The Abbasids
were also hostile to the Umayyads II in a power struggle in 750 AD. The Carolingian Empire was
hostile to the eastern Byzantine empire in the struggle for Italy. Therefore there was an alliance
between the Abbasids and the Carolingian empire, while the Umayyads II allied with the
Byzantines. The alliance only ended after the crusades (1096-1291). 2. Socio-Economic Field 50
|Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Islam has ruled Andalusia in 711 AD and Constantinople in 1453 AD.
This situation has a great influence on the growth of Europe. Islam means that it has controlled
the Middle East which at that time became the main route from Asia to Europe. At that time, trade
was determined by Islamic countries. This led them to discover Asia and America 3. Through the
Arabs (Islam), Europeans were able to understand ancient science such as those from Greece
and Babylon. Figures who influenced science and culture at that time included the following. a.
Al Farabi (780-863 AD) Al Farabi received the title of second teacher (Aristotle was called the first
teacher). Al Farabi authored books, collected and translated books by Aristotle. b. Ibn Rushd
(1120-1198) Ibn Rushd had a very large role in his influence in Europe, giving rise to the Averoism
movement (in Europe Ibn Rushd was called Averoes) which demanded freedom of thought.
Starting from Averoism, this is the Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction |
51 was born in the 16th century AD and ra
tionalism in the 17th century AD in Europe. Ibn Rushd's books are now only available in
Latin and are widely found in European and American libraries. His works are known as Bidayatul
Mujtahid and Tahafutut Tahaful. c. Ibn Sina (980-1060 AD) In Europe, Ibn Sina was known as
Avicena. He was a physician in the Persian city of Hamazan, a writer of medical books and a
researcher of various diseases. He is also a philosopher who is famous for his ideas on the
concept of omnipresence or wahdatul wujud. Ibn Sina was also a physicist and psychiatrist. His
famous and important work in the world of medicine is Al Qanun fi At Tibb which is a reference
for medical science 4. Many young Europeans study at Islamic universities in Spain such as
Cordoba, Seville, Malaca, Granada and Salamanca. While studying at these universities, they
actively translated books by Muslim scientists. The translation center is Toledo. After they
returned to their homeland, they established a school and university that was 52 |Dr. H. Anwar
Sewang, MA the same. The first university in Europe was the University of Paris which was
founded in 1213 AD and at the end of the Middle Ages in Europe there were only 18 universities.
At the university, they were taught the sciences they obtained from Islamic universities such as
medicine, exact sciences and philosophy. These things include the following. 1. A European
scholar, Peter Alfonsi (1062 AD) studied medicine at one of the medical faculties in Spain and
when he returned to England he was appointed as a personal physician by King Henry I (1120 AD).
In addition to being a doctor, he collaborated with Walcher to compile astronomy subjects based
on the knowledge of Muslim sergeants and scientists he got from Spain. Demikin was also with
Adelard of Bath (1079-1192 AD) who had also studied in Toledo and after he returned to England,
he became a famous sergeant in his country. 2. Cordoba has a library containing 400,000 books
in various branches of science. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 53
3. A Roman Christian priest from England named Roger Bacon (1214-1292 A.D.) studied Arabic
in Paris (1240-1268 A.D.). Through his Arabic and Latin language skills, he can read the original
manuscript and translate it into various sciences, especially the exact sciences. He brought the
original books and translations to Oxford University in England. Unfortunately, the translation is
recognized as his work without mentioning the original author. Among the books translated are
Al Manzir by Ali Al Hasan Ibn Haita
m (965-1038 AD). In the book there is a theory about microscopes and gunpowder which
is said to be the work of Roger Bacon. 4. A French scholar named Gerbert d'Aurignac (940-1003
AD) and his follower, Gerard de Cremona (1114-1187 AD) who was born in Cremona, Lombardea,
Northern Italy, once lived in Toledo, Spain. With the help of Muslim scholars there, he managed
to translate approximately 92 Islamic scientific books into Latin. Among these works are Al Amar
by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakaria Ar Razi (866-926 AD) and a medical book by Qodim Az
Zahrawi and a book by Abu Muhammad Al Baitar about plants. These Muslim scholars 54 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA teaches non-Muslim residents without discriminating between the religion
they follow. 5. When non-Muslim kingdoms defeat Islamic kingdoms, what happens is the
scorching of Islamic culture and the massacre of Muslims. However, when Islamic kingdoms
ruled non-Muslim kingdoms, the people of the country were treated well. Their religion and
culture were not disturbed. 6. Many Muslim sch
olars are credited for researching and developing science, even their works are translated
into European languages even though ironically recognized as their own works. The result or
influence of the development of Islamic science gave rise to a large-scale study of Greek
philosophy in Europe and finally gave rise to the revival movement or renaissance in the 14th
century. The development of Greek thought was through Arabic translations which were later
translated back into Latin. In addition, Islam also undertook the reform movement in the 16th
century AD, rationalism in the 17th century AD, and aufklarung or enlightenment in the 18th
century AD. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 55 The fate of Muslims
in Spain after the death of Abu Abdullah Muhammad was faced with several choices, including
converting to Christianity or leaving Spain. Historic buildings built by Islam were demolished and
thousands of Muslims were tragically killed. In 1609 AD, Philip III issued a law containing the
forced expulsion of Muslims from Spain. Thus, Islam disappeared from the land of Andalusia,
especially Cordoba which became the center of culture and science in the west so that it only
became a memory. B. HISTORICAL LESSONS OF ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE AGES
There are several benefits that we can take from the history of Islamic development in the Middle
Ages, including the following. 1. Although the Umayyads had been destroyed by the Abbasids,
the expansion of Islamic territory continued so that Islamic culture continued to develop in
Europe. This indicates that the enthusiasm of Muslims in achieving their ideals is very high so that
it gives birth to unity and unity that is urgently needed in realizing this. This is proven 56 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA In every expansion of the territory, the Muslims were able to control Spain in
about eight centuries (711-1492 AD) and control the Balkan Peninsula in about 4 centuries (1453-
1918 AD) 2. A sincere intention when doing something because Allah i
s needed, when the intention has changed to an orientation towards power or wealth,
then destruction will quickly strike. This has been proven in the event of the collapse of the
Umayyad state, the Abbasid army, and the Umayyad II in Andalusia and other kingdoms or
governments wherever they are 3. The conquest of such a vast territory was carried out by the
Muslims at that time based on the demands of the inhabitants of a country that was oppressed
by their own leaders. This is because the population is under a tyrannical government or because
the kingdom has disturbed Islamic territories. Therefore, Muslims have acted as liberators of the
people of a country from the arbitrary actions of their government and not as an occupier over a
country. The freed residents are still given the freedom to practice their respective religions or
beliefs even though efforts to spread Islam are always carried out. Textbook on the History of
Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 57 4. Islam has a huge contribution in efforts to spread science
and technology. Europe has progress today, one of which is due to the services of Muslim
scholars who have become a link in the development of science to European society at that time.
C. APPRECIATION OF THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES There are many
behaviors that are applied as a reflection of appreciation of the history of Islamic development in
the Middle Ages, including the following. 1. History is a lesson for humans so that in the future
the behavior or deeds of Muslims that make
Muslims and other human beings suffer will be repeated. The weak unity of Muslims can
be used as a gap for other parties to retract the role of Muslims, both from the economic and
political arena. Therefore, Muslims should be able to change their balanced system of life
between their worldly and ukhrawa interests and always improve their Islamic insight through the
reference of the Qur'an and Hadith. 58 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA 2. Muslims must learn from
western countries. They were initially far behind compared to the progress of civilization and
science of Muslims, but then they were able to catch up with the progress of civilization and
science of Muslims. Islamic invasions of Europe such as Andalusia and the Balkan Peninsula
over the centuries have motivated the west to study its science, technology and culture. The
existence of scholars during the development of medieval Islam such as Ibn Sina, Al Farabi, and
Ibn Rushd haurs became an inspiration and innovation for Islamic people to continue to study
various disciplines in order to continue the ideals of the struggle of Muslim figures in the Middle
Ages so that Islam was able to bring mercy to the whole world. D. THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIEVAL
ISLAMIC HISTORY ON INDONESIAN MUSLIMS Long before Islam entered Indonesia, the
Indonesian people had embraced Hinduism and Buddhism in addition to the beliefs of their
ancestors who adhered to animism and dynamism. After Islam entered Indonesia, Islam had a
great influence in the field of Islamic Civilization History Textbooks- Introduction | 59 political,
social, economic, and cultural fields which are as follows. 1. The
influence of the Indonesian language and name as a unified language is greatly
influenced by Arabic. Arabic has been integrated into the Indonesian vocabulary, for example the
words mandatory, fardu, born, bathin, deliberation, letters, news, newspapers, sells, chairs and
masks. In terms of names, many names with Islamic (Arabic) characteristics are also used such
as Muhammad, Abdullah, Anwar, Ahmad, Abdul, Muttalib, Muhaimin, Junaidi, Aminah, Khadijah,
Maimunah, Rahmillah, Rohani and Rahma. 2. Influence of Culture, Customs and Art Habits that
have developed a lot from Islamic culture can be in the form of greetings, tahlilan events,
thanksgiving, yasinan and others. In terms of art, there are many musical arts such as kasidah,
tambourine, marawis, barzanji and shalawat. We also see the influence in the field of
architectural art of houses of worship or mosques in Indonesia which is mostly influenced by the
architecture of mosques in the Middle East region. 3. Influence in the Political Field 60 |Dr. H.
Anwar Sewang, MA This influence can be seen in the system of government of Islamic kingdoms
in Indonesia such as the concept of caliphate or sultanate which we often encounter in kingdoms
such as Aceh, Mataram. Demak, Banten and Tidore 4. Influence in the economic field Coastal
areas are often visited by Islamic traders from Arabia, Persia, and Gujarat who apply the concept
of buying and selling in Islam. There is also an obligation to pay zakat or other charity, such as
alms, infaq, waqaf, supporting orphans, orphans, the poor and the poor. This makes the
economy of Muslims grow. The Modern Period (1800 AD – Present) The clashes between Islam
and European powers made Muslims realize that they were far behind Europe and the first to feel
this problem was the Ottoman Turkish empire which directly faced the European power for the
first time. This awareness made Turkish rulers and fighters motivated to learn from Europe. In
order to restore the strength of Islam, a reform movement was held with the Textbook on the
History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 61 Evaluate the causes of the retreat of Islam and
seek ideas of renewal and science from the west. These reform movements include: a.
Wahhabiyah Movement initiated by Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab (1703-1787 AD) in Arabia,
Shah Waliyullah (1703-1762) AD in India and Sa
nusiyyah Movement in North Africa commanded by Said Muhammad Sanusi from Al
Jazeera b. The movement to translate Western works into Islam and the sending of Muslim
students to study in Europe and England In the reform movement, it is very closely tied to politics.
The first political idea that emerged was Pan Islamism or world Islamic unity which was
intensified by the Wahhabiyah and Sanusiyah movements, after which it was continued more
vigorously by an Islamic thinker named Jamaluddin Al Afghani (1839-1897). According to
Jamaluddin, for the defense of Islam, it is necessary to abandon disputes and fight under a
common banner and also try to arouse the local and national spirit of Islamic countries. With
such an idea, he is known or nicknamed the father of nationalism in Islam. The idea or idea of Pan
Islamism promoted by 62 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Jamaluddin was welcomed by the Ottoman
Turkish King named Abd. Hamid II (1876-1909) and also received a good reception in Islamic
countries. However, after the Ottoman Turks lost the First World War and the caliphate was
abolished by Musthofa Kemal, a figure who supported the idea of nationalism, a sense of loyalty
to the nation-state. In Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Hijaz, Iraq, North A
frica, Bahrain and Kuwait, nationalism arose and nationalism was formed on the basis of
language commonality. In the unification of the Arab States, a league called the Arab League was
formed which was established on March 12, 1945. In India, a nationalist movement was formed
represented by the Indian National Congress Party and also formed a communalism initiated by
Islamic Communism voiced by the Muslim League which is a rival to the National Congress Party.
In India, there were reformers named Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), Iqbal (1876-1938) and
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948). In Indonesia, there are reformers or major political parties
that oppose colonialism including: a. Sarekat Islam (S I) led by HOS Tjokroaminoto established
in 1912 and is a continuation of the Islamic Trade Association founded by H. Samanhudi in 1911.
b. The Indonesian National Party (PNI) was founded by Sukarno Textbook on the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 63 (1927) c. Indonesian national education (PNI-new) was founded by
Mohammad Hatta (1931) d. The Indonesian Muslim Association (Permi) became a political party
in 1932 pioneered by Mukhtar Luthfi The emergence of the idea of nationalism accompanied by
the establishment of these political parties is t
he main asset of Muslims in the struggle to realize an independent country that is free
from the influence of western politics. As an illustration of nationalism and the struggle of
political parties whose majority population is Muslim, Indonesia. Indonesia is a Muslim-majority
country that first succeeded in proclaiming its independence, namely on August 17, 1945. The
second country to be free from colonialism is Pakistan. It became independent on August 15,
1947 with its first president, Ali Jinnah. In the Middle East, Egypt officially became independent
in 1992 and became completely independent on July 23, 1952 with the head of the government
named Jamal Abd Naser. Iraq became independent in 1932, but its people felt independent only
in 1958 and other countries such as Jordan, Syria and Lebanon became independent in 1946 In
Africa, Libya became independent in 1962, Sudan, Morocco 64 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA
became independent in 1956 AD, Algeria in 1962. Other countries that are independent almost
at the same time such as the State of North Yemen, South Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates.
In Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Singapore became independent in 1957 and Brunei Darussalam
became independent in 1984. In addition, Islamic countries that were formerly united in the
Soviet Union such as Turkmenia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan
and Bosnia became independent in 1992 The development of Islam, science and culture in the
modern century The period of Islamic revival or called the renewal period began to squirm in 1800
AD. At that time, many Muslims exerted their thoughts for the advancement of Islam. Muslim
scholars and scholars in various Islamic regions are intense about the study of Islam so that their
orthodoxy begins to be abandoned. So that during the renewal period, Islamic science, culture
and teachings developed in various count
ries such as India, Turkey, Egypt. A well-known reformer was Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab in
Arabia with his Wahhabiyah in 1703-1787 AD. This movement had a great influence in the 19th
century. The effort of this movement is to improve Muslims in accordance with the teachings of
Islam that they have mixed with the teachings of the Textbook of the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 65 tarikat that since the 13th century have been widespread in the
Islamic world. In the field of science, in Ottoman Turkey has progressed with the efforts of Sultan
Muhammad II who did to Muslims in his country to be able to master science and technology by
making reforms in the field of education and teaching, Islamic institutions were given general
lesson content and efforts to establish "Mektebi Ma'arif" to produce experts in the field of
administration and "Mektebi Ulumil Edebiyet" to produce translators who are good at and efforts
to establish universities with various majors such as medicine, technology and military. On
November 1, 1923 the Turkish sultanate was abolished and replaced with a republic with its first
president, Musttafa Kemal At Turk, science and technology were increasingly advanced. and at
that time also in India, modern Muslim scholars emerged who made efforts to make Muslims
able to master science and technology such as Sayid Ahmad Khan, Shah Waliyullah, Sayyid Amir,
Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abdul Kalam Azad. One of these scholars who is
very prominent and has great services to Muslim
s is Sayid Ahmad Khan. The ruler of Egypt, namely Muhammad Ali (1805-1849) in terms
of science and technology, to advance by sending 66 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA students to study
science and technology to France after graduation became lecturers in various universities such
as Al Azhar University so that science and technology quickly spread throughout the Islamic
world. In addition, there is the University of Alexandria in the city of Alexandria which has faculties
of medicine, engineering, pharmacy, agriculture, law, commerce and literature. Aiunusyam
University in Cairo, Assiut University, Hilwan University, Suez University, and The American
University in Cairo. In the development of Islam in the modern century, Muslims have become
aware of the importance of Islamic teachings that are in accordance with the teachings brought
by the Prophet PBUH so that they can be used as a guideline for life. because Muslims are far
from the teachings of the Prophet PBUH, namely many deviations from their original source,
diseases of heresy, superstitions, clerics, shamanism, musrikan, etc. are very widespread and
almost like the life of Jahiliyah. With the condition of the Muslims, reformers emerged, namely a
movement to purify the teachings of Islam in accordance with the teachings sourced from the
Qur'an and Hadith. The reformers include: a. Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab is a great prolific
scholar who was born in Nejed, Saudi Arabia One of the books is the Book of Tawhid, a book that
contains a Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 67 Urging Allah SWT by
eradicating superstitious practices, heresy of superstition that exists in Muslims and inviting
them to return to the true teachings of monotheism. Abdul Wahab's reform movement is known
as the Wahabiyah Movement. b. Rif'ah Badawi Rafi' At Tahtawi, who was born in Tahta, is an
Islamic reformer whose idea is to call on Muslims to balance between this world and the
hereafter c. Jamaluddin Al afgani, who was born in Asadabad, with his reform mindset is so that
Muslims return to the pure teachings of Islam, autocratic leadership to be transformed into
democracy, to realize the progress of a dynamic Islamic society so that women cooperate with
men and the Pan Movement. Islamism is the unification of all Muslims. d. Muhammad Abduh is
an Islamic reformer in Egypt, the successor of the Wahhabi movement and Pan Islamism, he and
his student Muhammad Rasyid Rida published the journal "Al Urwatu Wustsqa" In addition,
Muhammad Abdul also compiled a book entitled "Ar Risalah at Tauhid" e. Sayid Qutub, a scholar
and leader of the reform movement who harmonized the affairs of the hereafter with earthly
affairs and together with Yusuf Qardhawi emphasized the difference between modernization and
reconciliation. 68 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, M.A. f. Sir Sayid Akhmad Khan was born in Delhi, India,
was a prolific reformer with various works i
ncluding Tarikhi Sarkhasi Bignaur containing a chronological account of the rebellion in
Bignaur, Asbab Baghawat Hind, The Causes of the Indian Revolt (causes of the Indian revolution),
Risalat Khair Khawahan Musulman treatise on the faithful, and Akhkam Ta'aam Ahl al The book
of the precepts of eating the food of the scribes. In addition, he also founded the English School
in Mudarabad, the Muslim school of the University of Aligarth, formed the Muhammedan
Educational Conference and founded The Scientific Society, an institution for translating science
and technology into Urdu, and published the monthly magazine Tahzib al Akhlaq and others. g.
Muhammad Iqbal is an Indian Muslim with his work The Reconstruction of Religious Though in
Islam. In addition to the above, in terms of cultural development in modern times, there has also
been progress in various Islamic countries, meaning countries with a majority Islamic population
such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Kuwait and Indonesia. In
the field of architects, Saudi Arabia is experiencing rapid development. Physical developments
are very devastating from the construction of highways, railways, ports to international airlines,
hotels, worship such as the Grand Mosque which is a Textbook on the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 69 In the middle of the mosque there are the Kaaba and Baitul Atiq,
Hajar Aswad, Hijr Ismail, the Tomb of Ibrahim and the Zam-Zam well which is located close to
the Kaaba. The building of the Grand Mosqu
e is very spacious, very beautiful and magnificent. The Prophet's Mosque is a beautiful
and magnificent mosque and has a C. In Iran there are beautiful buildings, namely architectural
buildings of the Qatari Dynasty, namely the Niavarand Palace, the cemetery of Behesyti Zahra. In
the field of literature during the renewal period, there were names of Islamic writers in various
countries such as a great writer and thinker who was born in Pakistan in 1877 and died in 1938
named Muhammad Iqbal, Mustafa Lutfi Al Manfaluti in 1876-1926, namely the Egyptian writer
and scholar al Azhar, Muhammad Husain Haekal in 1888-1956 he was an Egyptian author who
wrote Hayatu Muhammad, Jamil Sidi Az Zahawi in 1863-1936 in Iraq among others. In the field of
calligraphy in the modern century, it is also developing, which is usually used as decoration in
mosques, decorations in homes, household furniture, etc. with media such as paper, wood,
fabric, leather, ceramics, etc. Islamic Modern Movement Renewal in Islam or the modern Islamic
movement born in the Middle East has a great influence on the Islamic revival movement in
Indonesia. These influences are such as the emergence of various modern organizations and
institutions in the 70s |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Indonesia in the early 20th century. The
organization or institution in question is Jamiatul Khair (1905) which aims to izzul Islam wal
Muslimin the glory of Islam and its people with its movement, namely establishing elementary
schools and sending outstanding young people to Turkey. Al Irsyad, which is engaged in the field
of education, its founder is Sheikh Ahmad Sorkatidan traders. Muhammadiyah, which was
founded by KH Ahmad Dahlan on November 18, 1912 in Jogjakarta with the aim of reaching
Heaven with the pleasure of Allah SWT and achieving a safe, peaceful, prosperous, prosperous
and happy society accompanied by the abundant blessings of Allah with baldatun tayyibatun wa
rabbun gafur. Persatuan Islam was founded by Ahmad Hasan and M. Natsir in Bandung in 1920,
the main activities were tabligh, preaching and publishing to purify Islamic sharia. SDI (Islamic
Trading Company) was founded by Haji Saman Hudi in Solo in 1911. SDI was changed to PSI
(Islamic Union Party) and in 1929 it was changed again to PSII (Indonesian Islamic Union Party),
initially engaged in economics and religion then changed to political activities. N U (Nahdhatul
Ulama) was founded by KH Hasyim Asy'ari on January 13, 1926 in Surabaya with the aim of
arousing the fighting spirit of the ulama in Indonesia. Matla'ul Anwar, the founder was KH Yasin
in 1905 in Banten with activities in the form of social, religious and educational. Perti (Tarbiyah
Movement) was founded by the History of Islamic Civilization Textbook- Introduction | 71 Sheikh
Sulaiman Ar Rasuli in 1928 in West Sumatra. His activities are engaged in education, eradicating
bid'ah, superstition and superstition as well as taklid of Muslims. Wisdom Studying the History
of Islamic Development in the Modern Century Wisdom studying the history of Islamic
development in the modern century can be addressed with this history can provide ideas and
high creativity to make changes to advance in an effective and efficient way, the problems of the
past can be lessons in the same field in the future, Renewal can be carried out in various fields,
both economic, Education, Politics and so on 72 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA CHAPTER III Pre-
Islamic World Civilization Eastern Roman Civilization The Roman Empire (Latin: IMPERIVM
ROMANVM or Imperium Romanum) was a p
olitical entity that once ruled in Italy today with Rome as the center of its government. It
took 500 years for the Roman government to consolidate its power through the Italian peninsula.
[1] The Roman Empire was founded in 753 BC with the capital of Rome. In May 30 AD there was
a split of power into two, namely western Rome (Rome) and eastern Rome with the capital of
Constantinople and Constantine the Great (Emperor Constantine) as its emperor. The Roman
Empire reached its peak of glory during the empire of Yustian I (527-565 AD). In the process of
expanding its power, the Romans clashed with Carthage (a government established in 814 BC by
the Phoenicians). As a result, the two fought in a war called the War of the History of Islamic
Civilization- Introduction | 73 Punic (264-241 BC). The war ended with the capture of the city of
Carthage by the Romans in 146 BC, marking the beginning of Roman domination in Europe, which
continued to reign supreme for the next six centuries. [2] The Eastern Roman Empire is a term
used by modern historians to refer to the predominantly Greek-speaking part of the Roman
Empire centered in Constantinople during the Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages of its earlier
states in the Classic period. [3] The country was also called the Byzantine Empire mainly in the
context of the Middle Ages, while Eastern Rome is usually used in contexts related to the period
when Rome was still administered with s
eparate eastern and western political centers. Its inhabitants and neighboring states
referred to the empire as the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, Basileia Rhōmaiōn;[ 4]
Latin: Imperium Romanum) or Romanian (Ῥωμανία). [5] After the Western Roman Empire fell
apart and collapsed in the 5th century, its eastern part continued to expand, surviving for
approximately another thousand years until it was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in
1453. During most of its existence, the country was the most influential economic, cultural, and
military power in Europe. 74 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, M.A. Since the distinction between Romans
and Byzantines only existed in modern times, it is difficult to establish a definite date for the
transition. However, there were several important events from the 4th to the 6th centuries that
marked the transitional period when the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire were
separated. Between 324 and 330, Emperor Constantine I (r. 306–337) moved the main capital
from Rome to Byzantium, on the European side of the Bosporus. Byzantium was renamed
Constantinople ("City of Constantine") or also called Nova Rome ("New Rome"). 1. Religion
Under the emperor Theodosius II (r. 379-395), Christianity became the official state religion of
the empire while other religions such as Roman polytheism were banned. The latter period of
transition began at the end of the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) when he completely
transformed the empire by reforming the army and government by introducing the thema system
and changing the official language of the empire from Latin to Greek. The countries under the
Eastern Roman empire were generally Christians, which at that time were divided into several
streams. As for what is famous as a Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction
| The following 75: a. The Yaqibah school, embraced by Egypt, Habsyah, and others who think
that the Prophet Isa (a.s) is Allah who is united in Al-Masih. b. The Nasathirah school, embraced
by Musil, Iraq, and Persia. c. Mulkaniayah school, embraced by North African, Sicily, Syrian, and
Spanish. The Nasathirah and Mulkiyanah schools think that in Al-Masih
there are two characters, namely the character of divinity and the character of humanity.
[6] From these schools, there has always been a constant debate about belief and trust in God.
Described by Allah in His Verse. Al-Ma'idah :72-73:116 2. Philosophy 76 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang,
MA Roman culture is essentially a continuation of Greek culture. Yurji Zaidan divides Roman
culture into seven eras as follows: a. The fairy tale period (mythology) is the ancient Greek era
whose culture was full of fairy tales and superstitions. b. The heroic period (900-700 BC). In this
era, culture describes a lot of heroism with verses that are often echoed called Ilias and Odyssa
by Homer. c. Lyric Period (700-500 BC) i.e. Greek colonization that ruled the Middle East and
northern Africa d. Golden Age (500-323 BC). During this period, poems emerged such as tamsil
poetry, philosophy, khitabah and history. e. The time of Alexandry (323-146 BC). During this time
the cultural center moved from Athens to Alexandria (Alexandria) which later became the center
of science. f. Greco-Roman Period (142-550 AD). At this time the History of Islamic Civilization
Textbook- Introduction | 77 Greek territories fell to Roman control and then the Greek empire fell,
but the Christians changed it and so on and
incorporated Greek territory into the Eastern Roman territory. g. The Byzantine period
(550-1453 AD) was the glory of the center of Eastern Rome (Constantinople), which became the
center of Greek culture and civilization. [7] 3. Language and Arts. In the territory of the Eastern
Roman empire there were three languages spoken, namely Latin, Greek and Syriac. Byzantine art
and literature arose about the fifth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. Roman art developed
in Russia, the Balkans and even in Italy. And also many statues and churches were erected. One
of the famous churches is Ayu Sophia's church. In addition, there are also many other art
activities such as painting, sculpture, language and sound as well as philosophy and all of them
have the soul and spirit of the church. Persian Civilization 78 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Persian
history has begun since 5000 years ago. The Aryan or Indo-German tribes, namely the Medes,
inhabited the western part of Iran. Meanwhile, another group of nations, namely the Persians,
inhabited the southern part of the region. Both the Medes and the Persians were subject to the
rule of the Assyrians. However, in 612 BC, the Persians and Medes rose up to invade Assyria, the
city of Nineveh was destroyed. Persians in general live nomadic lives. They move from camp to
place in search of fresh grass and better weather conditions each year. This is what shaped the
character of the Persian nation to be harsh, individualistic, and sometimes rob its more civilized
relatives. However, in its development, the Persians experienced boredom in living their lives.
Until finally they lived sedentary and farmed, even in the field of agriculture the Persians had
irrigation called Kareze which built irrigation open and closed under the canal. The Persian
Empire is a great example of ancient times, a country that succeeded in uniting people of
different religions, nations and customs. The Persian Empire encompassed a vast territory,
bordering the Indian land to the East and the Caspian Sea to the Northwest. In his government,
the country was divided into 20 provinces, each of which was headed by a Satrap who was
appointed to the Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 79 by the king.
There were four empires in Persian civilization, among them, the Empire and the Akhemenian
Empire, the Seleucid Empire, the Parthian Empire, and the Sassanian Empire. History says that
the early religion of the Persians was Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrian's ancient religion was based on
the teachings of the Persian prophet in the 6th century BC, Zoroaster became the official religion
of the kingdom during the three dynasties. The cultural development of the Persian people was
also relatively fast, they not only knew irrigation, but also knew the nail writing used by previous
nations. In the field of science, they have also studied philosophy, medicine and astronomy. In
the field of technology, they have succeeded in making windmills which are believed to be the
oldest windmills. Jahiliyah Arab Civilization In the period before the arrival of Islam in Arabia is
known as the Jahiliyah era. This period of ignorance in Islam, is a time when they do not know the
religion of monotheism which makes their
morality minimal. At that time, Arab society had bad habits such as drinking, gambling,
adultery, and idolatry. 80 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA This Arab nation has adhered to various
religions, morals, customs, and rules before Islam came. Islam meets the religion of ignorance.
At the time of Islam's coming, it brought reforms in various fields including morals, law, and rules
of life. These two beliefs clashed with each other for a long time. Getting to know the civilization
of the Arabs before Islam came is incomplete if you do not study the history of the Arabs.
Religions of the Arabs before Islam Came The religions of the Arabs before Islam were Paganism,
Judaism, and Christianity. This Pagan is their majority religion. Hundreds of idols of various
shapes were placed around the Temple. This pagan religion has even existed since before the
Prophet Ibrahim. The ancestors of the Arabs initially embraced the religion of the Prophet
Ibrahim, but this teaching eventually faded. They then made idols out of stone, which became a
means of communicating with God. A very strong religious spirit encourages the Arabs to fight
and combat Islam during Islam Textbook History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 81 came.
However, worship and religious practices are often not carried out by Bedouin Arabs. They love a
free life so much that they also want to be free fro
m religious rules. Religion is considered to be the binding of their freedom, therefore they
often distort their rules. Among them there are those who worship the stars, trees, rocks,
animals, and even worship their kings. This happens because they find it difficult to trust an
abstract God. After being cut off from the prophet Ibrahim as the illuminator, they returned to
idolatry. The idols were made of stone and were erected in the Kaaba. The religion of the Prophet
Ibrahim is mixed with this belief in idolatry. The thing that makes the Arabs worship idols is
because everyone who leaves the city of Mecca, always takes stones from the land around the
Kaaba. After that they felt more honorable. Meanwhile, the Kaaba still has a high position. Art and
Culture before Islam Comes 82 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Meanwhile, the civilization of the Arab
nation before Islam related to its culture and art, can be said to be very developed in the Arabian
Peninsula. Arabic is full of beautiful verses and vocabulary. They love to gather around highly
respected poets to listen to their poems. Besides being poets, Jahiliyah Arabs are very adept at
speaking in beautiful language. Like the poets, the orators of the time had a high degree. Yemen
was a very important cultural development in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam came. This Arab
nation is indeed a nation with a high taste for art. Not all countries in the Arabian Peninsula have
Islamic culture. Iran, which grew up with Persian culture, is very different from the culture of
Arabs in general. Likewise Egypt with its culture of the time of the Pharaoh. In the Arabian
Peninsula region that has Arab culture is the Middle East and parts of North African countries
such as Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and Libya. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization-
Introduction | 83 After Islam came, all cultures in the Arabian Peninsula began to influence each
other, resulting in acculturation and assimilation. It can be said that their civilization has
advanced, so Arabic has become popular like European languages today. This Arabic language
has greatly contributed to the spread of Islam around the world. The Socio-Economic Condition
of the Arab Nation before Islam Came The socio-economic condition of the Arab people was
greatly influenced by its geographical position. Most of the Arab region is arid and barren, except
for Yemen, which is notoriously fertile and strategically located as a trade traffic. In the central
part of the Arabian Peninsula – because it is a barren mountain range – Bedouin Arabia moved
from one valley to another in the interior. They are farmers who are looking for grass for livestock.
Whereas the tribes that dwelt in fertile
e regions - especially around the oasis - developed agriculture by growing fruits and
vegetables. 84 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA While those who live in urban areas usually trade. Their
expertise in the trade determines their socioeconomic life. They even made trade trips to the land
of Syria in the summer and to Yemen in the winter. The economy of the Arabs before Islam came
was very dependent on this trade rather than livestock, let alone agriculture. Arabs are indeed
known as formidable traders who travel far to neighboring countries. In the socio-political field,
Arab society during the Jahiliyah period did not have a well-established and orderly government
system. Before the arrival of Islam, the Arabs were also able to develop science. The Babylonians
– who had moved to Arabia because of the Persian invasion – helped the development of their
astronomy. The Arabs before the arrival of Islam were known to be brave in defending their
positions. They stand firm in maintaining a way of life that has become a habit. However, in this
time of ignorance, their morals and behavior are indeed very corrupt so they are called ignorant
people. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 85 CHAPTER IV
........................................................................................................................... The
condition of the Arabs before the arrival of Islam, especially around Mecca, was still colored by
idolatry as God. Known as paganism. In addition to idolatry, among the Arabs there are also those
who worship the religion of Masehi (Christianity), this religion is embraced by the people of
Yemen, Najran, and Sham. In addition, there is also Judaism, which is embraced by the
immigrant Jewish population in Yemen and Medina, as well as the religion of the Magi, which is
the religion of the Persians. The Prophet Muhammad PBUH was born on the 12th of Rabiul Awwal
or April 20, 571 AD. At that time the King of Yemen Abrahah with his elephant invaded Mecca to
destroy the Kaaba. So that year is called the Year of the Elephant. He was orphaned when he was
eight years old, and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle, Abdul Muttalib and Abu Talib. At
the age of 12 the Prophet Muhammad was already familiar with trading, at that time he was
invited to trade by his uncle, Abu Talib
to the Land of Sham. From his experience in trading, after growing up, he wanted to try to
trade by bringing the merchandise of Khadijah, a female merchant who eventually became his
wife. The prophetic phase of the Prophet Muhammad began when he was 86 |Dr. H. Anwar
Sewang, MA survived or was lonely in the Hira Cave, as a result of his concern to see the state of
the Arab people who worship idols. It was here that he received the first revelation, which was in
the form of Surah Al-'Alaq 1-5. With this first revelation, he was appointed as a Prophet, the
messenger of Allah. At that time, the Prophet Muhammad had not been commanded to call to
his people, but after the second revelation, namely Surah Al-Mudatsir verses 1-7, the Prophet
Muhammad was appointed as the Messenger who had to preach. In this case, the da'wah of the
Prophet Muhammad is divided into two periods, namely: a. The Mecca Period, the main
characteristics of this period are the guidance and education of monotheism (in a broad sense)
b. The Medina Period, the main feature of this period is social and political education (in a broad
sense) of the Makkah Period In this period, the first three years of Islamic da'wah were carried
out in secret. Prophet Muhammad began to carry out Islamic da'wah in the family environment,
first his own wife, namely Khadijah, who received his da'wah, then Ali bin Abi Talib, his friend Abu
Bakr, then Zaid his former slave. In addition, there are also many people who converted to Islam
through the medium of Abu Bakr who is famous by the nickname Assabiqunal Awwalun (the first
people to convert to Islam), they are Uthman bin Affan, Zubair bin Awwan, Textbook on the
History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 87 Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash, Abdur Rahman bin 'Auf,
Talhah bin 'Ubaidillah, Abu Ubaidah bin Jarhah, and Al-Arqam bin Abil Arqam, whose house was
used as a headquarters for preaching. Then a
fter verse 94 of Surah Al-Hijr came down, the prophet Muhammad (saw) began to preach
blatantly. In spreading Islam, the Prophet Muhammad did it in three ways, namely: a. Secrets. At
this stage the Prophet gave it only to his own family and close friends. b. Semi-Secret. He spread
Islam in a wider scope, including the Banu Muttalib and the Banu Hashim. c. Explicit
(demonstrative). The Prophet in preaching openly to all levels of society, both nobles and slaves.
The da'wah delivered by the Prophet was rejected by the Quraish community in various ways.
These rejections include: a. Soft. This method is done by spreading propaganda. That the Prophet
Muhammad was a liar, a criminal, and also a divisive person among the Arabs and others b. Semi-
Soft. That is by persuading the Prophet Muhammad to stop Islamic da'wah c. Rude/Vile. Namely
by committing torture or persecution both physically and non-physically 88 |Dr. H. Anwar
Sewang, MA Da'wah carried out by the Prophet Muhammad (saw) was not easy because it was
challenged by the infidels of the Quraish. This arises due to several factors, namely the following:
1. The Field of Power Politics. They cannot distinguish between prophethood and power. They
think that obeying the call of the Prophet Muhammad means submitting to the leadership of Banu
Abdul Muttalib 2. Social (social equality of degrees). Prophet Muhammad called for equal rights
between nobles and slaves 3. Religion
and Belief. The Quraish leaders do not want to believe or acknowledge and do not accept
the teachings of resurrection and retribution in the hereafter 4. Culture. Taklid to ancestors is a
custom that is rooted in the Arabs, so it is very difficult for them to leave the religion of their
ancestors and follow Islam 5. Economics. Sculptors and sculpture sellers viewed Islam as an
obstacle to sustenance during the Medina Period The main reasons why the Prophet and his
companions migrated to Medina are: 1. The difference in climate in the two cities accelerates the
implementation of the hijrah. Medina's gentle climate and calm disposition greatly encouraged
the spread and development of Islam. While the city of Mecca is the opposite. Textbook on the
History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 89 2. The Prophets are generally not respected in
their countries so that even the Prophet Muhammad is not accepted by his own people 3. The
challenges faced by the Prophet were not as severe as in Mecca In this period, the development
of Islam was more emphasized on the basics of Islamic community education and social
education. Therefore, the Prophet then laid the foundations of the Islamic community in Medina,
as follows: a. Establishing a Mosque The purpose of the Prophet establishing a mosque is to unite
Muslims in one assembly, so that in this assembly Muslims can jointly carry out congregational
prayers regularly, adjudicate cases and deliberations. This mosque plays an important role in
uniting Muslims and strengthening the bond of Islamic ukhuwah. b. Uniting and fraternizing the
Ansar and Muhajirin The Prophet (saw) united Islamic families consisting of Muhajirin and
Anshar. By fraternizing these two groups, the Prophet (saw) has created an affinity based on
religion instead of brotherhood based on tribalism as before. c. Mutual assistance agreement
between fellow Muslims and non-Muslims 90 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA The Prophet Muhammad
(saw) wanted to create tolerance between groups in Medina, therefore the Prophet made an
agreement between the Muslims; limin and non-Muslims. According to Ibn Hisham, the contents
of the agreement include the following: 1. Recognition of religious and political personal rights 2.
Freedom of religion is guaranteed for all people 3. It is the obligation of the people of Medina,
both Muslims and non-Muslims, in terms
of morals and materials. They must work hand in hand to fend off all attacks on their city
(Medina) 4. The Prophet was the general leader of the people of Medina. It was to him that all
matters and great disputes were brought to be resolved d. Laying political, economic and social
foundations for the new society When the Islamic society is formed, a strong foundation is
needed for the newly formed society. Therefore, the verses of the Qur'an that were revealed in
this period were mainly aimed at the administration of law. These verses were then explained by
the Prophet, both verbally and by his deeds so that there are two sources of law in Islam, namely
the Quran and hadith. From the two sources of Islamic law, a system for the political field is
obtained, namely the deliberation system. And
