Pharmacology of Insulin in Diabetes Mellitus Management
LSC 432 - Fundamentals of Pharmacology
Arizona State University
December 22, 2024
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is defined as “a chronic disease caused by a relative or
complete decrease in production and secretion of insulin by pancreatic
beta-cells, or by the diminished effectiveness of secreted insulin in
consequence of the gradual loss of insulin sensitivity of target cells”
(“Types of diabetes,” n.d., para. 1). While type 2 diabetes does not induce
insulin dependence and is frequently intervened through lifestyle
modifications and various anti-diabetic drugs, patients with type 1 diabetes
require regular insulin injections. Thus, in the given paper, pharmacological
properties and effects of insulin will be described.
Types of insulin
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas.
It affects almost all organs and tissues, however, primarily targeting the
liver, muscles, and fat tissue. There are two types of insulin − endogenous
and exogenous, − and their functions are a little bit different. While
endogenous insulin participates in the regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism, the exogenous one performs as a sugar-reducing agent (Yetiv
& Bianchine, 2013). It is the exogenous insulin that is used for the
treatment of type 1 diabetes (“Types of diabetes,” n.d.).
Pharmacological properties and effects
The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism becomes possible
because it enhances the transport of glucose through the cell membrane
and improves its utilization by tissues. Moreover, it facilitates the
conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and inhibits the
endogenous production of glucose by suppressing glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown and transformation into glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
such as amino acids, etc.) (Donner, 2015). Along with this, insulin affects
lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis, which leads to a decrease in the
absorption of free fatty acids into the bloodstream (Yetiv & Bianchine,
2013).
Pharmacokinetics (practical implications)
For the safe and effective administration of insulin in patients with
diabetes, nurses should be aware of the primary pharmacokinetic
properties of insulin-based drugs. The speed of insulin absorption into the
blood depends on multiple factors, i.e., injection site, local blood flow rate
and muscle activity, amount of insulin administered, type of insulin, etc.
For instance, the fastest way insulin enters the blood is through the
injection in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. When
injected into the shoulder area or other sites, the absorption proceeds at
a slower pace. It can be explained by the degree of vascularization of the
subcutaneous fatty tissue in these bodily parts (Donner, 2015). It is also
essential to pay attention to the temperature of the administered
substance because, when cold, insulin is absorbed more slowly (Donner,
2015).
Types of insulin-based drugs
Nowadays, there is a great variety of insulin products that can be
differentiated by the source of origin, duration of action, pH of the solution
(acidic and neutral), and insulin concentrations (40, 80, 100, 200, 500
U/ml). It is possible to say that for the selection of an administration
strategy, the consideration of the effect duration is especially important.
Insulin can have short and ultra-short effects − such drugs mimic the
normal physiological secretion of insulin by the pancreas in response to
stimulation (Donner, 2015). At the same time, long-acting drugs mimic the
basal secretion of insulin (Donner, 2015). Different types of drugs can also
be combined. For instance, the short-acting insulin that comprises 75% of
the daily dose can be administered partially before each meal intake, and
then the long-acting insulin (25% of the daily dosage) is injected at night.
Conclusion
Overall, the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes largely depends
on the effectiveness of the drug administration strategy and compliance
with the selected treatment regimen. Both physiological features of
patients, as well as the quality of daily nutritional intake, and
pharmacological properties of drugs should be considered during the
design of an administration strategy. Only in this way, it will be possible to
achieve better treatment results.
References
Donner, T. (2015). Insulin – Pharmacology, therapeutic regimens and
principles of intensive insulin therapy.
Types of diabetes. (n.d.). Web.
Yetiv, J. Z., & Bianchine, J. R. (2013). Hypertension, cardiovascular disease,
analgesics, and endocrine disorders. Saint Louis, MO: Elsevier Science.
