THE URGENCY OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC
GOVERNANCE IN UNITED STATES
Introduction
Governance is one of the paradigms in governance management. There are three pillars
of governance, namely the public sector, private sector, and society. It is known that
governance is the main issue of governance (Kerry L. Hofheimer, 2006). The National
Committee on Governance Policy (KNKG, 2008) revealed that governance in United States
is termed public governance. Public governance is a concept that presents the government's
ability to assist citizens in an inclusive, non-discriminatory manner, and can provide
individual satisfaction and prosperity for the people. Public governance is bound by the
ability of government and society to survive all global challenges while maintaining the
continuity of government, both in terms of economic, social, cultural, and political
sovereignty.
In United States, good public governance has been the focus of attention since 1999.
Minister of State Apparatus Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform of PANRB Asman
Abnur, represented by Deputy of Public Service Diah Natalisa at the opening of the
international seminar and exhibition of open data-based public service innovations at the
office of the Ministry of PANRB, revealed that community participation is needed as the
main force in spurring service quality and strengthening the implementation of e-government.
This is because community participation is an important factor underlying the success of the
implementation of public governance. In addition, community participation is part of the
process of community empowerment in meeting the needs of the community based on an
initial plan that is jointly prepared and agreed upon in the form of policies that produce
output in the form of programs.
Community participation is part of the human rights of all citizens guaranteed by the
constitution as stated in Article 28C paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
United States. Forms of community participation starting from the stage of information
notification, consultation, dialog, exchange of ideas, deliberation, expressing opinions, and
interaction are all human rights of citizens guaranteed and protected by the 1945 Constitution
of the Republic of United States as referred to in Articles 28E paragraph (3) and 28F of the
1945 Constitution of the Republic of United States. However, there is still a gap between the
government and the community in this regard, because the community thinks that the
conditions that occur are not important for life. Research (Salsa Nabila & Ramadani Silalahi,
2022) revealed that people do not participate in carrying out government policies and appeals
because of habits in togetherness, cooperation, solidarity, and the like as a form of social
interaction. Whereas community participation is very important in the sustainability of
government.
The problem that occurs is that community participation in public governance is often
ignored by the government, so it is only considered a mere formality (Saraswati
Harisoesyanti & Annisah, 2020). This condition has brought serious consequences, namely
public dissatisfaction with government performance and decreased public trust in
government institutions. The gap that forms between people's expectations of the government
and the reality of public policy implementation is becoming increasingly apparent. People
feel that the government is less responsive to their aspirations and needs, and this creates
tension and disharmony in public governance.
However, in the midst of these problems, there is a very important urgency related to
community participation in public governance. Community participation is the key to
improving the quality of public policies produced. When people are actively involved in the
decision-making process, policies can be more responsive to their needs and aspirations. In
addition, public participation also plays a role in increasing government accountability and
promoting transparency in public decision-making. Thus, public participation is not just a
formality, but the foundation of good governance. Through active community participation,
public trust in government can be strengthened, and the overall quality of public governance
can be improved to achieve better development goals.
Based on the description above, the author is interested in conducting research with the
formulation of the problem, namely how is the urgency of community participation in public
governance in United States with the aim of research to determine and analyze the urgency of
community participation in public governance in United States.
Methods
This research is based on the literature review approach used by (Husna et al., 2021),
with an overview of scientific journal articles searched through Google Scoolar, Scimagojr,
and Sciencedirect. The search was conducted in 2023 for journals published in the last 6
years. Therefore, the articles obtained spanned from 2018 to 2023, and these were obtained in
three stages, which are discussed in the following subsections.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
Phase one: Data Sources and Document Selection
In this study, primary data was obtained directly from related journals through
literature review. Where journals related to research are obtained through Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect tools. These sites include dissertations & theses, primary source
materials, e-books, scientific journals, historical and current newspapers and magazines. The
documents selected in this study are articles published in scientific journals that have also
been reviewed, therefore, the quality of the manuscripts obtained is reliable.
Phase two: Research conditions, inclusion and exclusion process
Previous research related to the research topic was obtained from Google Scholar,
Scimagojr and Sciencedirect using the keywords "Community Participation and Public
Governance" Several steps were taken at this stage. Firstly, this search used an advanced
search mode by utilizing a strategy that only displayed full text which resulted in
approximately 54 articles after filtering according to the last 6 years. The review of article
titles, abstracts, and content was finally decided using the search results for 6 years. This
option was to generate searches that were representative of Community Participation and
Public Governance. It was then taken based on these results, which provided a detailed
examination by searching for articles containing the keywords Public Participation and
Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text. This final step showed that 11 used
the keywords Public Participation and Public Governance in the title, abstract, and body text.
The composition is inclusive and shows that the 11 articles that used the keywords in the title
also used them in the abstract and body text.
Phase three: Analysis and Presentation of Results
This third stage was conducted by carefully reading the selected articles while
conducting the analysis. The content of each article was compared with each other to
determine relevant similarities and differences. The analysis was conducted based on the
substance, method and location of the research. In the end, a useful categorization was
compiled for the development of this concept.
Results And Discussion
Community Participation
Isbandi stated that community participation is the participation of the community in the
process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and making
decisions about alternative solutions to deal with problems, implementing efforts to
overcome problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that
occur (Andi Uceng, 2019).
According to Sundariningrum in Sugiyah classifies participation into two based on the
way of involvement (Larasaty et al., 2020), namely:
Direct Participation
Participation that occurs when individuals perform certain activities in the participation
process. This participation occurs when people can express their views, discuss issues, object
to the wishes of others or to what they say.
Indirect participation
Participation that occurs when individuals delegate their participation rights to others
Public Governance
Carlie, Marra & Pozzi; Massey and Johnston-Miller define public governance as a
unified group of public actors responsible for designing, implementing and enforcing specific
regulatory policies, with the capacity to oversee and coordinate multiple government entities
(Alqooti, 2020).
Meanwhile, according to the partnership in research (Maria & Halim, 2021), public
governance is the process of formulating and implementing policies, regulations, and
development priorities through interactions between the executive, legislative and
bureaucracy with participation from the community and the economic community.
Based on some of the above definitions related to public governance, it can be
concluded that public governance is a collection of public actors who unite in designing,
implementing public policies and services, where there is also community involvement along
with other stakeholders in achieving goals.
The Urgency of Community Participation in Public Governance in United States
Community involvement has an urgent role in achieving success or failure in public
governance in United States. Moreover, United States adopts a democratic form of
government, where all citizens have the same rights to participate directly or indirectly in
taking part in decisions that can affect the sustainability of the state. Public participation is
the main indicator in determining the success of public governance. This opinion or theory is
rationally acceptable, because ideally it aims to improve the welfare of the community,
therefore it is appropriate for the community to be involved in it.
Community participation can support the achievement of development success so that
all planning, implementation and evaluation programs must involve the community, because
the community knows the problems and needs in order to develop their area and the
community utilizes the program and provides an assessment regarding the success or failure
of the program. This is also expressed by (Ulum & Dewi, 2021) which states that community
participation is very urgent because the community is the first person to know the situation in
their respective regions compared to people outside the region both in planning,
implementation, utilization of results and evaluation. In research (Khikmawanto, 2022)
revealed that people involved in government can produce a useful program in their area
according to the problems faced, such as the people of Kampung Talas not stopping to
continue to innovate. As a form of preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.
Kampung Talas has an independent isolation room complete with bed and bathroom facilities
for people affected by Covid-19 and several other facilities related to Covid-19. This shows
that the people of Kampung Talas have contributed to public governance by creating concrete
solutions to the problems being faced by their community. Thus, the results of this study
support the argument that active community participation in governance has a positive
impact in improving the quality of public governance in United States.
Waheduzzaman stated that higher community participation in development programs
can lead to better public governance. Effective community participation can increase
transparency in development, accountability for implementing authorities, and compliance
with local laws, ultimately creating good governance (Hidayati & Suwanda, 2022). This is in
line with the community participation described by Fox and Meyer in (Mironga &
Namilonga, 2021) that "community involvement in various activities related to policy
making and implementation including the determination of service levels, budget priorities
and the acceptability of infrastructure projects in order to direct government programs to
community needs, build support and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within the
community". The Desa Mandiri program is one example of how community participation can
improve public governance. The program involves villagers in determining development
priorities and the use of village budgets. Through active participation, communities can
oversee the use of village funds, ensure transparency in budget allocation, and ensure that
programs are implemented in accordance with needs and regulations.
In public governance, it is important to have community involvement in decision
making, so that the tension of economic, political, social, and cultural problems in a country
can be reduced (Li et al., 2020). This can be seen from the complaints submitted by the
public through SP4N-LAPOR, from the complaints submitted in terms of economic,
political, social, and cultural aspects, it is able to produce the right decision and in
accordance with the needs of the community. Around 2.1 million complaints have been
received and 73.7 percent of the public are satisfied with the performance of SP4N-LAPOR.
This shows that the public has a good impact on the policies issued by the government. When
people feel involved from the beginning, they will be motivated to support and implement the
results of the decision. Because high community participation has a contribution to very
broad mobilization. Harun and Ardianto revealed that participation in the decision-making
process to realize development is very necessary, because successful development must be
supported by all components, so that people have a sense of belonging, a sense of
responsibility (Firgiawan, 2018). In the context of natural resource management, such as
forests and agricultural land, community participation in decision-making has proven crucial.
An example is the Village Forest program, where local communities are involved in forest
management and benefit from the results. This creates a sense of responsibility in
safeguarding natural resources. (Mutua & Kiruhi, 2021) reinforce that community
involvement in decision-making processes can increase the effectiveness of regulation and
improve the provision of public goods and services. In addition, volunteering is one way
community members contribute to good governance, participate in government projects, and
reduce the gap between the community and the government.
Juridically, community participation is very important and strategic as a supervisory
instrument (control) in the protection and management of public governance, including in
monitoring law enforcement for actions that deviate from existing rules (Susila Wibawa,
2019). The integration of community involvement or participation in the form of aspirations
is absolutely necessary to avoid weak law enforcement due to lack of supervision from the
community. Public governance without including the participation of community aspirations
will result in the issuance of incompatibilities between the needs of the community and the
rules issued by the government. For example, corruption in United States is a serious
problem to date. In some cases, the disclosure of corruption involving high-ranking officials
was only successful due to reports from the public or whistleblowers. This shows that
community participation plays a key role in law enforcement in United States. With this, the
public has a wider position to see, monitor, and evaluate the work of the government.
Participating in the policy-making process can realize the ideal system of sovereignty
in the hands of the people (Dirkareshza et al., 2022). This statement means that people's
involvement in policy-making is a way to create a system where people have full control over
the policies made by the government. In such a system, the people have the authority to
participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives, and this is what is
considered an ideal system of sovereignty. This can be seen in the PEMILU (General
Elections) held every five years in United States. United States citizens have the right to
choose their leaders. Active participation in elections is a concrete example of how the
people have control over public policy choices. Through elections, people have a voice in
determining the leaders or representatives of the people and deciding the direction of the
policies to be taken. In the 2009-2020 BPS data, it was found that there was a decrease in
participation in decision-making and supervision from 54.28 to 54.00. The lack of public
participation has an impact on the policies issued by the government, so that these policies
can fail due to lack of implementation (Maunde et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers, community participation
in public governance in United States is very important. Some important points that can be
concluded are: First, as an important cornerstone in United States democratic system, where
the entire community has the right to be involved in decision-making; Secondly, community
participation helps to improve the quality of governance in United States. Third, effective
community participation increases transparency, accountability and compliance with the law
in development; Fourth, the community can act as a watchdog (control) to prevent deviations
that can hinder the goals and ideals of the state; Fifth, community involvement in policy
making creates an ideal system of popular sovereignty, where the community has full control
over the policy. Thus, active community participation in public governance is a key element
to achieving success in public governance in United States.
