HANDLING SOCIAL CONFLICT THROUGH LOCAL CULTURE
Kiky Saputri
Arizona State University
Course
Professor Fendry
May, 2024
Week 1
Introduction
Conflict is something inherent in human life, and always accompanies where humans
are, interests, and passions lead to the reality of humans as conflictual creatures (homo
conflictus), where survival of fittest (the strongest is the winner). As long as lust still exists in
humans, humans become creatures who like or enjoy conflict.
Susan (2009) mentions that humans are creatures that are always involved in
differences, conflicts, and competition. In interacting with other beings, humans are
inseparable from perceived divergent interests, and the impact is a battle of strength from each
perception. The stronger perception will win, and the weaker one will lose. So sometimes an
initially mild conflict can escalate, becoming a battlefield.
The act of conflict is interpreted by every modern human being as an active, creative,
and independent organism, leading to a human character who thinks freely, does not want to
be forced, is anti-mainstream, and can move quickly. With the support of technology and
social media, the escalation of conflict is increasing, and creating the phenomenon of humans
who tend to be selfish (desire to be selfish).
Selfish humans are humans who have a very sensitive attitude towards what
contradicts their interests, and show that themselves and their groups are the most correct,
while other people or groups are wrong. The lust to win is like animal power, which uses
animal ways to fight for their interests, namely in ways that are far from religious and cultural
values and norms that glorify goodness, beauty and social harmony and peace.
Conflicts caused by individual and group sentiments have occurred in various places
in United States, which are dominated by ethnic, religious, racial and group factors or
ethnicity groups. Communal violence has emerged since the transition period in Ambon,
North Maluku (Duncan, 2009), Papua, Poso, Central Sulawesi, which are religion-based, as
well as in Sambas, West Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan, based on ethnicity, in the
Jakarta elections, which are based on ethnicity and religion.
The fact of human dynamics in the current era, which has undergone a shift, must be
understood deeply and thoroughly. Conflict must be interpreted as a whole, so that
understanding and resolution can be done appropriately. Conflict is no longer only seen from
one point of view, as in the classical approach, or with only law-based resolution because
conflict has shifted to human sensitivity, which tends to be arbitrary.
Eitzen (1986) suggests efforts to solve social problems with two approaches, namely
the person blame approach and the system blame approach. Both approaches refer to the
problem analysis units, individuals and systems. The majority of cases of problem solving use
the system blame approach, both with policy and legal approaches. For example, the cement
factory conflict in Pati, teenage school brawls, or conflicts between religious groups in
Surakarta.
The individual approach as an effort to resolve social conflicts can be done by
diagnosing in depth. The factors behind the conflict, both from social, political, economic and
cultural content and character become the domain of the individual approach. The individual
approach must be used in conflict resolution in United States, especially in Central Java. If we
look at the current dynamics, where humans are in a state of high sensitivity, then the first
thing to do in analyzing a conflict is to use an individual approach and the second is to use a
system approach, or combine the two called the person-system blame approach.
Conflict mapping is the first step to building a conflict prevention and management
system, as well as determining conflict resolution. Conflict mapping according to Fisher
(2001) Conflict mapping is a technical step used to graphically depict conflict, linking parties
to the problem and to other parties. Wehr and Bartos in Susan (2009), provide conflict
mapping techniques, namely specify the context (conflict context), identify of parties (conflict
actors), separate cause from consequences (cause of conflict), separate goals of interest
(conflict goals), understand of dynamic (conflict dynamics), search for positive functions,
understand for regulation potential (regulation used). Conflict dynamics from Wher and
Bartos, by mentioning the stages of conflict dynamics, namely pre-conflict, confrontation,
crisis, consequences and post-conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
Social Conflict
Structurally, conflict is divided into three levels, namely fungal structural conflict,
critical modernization conflict, and critical domination conflict. The three levels of conflict
are used to understand the understanding of conflict based on the interests and actors involved
in it, as well as adjusting to the era in which the life process takes place, namely the classical,
modern and post modern era. The classical era is an era where people prefer consensus or
compromise as a means of conflict control, the modern era of conflict in industrialized
societies, as well as the increasing modernization of knowledge, while the post-modern era is
an era that puts forward modern reasoning accompanied by the globalization of technology,
where people can act as free-thinking, free expression, and anti-mainstream creatures, and like
extreme challenges.
Figures in the classical era uniformly argued that conflict is something dysfunctional,
because it can hurt, worsen, worsen the social system. The classical era claims the era of
balance, where the system has a solid level of solidity and solidarity, as a picture of an organic
system that works together, and is mutually sustainable between one subsystem and another.
Although vaguely, they still acknowledge by stating that conflict is something that is common
in the process of life, but it is not something that can be avoided.
Community obedience is based on values and norms, which become consensus tools,
tolerance tools and cooperation tools, so that society is formed in an equilibrum and balanced
system (Puryanto, 2018). Norms and values are very important in any consensus, because
values are always related to human interests. Consensus is the basis for norms and values, if
ignored, what happens is that the integrated system will be disturbed and will cause conflict,
Dahrendrof (1968) calls consensus a compromise.
Consensus based on a binding system according to Dahrendrof (1968) is exactly the
opposite, that society as a system is more characterized by conflict than consensus. Conflict in
the modern era has emerged in the form of conflict between classes, between the lower class
and the upper class, the upper class and the upper class, and the lower class and the lower
class. Dahrendrof's opinion is in line with Marx's opinion, that the corrupt system has become
the cause of conflict between classes, because Marx saw that the system was corrupt that the
system has made the level of inequality between sailors more prominent. Class conflicts occur
due to factors of power and authority in which there are intersubjective interests (collusion) of
capital owners and rulers. Conflict in the modern era occurred in an era where
industrialization was massive, and was driven by competition between capital owners, and
affected the working class. This period is called the era of developmentalism, where
modernization and capitalization became iconic. Conflict developmentalism aims control of
natural resources, as well as human resources. The nature of capitalism is carried out by the
bourgeoisie as the owners of capital, while the proletariat works for the sake of survival them.
Conflict in the modern era is also influenced by higher levels of knowledge. The
number of scholars produced from educational institutions has produced many scientists who
reject various forms of domination, both economic, social and political, as a form of freedom
of thought and creativity, as well as innovation. In the midst of high levels of competition,
supported by knowledge, conflict is increasingly inevitable. Friction, disputes, and disputes
characterize conflict in the modern era.
Individuals as conflict actors can become radicalized, uncontrolled. As Herbert Marcuse
(2010) describes, modern society is a mercilessly repressive society. The gradual acceptance
and conformism to the status quo imposed by modern society is a totalitarianism. It is very
difficult for individuals to critically distance themselves from an issue. The freedoms of
thought, speech and conscience such as free enterprise that serve to enhance and protect are
essentially critical thinking designed to replace an appropriated material and intellectual
culture with a more productive culture.
In general, the term conflict refers to things that are contradictory, different,
intersecting, opposing, opposition and or clash, either between individuals, individuals and
groups, and or groups and groups. Conflict can escalate in the form of disputes, feuds. Law
No. 7 of 2012 concerning the Handling of Social Conflict provides an understanding that
Social Conflict, is a feud and / or physical clash with violence between two or more
community groups that lasts for a certain time and has a wide impact resulting in insecurity
and social disintegration so as to disrupt national stability and hinder national development.
Conflicts can also become very extreme by ending in fighting, war, and causing victims of
both property, and or human life.
Conflict Causal Factors
Different perceptions and unfulfilled interests Pruit and Rubin (2009) mention that the causes
of conflict are conflict occurs because of a perceived divergent of interests or a belief that the
aspirations of the parties to the conflict cannot be achieved simultaneously, perceptions
among the parties to the conflict are not in sync, contradictory, and or mutually unwilling to
accept the aspirations of the other party, and each party remains adamant with views that
justify each other.
Differences in perceptions and interests can occur between individuals and individuals,
individuals and groups, groups and groups. This happens because every human being has a
different level of needs that must be met, the higher the needs required by humans can cause
the level of friction and opposition to become sharper.
The increase in human needs can be indicated by the high level of knowledge and
creates the fulfillment of economic, social and political interests to always be fulfilled,
therefore the impact is that conflict is increasing and becoming destructive. As Puryanto et al,
(2018) on social conflict is caused by an increase in the competence of human knowledge,
which includes paradigms, interests and authority and power, thus causing conflict conditions
to become more complicated or latent, because each individual is firm in their views.
Social Inequality and Injustice
The differences of interest caused by the conditions during the industrial revolution
reveal a picture of inequality and injustice for the proletariat as the working class with the
class of power, authority and capital owners. The gap creates two classes of superiority and
subordination: the rich and the poor, the winners and the losers, the State and the people, and
or superiors and subordinates.
The factors of justice and social inequality trigger conflict in the era of modernization,
where industrialization, power and capital owners have the same commitment to economic
capitalization. Competition between these components creates the concept of collusion,
corruption and nepotism. Justice and inequality are the causes of conflict in the current era, in
addition to the media globalization factor as an instrument, it is also supported by the
increasing level of knowledge and public awareness, which uses an ideal approach to justice.
Differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups or groups despite living in a Pancasila
democratic state,
The classic issue of identity warfare is still prevalent in United States society. The image of
identity conflict in the current era, whether the issue of ethnicity, religion, group or group is
still massive in United States to this day. Identity conflicts are increasingly straight green, in
addition to interest factors also characterized by the freedom of political parties as a
representation of democracy.
United States as the largest diverse country in the world has great challenges to date.
The challenges are related to identity conflicts in the name of ethnicity, religion, race and
group or group. Images of inter-tribal conflicts in Kalimantan, racial conflicts in Papua,
conflicts between Sunni and Shia faiths, add to the series of SARA conflicts in United States.
Human Rights Discrimination
Fighting for rights in the era of globalization and technological modernization is a
stimulus to the achievement of democratic goals. As a democratic country that prioritizes the
guarantee of aspects of justice and social welfare for each individual, as well as the right of
each citizen to obtain educational, health, economic, social and political guarantees, as well as
equal status in the eyes of the law. Conflicts resulting from human rights discrimination can
occur in palm oil land conflicts, forest deforestation conflicts, policy conflicts that are not in
favor of justice and the welfare of the poor, and discrimination against the rights of children,
women and the weak.
Character
Character is the main source of conflict in the current era, where character is often a
trending topic in every conflict. self-winning character, self-righteousness, disrespect, and
non-recognition become new sources of character-based conflict. Many cases of conflict
originate from character, for example religious conflict by claiming to be self-righteous, as the
majority wants to win alone, not recognizing the diversity of other religions and cultural
customs. Likewise with tribal conflicts, poor character, such as lack of sociability, self-will,
exclusiveness became the cause of tribal conflict in Sampit, Central Kalimantan.
Forms of Social Conflict
Personal conflict
Personal conflict occurs in every individual with another individual. Personal conflicts
can occur due to differences in aspirations, interests, and cause prejudice. Personal conflicts
can take the form of individual conflicts, between friends and friends, and family conflicts, as
well as individual conflicts within a company or organization.
Conflict between groups
Group conflict is a conflict that occurs in one group with another group. Group
conflicts can take the form of conflicts between village youth groups and other youth, school
student brawls, motorcycle gang conflicts, conflicts between gojek and dept collectors, dept
collector gang conflicts, conflicts between tribal groups and other tribes, groups between
religious sects and other religions.
Political conflict
Political conflict is common in the democratic era, where the winner of power is
affiliated with a political party, while the losing political party is in the opposition. The habit
of the opposition party to provide criticism and suggestions to the power becomes
contradictory to the party that supports the power. Political conflicts occur in the contestation
of elections for village heads, regional heads, governors and Presidents, as well as members of
the DPRD / DPR / DPD.
Racial Conflict
Racial conflict stems from differences in ethnicity, religion, race, and groups. Racial
conflicts occur to this day, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia religious sects, FPI
and NU mass organizations, Muhammadiyah, and the emergence of intolerant (radical)
groups. Racial conflicts also occur such as the Papuan and Javanese races that cause property
and life victims.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflicts usually occur due to leadership policies that are not in
accordance with the interests of employees. For example, conflicts between laborers and
company management, conflicts between teachers and principals, and conflicts between
communities with the authorities in determining unbalanced policies.
Impact and How to Deal with Social Conflict
Contending
The settlement is by forcing and pressuring the other party to surrender. Contending is
a way in which one party is in a weakened state when compared to the opposing party. The
purpose of contending is to stop the opponent's ability to continue the conflict. contending
strategies are carried out in the form of intimidation and negotiation. Negotiation can be done
by persuasion, promising rewards, and pure cooperation. Contending is done to break the
chain of conflict so that the resulting impact does not widen and widen or the conflict moves
progressively. Contending is the most extreme strategy in conflict problem solving efforts.
contending usually uses a legal approach to force the conflict parties to give up.
Problem Solving
It identifies the issues that divide the parties and develops and leads to a solution that
satisfies both parties (win win solution). Conflicting parties try to maintain their own
aspirations but at the same time try to find ways to reconcile with the aspirations of the other
party. The problem solving strategy aims to find a mutual agreement. To carry out this
strategy, a mediator (safety valve) can be used, which can be done by an independent agent.
As in the case of the cement conflict in Pati and Rembang, an SEA mediator was used.
Problem solving is a strategy used in conflict resolution efforts. This strategy runs a
peace mechanism that prioritizes mutual benefits, such as the toll road acquisition conflict,
which applies the concept of compensation. The technicality of problem solving is that it
prioritizes the identification process, where it is carried out The aim is to obtain valid sources
of conflict issues, as well as who are the actors who have an interest in the conflict issues.
Yielding
Settlement by the conflict actors can lower their own aspirations, in order to find a
solution, without having to make a total surrender. Yielding is done for the better interest of a
conflict by prioritizing ethical aspects, or a higher position. The yielding strategy is carried
out in structural or organizational conflicts in which there are actors at the structural level.
Such as conflicts between subordinates and superiors, which in the case of policies that are
not in favor of subordinates, with a yielding strategy, namely subordinates prioritizing moral
ethics, even though the superior's policy is not in his favor.
Withdrawing
An attempt to withdraw either temporarily or permanently for certain reasons, with the
intention of stopping the conflict and hoping for peace. Each conflict actor considers that the
conflict must be ended immediately, by withdrawing from the war with the aim of reducing
casualties, and the impact of the conflict is not too severe. The withdrawing strategy is used in
international conflicts, such as wars between states.
Education
Efforts to bring together, and find conflict resolution, and prevent conflict from
recurring, with the aim of social harmony and harmony. Peace education is an educational
effort in prioritizing social harmony by prioritizing character based on religious and cultural
values. Education-based conflict resolution strategies are more about conflict prevention
carried out after the conflict.
Fisher Conflict Map
Conflict mapping is a technique used to graphically depict conflict, linking the parties to
the conflict with the problem and the other party (Muryanti. et al., 2013). Conflict mapping
analysis is also useful to see how to look at a problem from various conflicting parties.
According to Jamil (2007), through conflict mapping, the following things can be easily
and accurately identified:
The identity of the parties directly or indirectly involved in the conflict.
The type of relationship of the parties involved in the conflict.
The various interests involved in the conflict.
The various issues involved in the conflict.
Parties that can be encouraged to engage in conflict resolution.
Socialization is an activity of introduction, understanding and appreciation of certain values,
norms or patterns that work in society, aimed at certain target groups. This socialization
becomes very important when the values, norms or patterns to be introduced and understood
and appreciated by the audience are new. Such as conflict management strategies through
local culture to create a harmonious and integrated society between groups and individuals.
Conflict History
Culturally, Brebes is a unique region in Central Java. This is because Brebes is a meeting
area between Javanese and Sundanese cultures. In the west, some people are Sundanese,
while in the east, some people are Javanese, influenced by the Banyumas sub-culture. In
addition, there are also characteristics of the northern region that are heterogeneous. The
diverse cultures in Brebes Regency indicate a high level of heterogeneity.
High heterogeneity in Brebes Regency has two dimensions. It can be a model for
multicultural communication and interaction, but it can also be a source of conflict. Regarding
heterogeneity as a source of conflict, this relates to with barriers to conformity between social
groups. This should be taken into consideration in policy-making in Brebs, especially when
dealing with different social groups.
In 2008, there was a brawl between residents of Cikesual Kidul Village and Pamedaran
Village, Ketanggungan Subdistrict. Dozens of residents of both villages were injured in the
clash. In addition, at least 50 houses in Cikesual village were severely and lightly damaged. In
fact, three other houses were burned down by Pamedaran residents. The brawl, which began
after Friday prayers, only ended this evening after hundreds of security forces, including the
Mobile Brigade from the Pekalongan Regional Police, arrived at the location. The clash took
place in the middle of the rice fields that border the two villages. The residents involved in the
clash used various sharp weapons. Starting from machetes, machetes, to catapults.
In the last four years, from 2011-2014, the intensity of conflict in Brebes has tended to
increase. This can be seen from the quantity of conflicts, especially brawls. The rise of
conflicts can be seen from various media reports that actively cover various events in Brebes.
The development of the internet as an easily accessible medium is a factor that has
encouraged the coverage and reporting of conflict events in Brebes. In the study conducted by
the research team, since 2011 there have been several conflicts. Most conflicts are related to
brawls between residents.
Brawl conflicts seem to be the hallmark of Brebes Regency. This is because the history
of conflict in Brebes Regency is closely related to conflict. Therefore, brawls seem to be
closely related to the people in Brebes. In terms of the causes, they tend to be caused by
tensions between social groups that are easily triggered by trivial factors. In Kersana
Subdistrict, the brawl was caused by a dispute that started with dangdut entertainment.
Allegedly, as a result of bumping into each other while dancing, an argument broke out
between residents. Then, in Ketanggungan Sub-district, there was a brawl caused by
displeasure from residents of Dumeling Village when a group of residents of Kertabasuki
Village performed takbir keliling, which was considered to disturb the peace of the
community. In addition, in Kecamatan Losari, brawls were caused by mutual mockery
between villagers, which then spread to brutal actions such as throwing firecrackers between
residents.
In addition, in Bulakamba, Tegalglagah Village, in Bantarkawung, Pengarasan Village,
in Larangan Sub-district, Kamal and Pamulihan Villages, in Ketanggungan Sub-district,
Cikeusal Lor and Cikeusal Kidul Villages, in Songgom Sub-district, Songgom Village, in
Tonjong, Kalinusu and Linggapura Villages, while in Wanasari Sub-district, Pebatan Village,
community brawls or beatings often occur. Usually, brawls or beatings are triggered by trivial
issues, such as dating problems and rubbing shoulders while watching dangdut music.
Conflicts triggered by wild buffalo, such as the one between Songgom village in
Songgom sub-district and Pamulihan village in Larangan sub-district, are rare. Rais added that
the conflict-prone time is mainly after the Eid al-Fitr celebration. At that time, village youths
who had previously migrated return to their respective areas. They bring with them the culture
of the big city, not all of which are compatible with the local culture. Various conflicts that
occurred, the distribution of conflicts is found in several sub-districts in Brebes Regency.
These sub-districts are Kersana, Wanasari, Ketanggungan, and Losari. The highest intensity is
in Ketanggungan sub-district, which has five conflicts.
Most of the conflicts that occur are caused by trivial things done by youth. This is
motivated by the human resources factor. The ease with which community groups become
emotionally triggered is an indication that there are still problems in the aspect of human
resources. Weak human resources are caused by economic factors and education levels. In
Kabupaten Brebes, data collected by BPS in 2013 explained that 152,205 households or
28.87% were categorized as poor families.
The first potential conflict is a conflict over economic resources. The first incident was
when hundreds of Pamulihan villagers prepared to attack the residents of Dukuh Bajangan in
November 2011. Sharp weapons such as machetes, sickles and machetes were used. The
attempt was foiled by the police. The conflict involving the two villages began with the issue
of wild buffaloes. Since more than 10 years ago, residents in Songgom village have
complained about wild buffalo attacks on their crops in the rice fields. The buffalo attacks
have resulted in crop failure for farmers in Songgom. The buffaloes belonged to residents of
Pamulihan.
The second incident of conflict over economic resources occurred on December 27,
2012. Thousands of residents of Kramat Sampang Village, Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes
Regency held a demonstration by blocking KM 264 Pejagan Brebes Toll Road, demanding
the Bakrie family's promise to immediately complete the village bridge. This was motivated
by the disconnection of access to the village because the road was closed by the toll road.
The potential for religious conflict in Brebes, for example, is evident in Salem sub-
district. This sub-district is far from the reach and monitoring of the district government, so
there are several potential conflicts that develop. In that area, there is a sect of Mahesa
Kurung Al Mukaromah College. This sect has been considered heretical by MUI Bogor.
currently the membership of the sect is growing with the number of 100 people In addition,
there is also Aliran Putra Gunung Kumbang. This sect is growing in Bogor. This sect attracts
a certain amount of money from its members. In this area there is minimal monitoring from
the government because of its remote location, so the possibility of developing other sects can
occur. In addition, in Songgom sub-district there is the Mbah Suro group. This group is
indicated to be perverting Islamic law, namely a sect under the guise of Thoriqoh, allegedly
committing deviations. This heretical sect is led by K.H. Ahmad Fauzi Cs., as the head of the
Mbah Syuro sect in Brebes Regency, and this heretical sect is sourced from the Mbah Suro
sect, from Puger Jember, East Java.
The brawl conflicts that occurred were resolved by consensus: meetings between
officials, community leaders and residents. However, there are also conflicts that have not yet
been resolved.
Some of the dominant peace actors in resolving conflict issues are (1) the government,
both district, sub-district and village governments; (2) community leaders, including religious
leaders and community elders; (3) the police and military. The role of the government in
conflict resolution lies in its function as a mediator, aspirations absorber, and policy maker.
Thus, the government has technical authority in mediating problems and providing solutions.
The role of community leaders in conflict resolution can be seen in their function as
harmonizers in the community's cultural structure. As social balancing, community leaders
mediate problems and connect conflicting parties. Community leaders play a role in providing
alternative solutions, such as recitation and mujahadah. The role of the TNI and Polri is more
directed at preventing and handling problems. In this case, if a riot occurs, the TNI and Polri
play a role in stopping the conflict, especially in the actions and aspects of law enforcement.
Socialization and village culture in building resilience and building togetherness and
anticipating conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village. It was explained that in Cikeusal Kidul
Village there were many conflicts that occurred and dragged on for decades with the existence
of these conflicts making the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village think about bringing good
changes to Cikeusal Kidul, both in the form of good government order, political methods,
community socialization, and good culture and life. Based on this thought, the head of
Cikeusal Kidul Village took the initiative to carry out practical politics. In its implementation,
the head of Cikeusal Kidul Village carried out promises. Political promises made before
becoming the village head, namely providing a sense of comfort and security in the Cikeusal
Kidul Village community, revitalizing agricultural land, and revitalizing the market.
Cikeusal Kidul Village has a local culture that is able to strengthen the relationship
between communities, namely the culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam". In its implementation,
this culture is carried out every Eid al-Fitr. This culture of "tegur, sapa, and salam" can be in
the form of together the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village going to neighboring villages to
conduct silahturahmi on foot if the destination village is close then on the way it is
accompanied by reading sholawat from the people of Cikeusal Kidul Village. This culture is
one of the good cultures, which can make a person learn the meaning of gratitude and a sense
of togetherness. which is done every Eid al-Fitr and the month of Muharram. This culture
interprets the meaning of greetings with real friendship, traveling around the villages on foot
while sholawatan and forgiving each other, but the participation of young people in this dessa
activity is very small, not even reaching 50% of the total population of teenagers.
The conflicts that exist in Cikeusal Kidul Village certainly have foreign parties who
are destroying Cikeusal Kidul Village. There have been conflicts in Cikeusal Kidul Village
from year to year, because there are people from outside as well as people from within who
want to destroy the government of Cikeusal Kidul Village. In addition, conflicts are caused by
a lack of activities and trust from the agencies or parents themselves, which can make
children bored and feel wrong, resulting in conflict. In this case, the efforts made to overcome
conflict in the realm of youth are to provide activities to youth so that later they can carry out
their mandate with full responsibility.
Conflict Management Strategies Through Local Culture
Based on the data as mentioned above, a local culture-based conflict strategy model
can be developed. Some elements that exist in local culture-based management using the
theory initiated by Bordieu with several indicators in it are Social Capital, Habitus and Arena.
The social capital in question is everything that is attached to an individual or community, it
can be in the form of social status, economic status, tribe, ethnicity, etc. In relation to conflict
resolution, social capital can be a positive factor in encouraging positive conflict resolution. In
relation to conflict resolution, social capital can be a positive factor that encourages conflict
resolution. Logically, the social capital inherent in individuals influences individuals to act
positively. The next indicator is Habitus, the meaning of habitus in this context is habituation.
In relation to conflict resolution, the Habitus element must be taken into consideration in
resolving conflicts. Elements of habitus in this case include customs, culture, ideology,
religion, etc. By itself, in resolving conflicts, religious factors, customs must be used as
references or references in resolving conflicts. The last indicator is the arena. The arena in
question is the community environment.
Conclusion
The IPNU-IPPNU and Community Service Organizations organizations have many
activities that are beneficial to members and the Cikeusal Kidul community, ranging from
weekly marchabans, quarterly meetings, annual routines, and community security. These
organizations have a role in creating peace between the villages of Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor. The existence of the organization can make residents more productive and
make their interests can be channeled properly so as to minimize the conflicts that occur
between the villages. These positive activities affect the attitudes and actions of Cikeusal
Kidul and Cikeusal Lor villagers who were initially at odds to become more harmonious.
These activities are the weekly traveling Marhaban which is carried out every week.
Friday night in every mushola in Cikeusal Kidul Village. This weekly marhaban activity can
be attended by the public, quarterly meetings are evaluation meetings about activities,
finances, and conflicts that occur in Autonomous Bodies (Banom), namely Muslimat, Ansor,
Fatayat and IPNU-IPPNU. The meeting is chaired by the Cikeusal Kidul NU branch board, an
annual routine activity held once a year in the month of Maulid by the Cikeusal Kidul and
Cikeusal Lor branches. This activity aims to strengthen the relationship between the villages,
especially among young people and introduce Nahdatul Ulama to the community. IPNU
worked together with Banser to maintain the security and order of the Ciekusal Kidul village
community in welcoming Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year. Security is carried out one
week before Eid al-Fitr and the Islamic New Year IPNU and Banser together go around every
corner of Cikeusal Kidul village to discipline the community from negative activities such as
gambling and drunkenness that can trigger conflict.
