Strengths to Smiles A Journey to Life Satisfaction

This dissertation is designed to provide clinical psychologists and therapists an

evidencebased intervention that can be used with a variety of clients seeking life

improvement. This program development is an innovative treatment paradigm

grounded in the principles of positive psychology, designed to foster well-being and

catalyze personal and community development. This approach intertwines empirically

supported interventions for self-discovery with community-based initiatives,

acknowledging the symbiotic relationship between personal flourishing and societal

engagement. By enmeshing these components, the program seeks to empower

individuals to confront life's adversities with resilience and optimism and enact positive

contributions within their community. Through reflective practices and active

involvement in communal efforts, this treatment plan endeavors to cultivate a profound

sense of purpose, belonging, and satisfaction in participants' lives, mirroring the

journey towards holistic well-being described by Alfred Adler (1992/1931), where

individual happiness and fulfillment come from contributing to the community and

fostering healthy connections with others. Adler's concepts of community and social

interest were instrumental in shifting focus from individual and mental health.

This comprehensive treatment plan, titled "Strengths to Smiles: A Journey to

Life Satisfaction," addresses a pivotal deficiency in conventional mental health

frameworks by integrating "Strengths to Smiles" (S2S) into its core. As mental health

disorder rates escalate and the quest for life satisfaction becomes increasingly relevant,

traditional therapeutic modalities often focus predominantly on alleviating symptoms

and pathology, thereby potentially undervaluing the inherent capacity for growth and

flourishing in individuals (Brito & Soares,

2023; Lee et al., 2019; National Institute of Mental Health, 2023; Ruggeri et al., 2020;

Wagner et al., 2021). Furthermore, many community programs need more connection

to evidence-based practices, leading to a disjointed approach between personal therapy

and broader societal contributions.

S2S provides a cohesive synthesis of positive psychology, leveraging the Values

in Action (VIA) framework (Lavy & Benish-Weisman, 2021; Ng et al., 2017; Peterson

et al., 2005) with community engagement strategies. This combination promotes

enduring mental health improvements and enhances societal well-being through a

strength-based perspective, fostering a sustainable cycle where personal development

and community contribution are mutually reinforcing. This treatment plan embarks on

a journey towards holistic well-being by ensuring each step toward personal growth is

mirrored in enhancing the communities we inhabit, creating a cycle of individual well-

being and societal contribution.

Background of the Problem

The critical gap identified within mental health services lies at the intersection

of psychological support, character strengths recognition, and the onus that one can

only become as healthy as the environment around them permits. As mental health

issues rise and individuals struggle with low life satisfaction, there is a critical need for

a holistic program that not only addresses mental health concerns but also proactively

incorporates character strengths identification and purposeful engagement with the

community (Dolan et al., 2021; Elhai et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2019; Meule &

Voderholzer, 2020). The existing mental health landscape often lacks integrated

approaches emphasizing strength-based interventions and real-world applications

(Barbui et al., 2020; Dempsey-Brench & Schatz., 2022; Gander et al., 2020; Harzer &

Ruch, 2012). S2S seeks to bridge this gap by character strength identification,

community engagement, and psychoeducation (Iwamoto et al., 2020; Karris Bachik et

al., 2020; Martins et al., 2022).

The S2S program is engineered to foster synergy, potentially transforming

individual well-being and the broader community. It facilitates clients in recognizing,

understanding, and applying their unique strengths in communal contexts. By

concentrating on these aspects, the program effectively answers the "who cares" by

appealing to those in search of a broad-spectrum approach to mental health and the

"why now" by responding to the growing acknowledgment of the symbiotic

relationship between character strengths, purposeful activities, community, and mental

health (Elhai et al., 2018; Kashdan et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2019). This program is

timely in counteracting escalating mental health challenges with innovative,

multifaceted solutions that elevate individuals' life satisfaction and mental resilience

while acknowledging the importance of macro environmental impacts on individual

well-being (Adler, 1992/1931).

Furthermore, research has underscored the inverse relationship between

heightened selfconsciousness and life satisfaction, often leading to or exacerbating

depression and anxiety

(Elhai et al., 2018; Isaacs et al., 2023; Layous et al., 2023; Mor & Winquist, 2002).

According to Luca (2019), an inward focus that breeds negative rumination can

intensify feelings of isolation and inadequacy, adversely affecting mental health

outcomes. Despite these insights, conventional treatment plans are frequently

symptom-focused, neglecting the integration of outward community involvement that

could mitigate these negative self-perceptions while contributing to a greater society

(Adler et al., 2023; Ben Yair et al., 2023; Dolan et al., 2021; Iwamoto et al., 2020). S2S

uniquely addresses this by combining personal development with meaningful

community service, enhancing self-awareness and efficacy while instilling a sense of

purpose and belonging. This dual focus helps counteract the detrimental effects of

excessive selffocus, advocating for a balanced model of mental well-being that

includes external engagement (Dolan et al., 2021; Donaldson et al., 2019; Lee et al.,

2019). Furthermore, by incorporating volunteer activities, S2S reinforces the practical

application of strengths and establishes a reciprocal relationship between individual

growth and community well-being (Ben Yair et al., 2023; Lavy & Benish-Weisman,

2021; Martins et al., 2022).

Moreover, S2S emphasizes the significance of external factors like community

and governmental support systems in mental health. Participants learn about their

community roles and how they contribute to and benefit from the more extensive

system. This awareness helps participants recognize that they are part of a collective

identity, fostering a more profound sense of belonging and responsibility (Ben Yair et

al., 2023; Fineman, 2023; Martins et al., 2021). Understanding the impact of these

external factors can empower participants to engage more actively in their

communities, advocating for themselves and others and contributing to systemic

changes that support mental health (Adler, 1992/1931; Adler et al., 2023; Fineman,

2023;

Nursey-Bray et al., 2022; Putnam, 2020).

In addition to the personal benefits, the program promotes a broader societal

impact by encouraging more clinicians to consider the importance of societal

engagement as an integral part of intervention. As research by Fineman (2023)

highlights, well-being at an individualistic and collective level are vulnerable. S2S

aims to encourage communal activities coupled with psychotherapy to help build

stronger, more supportive communities, creating a ripple effect that enhances the

mental health of the broader population (Ben Yair et al., 2024). This interconnected

approach aligns with recent research that emphasizes the role of community

engagement in enhancing individual and collective well-being (Nursey-Bray et al.,

2022; Martins et al., 2022).

By bridging the gap between individual strengths and community involvement, S2S

provides a holistic approach that addresses the multifaceted nature of mental health

challenges.

The intervention is strength-based because it also significantly emphasizes the

use of assessments to help participants identify and understand their character

strengths. By understanding inherent strengths, participants can better navigate their

mental health journey and contribute more effectively to their communities (Niemiec &

McGrath, 2019; Niemiec & Pearce, 2021). This strength-based approach is supported

by evidence showing that recognizing and utilizing personal strengths can improve

well-being and life satisfaction (Heintz & Ruch, 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Wagner et al.,

2021).

S2S aims to offer a comprehensive intervention that not only alleviates mental

health symptoms but also promotes a flourishing life through the integration of

character strengths development, psychoeducation, and community engagement. This

holistic approach ensures that individuals focus on their internal challenges and

understand and leverage their role within the larger community context. With S2S,

clinicians can work with their clients to achieve balanced and sustained mental well-

being.

Statement of the Problem

The problem to be addressed is the need to enhance life satisfaction and well-

being, particularly among those who are seeking meaning and purpose or learning to

live with mental illness. The challenges related to low life satisfaction and depressive

symptoms can have a significant impact on overall quality of life. According to recent

studies, low life satisfaction is closely associated with increased levels of depression

and anxiety, which can lead to substantial impairments in daily functioning and overall

happiness (Brito & Soares, 2023; Diener et al.,

2018; García-Álvarez et al., 2021). Addressing this issue is essential as the prevalence

of mental health issues continues to rise globally, necessitating effective and holistic

interventions that go beyond traditional therapeutic approaches (National Institute of

Mental Health, 2023).

One aspect of the problem is the need to empower individuals by identifying

and leveraging their character strengths. Research has shown that character strengths,

such as resilience, optimism, and gratitude, play a crucial role in promoting mental

well-being and enhancing life satisfaction (Blanchard et al., 2019; Brunwasser et al.,

2009; Deichert et al., 2019; Park et al., 2004). Character strengths are inherent qualities

that each person possesses, and when these strengths are recognized and utilized, they

can lead to improved mental health outcomes and greater life satisfaction (Gander et

al., 2020; Park et al., 2004; Peterson et al., 2005). However, many individuals are

unaware of their strengths or how to apply them effectively in their daily lives,

highlighting a gap in current mental health practices that often focus more on symptom

reduction than on strength-based approaches (Brito & Soares, 2023; Dahlsgaard et al.,

2005; Duan & Ho, 2017).

Another critical aspect of the problem is facilitating meaningful engagement in

volunteer activities. Volunteering has been linked to enhanced life satisfaction and

improved mental health

(Adler et al., 2023; Burr et al., 2010; Dolan et al., 2021; Halahakoon et al., 2020;

Nichol et al., 2023). As Adler (1992/1931) and Kashdan et al. (2021) elucidate,

engaging in meaningful activities allows individuals to contribute to their communities,

develop a sense of purpose, and connect with others, each of which are important

factors in promoting psychological well-being. Despite the well-documented benefits

of volunteering, opportunities for structured and meaningful volunteer engagement are

often limited, particularly for individuals managing mental health issues (Dempsey-

Brench & Shantz, 2022; Jiang et al., 2020). This lack of access can prevent people from

experiencing the positive effects of volunteerism, such as increased social support, self-

efficacy, and reduced depressive symptoms (Barbui et al., 2020; Haski-Leventhal et al.,

2010; Son & Wilson, 2012; Soto et al., 2022). The gap becomes greater when looking

for programs developed to combine micro and macro well-being into the therapy

sessions.

Purpose of the Program Development

The purpose of the S2S project is to design and implement an intervention that

uniquely integrates character strengths development, psychoeducation, and volunteer

engagement. This intervention aims to address the critical gap in existing mental health

programs by offering individuals a holistic approach to enhance life satisfaction and

alleviate mental health symptoms. Current mental health interventions often focus

primarily on symptom reduction, which, while essential, may not fully leverage the

transformative potential of individuals' inherent strengths and their capacity to

contribute meaningfully to their communities (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; Carr et

al., 2020; Hall-Simmonds & McGrath, 2017; Lee et al., 2019). S2S seeks to fill this

gap by harnessing the principles of positive psychology to foster resilience and

empowerment among participants.

S2S recognizes that traditional treatments, though effective in reducing

symptoms, frequently overlook the importance of developing and utilizing personal

strengths. Positive psychology posits that identifying and building upon character

strengths can significantly improve mental well-being (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021;

Carr et al., 2020; Park et al., 2004). The program's focus on psychoeducation about

personal strengths is designed to help participants recognize and cultivate their unique

capabilities. This aspect of the intervention is crucial because self-awareness and the

ability to apply one's strengths are foundational to personal growth and mental health

improvement (Hall-Simmonds & McGrath, 2017; Kashdan et al., 2021; Niemiec &

McGrath, 2019). While there is a gap, strength-based interventions are not as

uncommon in therapy as is the integration of community involvement.

S2S also emphasizes meaningful community engagement through volunteer

activities. Volunteering has been shown to provide psychological benefits, including

enhanced life satisfaction, reduced symptoms of depression, and increased social

connectivity (Nichol et al., 2023; Nursey-Bray et al., 2022; Martins et al., 2022;

Wilson, 2012). By facilitating opportunities for participants to engage in volunteer

work, S2S helps individuals apply their strengths in realworld settings that often foster

a sense of purpose and belonging. This approach aligns with findings that meaningful

engagement can mitigate feelings of isolation and enhance overall wellbeing (Caputo,

2015; Fineman, 2023; Haski-Leventhal et al., 2009).

The five-phase intervention provides a platform for participants to exercise their

strengths in ways that benefit themselves and their greater environment. Research

indicates that such engagement can enhance self-efficacy and social connectedness,

critical factors in mental health recovery and maintenance; participants help others and

reinforce their sense of worth and capability by contributing to their communities

(Barbui et al., 2020; Caputo, 2015; Lee et al., 2021). This reciprocal relationship

between self-development and community service is a cornerstone of the S2S

approach.

S2S also addresses the adverse effects of excessive self-consciousness, which

has been linked to lower life satisfaction and higher levels of depression (Elhai et al.,

2018; Isaacs et al., 2023; Layous et al., 2023). The program's dual focus on self-

development and community engagement helps participants shift focus outward,

reducing the negative impact of rumination and self-centered thinking. Engaging in

activities that benefit others can provide a sense of perspective and reduce the intensity

of self-focused negative thoughts, contributing to overall mental health improvement

(Layous et al., 2023; Mor & Winquist, 2002).

Ultimately, the S2S program aims to offer a comprehensive intervention that not

only alleviates symptoms of mental illness but also promotes a flourishing life through

the integration of character strengths development, psychoeducation, and community

engagement (Adler, 1992/1931; Keyes, 2015; Seligman, 2011). This holistic approach

ensures that participants address their internal challenges while understanding and

leveraging their roles (micro) within the larger community (macro) context. Through

this multifaceted program, participants can achieve a balanced and sustained mental

well-being, reflecting the latest advancements in mental health research and practice

(Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; Dempsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Kashdan et al.,

2021). By fostering a more resilient and empowered populace, S2S aspires to address

micro and macro aspects of mental well-being. The program's innovative blend of

positive psychology and practical engagement offers a pathway to reducing depressive

symptoms and also enhancing life satisfaction and community cohesion (Proyer et al.,

2014; Vanderlind et. Al, 2020; Wakefield & Demazeux, 2015). As participants learn to

appreciate their potential and positive impact on others, they contribute to a more

supportive and connected society, promoting overall mental health and well-being

(Koydemir et al., 2020; Mayerson,

2020).

Need for the Program Development

S2S seeks to join Mayerson (2020) in the call for action. Many years have

passed, and Mayerson’s (2020) proclamation that the importance of character strengths

is growing in relevance; technological advancement, like artificial intelligence, is

quickly emerging as a tool that has some question individual worth and meaning. At

the same time, people are participating less in their communities while spending more

and more time in front of a screen (Elhai et al., 2018; Putnam, 2020). This curriculum

encourages future treatment plans to become more holistic by expanding the focus

from solely the individual to the individual's community and environment. An in-depth

review of existing literature, as demonstrated in the next chapter, underscores the

compelling need for an integrated mental health intervention such as S2S.

According to Bohlmeijer & Westerhof (2021), traditional approaches to mental

health often focus on pathology, overlooking the transformative potential of strength-

based interventions. Numerous studies have elucidated the positive impact of character

strengths, identified through tools like the Values in Action, Inventory of Strengths

(VIA-IS), on mental well-being (Armitage et al., 2023; Blanchard et al., 2019; Duan &

Ho, 2017; Karris Bachik et al., 2020). Integrating these strengths into treatment plans

can significantly enhance an individual's sense of purpose and life satisfaction (Brito &

Soares, 2023; Hall-Simmonds & McGrath, 2017;

Martins et al., 2021). Furthermore, Chaves et al. (2019), Lyubomirsky et al. (2011),

Martins et al (2022) demonstrate how psychology has emerged as a robust catalyst for

positive change, associated with heightened life satisfaction and diminished depressive

symptoms. Despite the evident benefits, traditional treatment modalities often remain

narrowly focused on symptom reduction and do not incorporate these strength-based,

positive psychological principles. This gap in traditional mental health approaches

highlights the need for programs integrating character strengths development with real-

world applications such as volunteerism.

Volunteer engagement has been identified as a crucial component in enhancing

mental well-being. Studies have shown that volunteerism can lead to significant

improvements in life satisfaction, reduced depressive symptoms, and increased social

connectivity (Brunwasser et al., 2009; Chavez et al., 2019; Halahakoon et al., 2020; Sin

& Lyubomirsky, 2009). However, there is a noticeable gap in literature concerning

programs that strategically merge character strengths development with structured

volunteer opportunities within a concise and accessible timeframe (Lavy & Benish-

Weisman, 2021). This gap underscores the need for an intervention that harmonizes

psychoeducation on personal strengths, identification of character strengths, and

purposeful volunteerism.

This review lays the foundation for S2S by synthesizing existing literature,

offering a novel contribution to positive psychology and mental health intervention

research. Traditional research methods, such as purely quantitative or qualitative

studies, may provide insights into the effects of certain variables on mental health but

often lack the practical application necessary to create tangible changes in lives (Barbui

et al., 2020; Carr et al., 2020; Cohn et al., 2010; Iwamoto et al., 2020). In contrast, S2S

has a program development approach that allows for creating a practical intervention

that can be used in therapy.

In summary, the development of the S2S program addresses critical gaps in

traditional mental health treatment approaches by integrating character strengths

development, psychoeducation, and volunteer engagement. This holistic approach

enhances individual wellbeing and fosters community and connectedness, addressing

personal and societal dimensions of mental health. By shifting the focus from solely

symptom reduction to a more comprehensive, strength and community-based

framework, S2S aims to improve satisfaction and mental health outcomes for those

seeking purpose and meaning.

Significance of the Program Development

The significance of the S2S treatment plan lies in its innovative approach to

mental health, addressing the critical gap in existing treatments by integrating character

strengths development, psychoeducation, and volunteer engagement. By adopting a

strength and community-based framework, S2S aims to alleviate mental health

symptoms, enhance life satisfaction, and foster a sense of purpose among participants

while bettering communities. This dual focus, on micro and macro factors affecting

clients, is particularly vital given the increasing prevalence of mental health issues and

the need for holistic interventions that consider personal and communal dimensions of

well-being (Blanchard et al., 2019; National Institute of Mental Health, 2023; Putnum,

2001).

One emphasis is on character strengths. Recent studies highlight the positive

impact of recognizing and utilizing character strengths on mental health outcomes, for

instance, individuals who are aware of their strengths experience higher life satisfaction

and resilience (Blanchard et al., 2019; Duan & Ho, 2017; Karris Bachik et al., 2020).

By helping participants identify and cultivate their unique capabilities, S2S assists them

in navigating their mental health journeys more effectively, promoting a proactive

rather than reactive approach to well-being. This strength-based intervention aligns

with positive psychology principles, which advocate building on existing strengths to

enhance overall mental health; character strengths serve a purpose by helping

individuals learn who they are and what they can contribute (Chaves et al., 2019;

Gander et al., 2022). S2S offers volunteer engagement as a means to figure out how

one’s strengths look and feel in action.

Volunteering has been shown to have numerous psychological benefits,

including increased life satisfaction, reduced depressive symptoms, a greater sense of

social connectedness, and even improved physical health (Burr et al., 2010; Grönlund

& Falk, 2019; Halahakoon et al., 2020). By providing structured volunteer

opportunities, S2S enables participants to apply their strengths meaningfully,

reinforcing their sense of purpose and community involvement

(Dempsey-Brench & Shatz, 2022; Hansen et al., 2018; Jenkinson et al., 2013; Nursey-

Bray et al., 2022). This real-world application of strengths benefits the individual and

fosters more robust, cohesive communities, creating a positive feedback loop that

enhances personal and societal well-being (Adler, 1992/1931; Ben Yair et al., 2023).

Moreover, the program addresses the often-overlooked environmental factors

that significantly impact mental health. Understanding one's role within the broader

community and recognizing the interplay between individual actions and communal

well-being can empower participants to engage more actively in their environments

(Brito & Soares, 2023; Gander et al., 2021; Koolen-Maas et al., 2022). By highlighting

the importance of community and encouraging active participation, S2S helps

participants move beyond self-focused introspection to a more balanced and holistic

view of their place in the world (Hall-Simmonds & McGrath, 2017).

In summary, the significance of S2S lies in its comprehensive and integrative

approach to mental health by blending strengths-based interventions with altruistic

activities. The program addresses individual and community dimensions of well-being

by combining character strengths development, psychoeducation, and volunteer

engagement. S2S seeks to enhance life satisfaction and reduce depressive symptoms

while also fostering a sense of purpose and community connection. The S2S program

stands out as a model for future mental health interventions, demonstrating the

potential of strength-based, positive psychology frameworks to create lasting, positive

changes in individuals' lives and their communities (Barbui et al., 2020; Carr et al.,

2020; Jiang et al., 2020; Schutte & Malouff, 2019). As mental health challenges

continue to rise, programs like S2S that offer flexible, multifaceted solutions will be

essential in promoting overall well-being and resilience.

Assumptions and Limitations

The assumptions and limitations of the S2S treatment plan are essential

considerations for understanding its applicability and potential challenges. One

fundamental assumption is that participants will have the capacity to engage in

strengths assessment and volunteer activities (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; Chaves

et al., 2019; Ekşi & Erök Özkapu, 2023). This assumption may not hold true for

individuals with severe mental health conditions or those with significant barriers to

participation, such as logistical constraints or social anxieties. While the program aims

to be inclusive, it may inadvertently exclude those who can only participate partially

due to limitations (Koocher & Keith-Spiegel, 2016; Rickwood et al., 2005).

Another assumption is that character strengths, once identified and cultivated,

will have a uniformly positive impact on all participants (Dahlsgaard et al., 2005;

Gander et al., 2019). However, the effectiveness of strength-based interventions can

vary significantly among individuals. According to Schutte & Malouff (2019) and

Gander et al. (2019), factors such as personal history, culture, existing mental health

conditions, and supportive environments can influence outcomes. While the literature

reviewed for this program supports the general benefits of recognizing and utilizing

personal strengths, it is necessary to acknowledge that the degree of benefit can differ,

and not all participants may experience the same level of improvement in well-being

(Hall-Simmonds et al., 2017).

A significant limitation of the S2S program is its reliance on self-reported data

for strengths assessment and mental health outcomes. Self-reported measures can be

subject to various biases, including social desirability bias and inaccurate self-

assessment (Brenner & DeLamater, 2016; McGrath et al., 2020). As DeLamater (2016)

reiterates, these biases can affect the accuracy of the data collected, potentially leading

to over or underestimation of the program's effectiveness. Additionally, the program's

structure may not adequately account for mental health's dynamic and multifaceted

nature, which can fluctuate over time and be influenced by external stressors not

addressed within the program's framework (Cohn et al., 2010).

The volunteer component of the program also presents limitations. It assumes

that participants can access suitable volunteer opportunities and that these activities

will be meaningful and rewarding. The availability and quality of volunteer

opportunities vary widely depending on geographic location and organizational

resources (Morse et al., 2020). However, according to Lachance (2020) and Kulik

(2021), accessibility to volunteering experiences has grown substantially, especially

after COVID-19. There is also the potential for volunteer fatigue or burnout,

particularly if the volunteer work is demanding or needs to align better with the

participants' interests and strengths (Huber et al., 2019; Morse et al., 2020; Nichol et

al., 2021). Ensuring that volunteer activities are well-matched to participants' strengths

and providing adequate support and supervision are pivotal for maintaining

engagement and achieving the desired outcomes.

Finally, the S2S program's five-phase framework, while designed to be

manageable and impactful, may only be sufficient for some individuals to experience

significant change. Longterm mental health improvements often require sustained

effort and ongoing support beyond the initial intervention period (Bohlmeijer &

Westerhof, 2021). Participants may need additional resources and follow-up to

maintain and build on the progress made during the program. S2S hopes to minimize

this limitation with clinician support and education throughout the intervention. Future

iterations of the program might benefit from incorporating longer-term support

mechanisms, such as booster sessions or ongoing community involvement, to enhance

the sustainability of the positive effects (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009; Proyer et al., 2015).

In summary, while the S2S program holds promise as a holistic and integrative

approach to enhancing mental well-being, it is important to recognize its assumptions

and limitations. Addressing these limitations through careful design, implementation,

and clinical, ongoing evaluation will be necessary for maximizing the program's

effectiveness and ensuring that it meets the diverse needs of its participants. Further

research and refinement of the program to specific participant needs will help to

address these challenges and improve its overall impact on mental health.

Definition of Terms

Character strengths. Traits that are morally valued globally, that enable thriving

and flourishing, and that are inherent or cultivated; top strengths, when used, make one

feel authentic, energized, and engaged (Lavy & Benish-Weisman, 2021; Peterson et al.,

2005;

Seligman, 2002).

Flow. As state of mind when one feels authentic, energized, and engaged

(Csikszentmihalyi et al., 2014; Engeser et al., 2021; Lynch & Troy, 2021).

Holistic well-being. An approach that considers the interconnectedness of

various aspects of an individual's life, emphasizing physical, mental, and social well-

being (Seligman, 2002).

Life satisfaction. A subjective assessment of one's collective quality of life,

encompassing various domains such as relationships, work, and personal fulfillment

(Ruggeri et al., 2020; Seligman, 2002).

Positive psychology intervention (PPI). Treatment plans grounded in the

promotion of positive emotions, character strengths, and overall well-being based on

positive psychology principles (Moskowitz et al., 2020; Sandage & Hill, 2001; Sin &

Lyubomirsky, 2009).

Expected Findings

The expected findings of the S2S program are expected to provide evidence

supporting the efficacy of integrating character strengths development,

psychoeducation, and volunteer engagement into therapy. Based on the upcoming

literature review, it is hypothesized that participants will experience improvements in

life satisfaction, increased community involvement, and improved resilience and

mental health. A core expectation is that by identifying and cultivating personal

strengths, participants will develop greater self-awareness and self-efficacy, leading to

more positive individual and communal health outcomes (Duan & Ho, 2017; Grönlund

& Falk, 2019; Putnam, 2020).

One expected outcome is that participants will report increased life satisfaction

due to the emphasis on character strengths. Research indicates that individuals who

utilize their strengths in daily activities experience higher levels of happiness and

fulfillment (Blanchard et al., 2019; Brito & Soares, 2023; Duan & Ho, 2017; Littman-

Ovadia & Steger, 2010). The program's use of the VIA-IS to identify personal strengths

is expected to facilitate this process, allowing participants to engage in activities that

align with their strengths and values.

Additionally, it is anticipated that participants will have increased involvement

with their community because of the program's holistic approach. S2S aims to enhance

participants' social connectedness and community involvement. Engaging in

meaningful volunteer activities has been linked to numerous psychological benefits,

including increased social support, reduced feelings of isolation, and improved mental

health (Halahakoon et al., 2020; Deichert et al., 2019; Mao & Normand, 2022). The

program's structured volunteer opportunities are designed to provide participants with

meaningful roles within their communities, which is anticipated to foster a sense of

belonging and connectedness, further contributing to their overall well-being

(Mubashar & Harzer, 2023; Nichol et al., 2023; Wilson, 2012).

Furthermore, according to Adler et al.’s (2023) study, the program will

demonstrate the importance of environmental factors, such as community support, in

mental health. By emphasizing the role individuals play within their communities and

the impact of their contributions, the program aims to enhance participants'

understanding of their interconnectedness with their environment (Ben Yair et al.,

2023; Gander et al., 2021). This increased awareness will likely foster a greater sense

of responsibility and advocacy for themselves and others, leading to more active

community participation and improved mental health outcomes (Lynch & Troy, 2021;

McGrath et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2023).

S2S addresses multiple facets of mental well-being by focusing on symptom

reduction, strengths development, and community engagement. Studies have shown

that strength-based interventions can significantly reduce symptoms of depression and

anxiety by promoting positive self-concepts and resilience (Elhai et al., 2018; Lee et

al., 2019; Schutte & Malouff, 2019; Vanderlind et al., 2020). Therefore, participants in

the S2S program are expected to report lower levels of mental health issues. The

findings are also expected to highlight the synergistic effects of combining

psychoeducation with practical application through volunteerism.

Psychoeducation on personal strengths helps participants understand and

appreciate their capabilities, while volunteer activities provide a real-world context to

apply these strengths (Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Mubashar et al., 2023). This

combination is anticipated to reinforce learning and promote long-term changes in

behavior and self-perception, resulting in sustained improvements in mental health and

well-being (Chaves et al., 2019; Cohn &

Fredrickson, 2010; Duan & Ho, 2017).

Lastly, S2S is anticipated to serve as a model for future mental health

interventions, demonstrating the efficacy of a strength-based, integrative approach. The

program's success can pave the way for more holistic mental health treatments beyond

symptom management, including personal development and community engagement.

Success would represent a significant advancement in the field, aligning with recent

calls for more comprehensive and multifaceted approaches to mental health care in

clinical settings (Ben Yair et al., 2023; Koolen-

Maas et al., 2022; Mayerson, 2020).

Organization of the Remainder of the Dissertation

This paper is structured to provide a thorough examination of S2S from its

foundation of a scholarly literature review to the concepts and models used to design

the program. Chapter 2 will present an in-depth literature review, synthesizing

evidence-based research on key areas essential to S2S. The chapter includes identifying

and applying character strengths and the impact of volunteering on mental health. The

chapter will also explore the critical need for treatment plans that balance self-focus

with community engagement. This balance is crucial for fostering holistic well-being,

as research indicates that community involvement and the utilization of character

strengths can significantly improve mental health outcomes and life satisfaction (Brito

& Soares, 2023; Grönlund & Falk, 2019).

Chapter 3 will analyze the strengths, weaknesses, and justification for the S2S

program.

This section will critically evaluate the gaps in traditional mental health interventions

and how S2S addresses these deficiencies. By emphasizing strength-based

development and structured volunteer opportunities, S2S offers a novel approach that

aligns with contemporary positive psychology principles and empirical evidence

(Chaves et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2023). The chapter will argue that this integrated model

is innovative and necessary for a more comprehensive approach to mental health

treatment. It will also highlight how the program's design can be practically

implemented to maximize therapeutic outcomes.

In Chapter 4, the focus will shift to the detailed curriculum of the S2S program.

This chapter will incorporate relevant research findings into the design of the program's

activities and educational components. It will outline how each element of the

curriculum—character strengths identification, psychoeducation, and volunteer

engagement—contributes to the overall objectives of enhancing life satisfaction and

reducing depressive symptoms. Integrating research into the curriculum ensures that

the program is evidence-based and adaptable to diverse populations (Eisenhut et al.,

2023; Sveen et al., 2022). Finally, Chapter 5 will address the practical aspects of

implementing the S2S program, including clinician competency, program goals, and

potential limitations. It will summarize the key findings from each chapter and discuss

their practical applications in clinical settings. This comprehensive approach offers a

robust framework for mental health professionals to adopt and adapt the S2S program

to improve the well-being of individuals and communities (Fusar-Poli, 2019).

Leading into Chapter 2, the literature review will establish a solid foundation

for understanding the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the S2S program. It

will delve into the significance of character strengths in psychological well-being,

drawing from recent studies highlighting the positive impacts of strengths identification

and application. The review will also explore the role of volunteerism in enhancing life

satisfaction and mitigating depressive symptoms, emphasizing the importance of

structured and meaningful community engagement. By examining these components in

detail, Chapter 2 will provide the necessary context and justification for the

development and implementation of the S2S program, setting the stage for

the subsequent chapters.

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter presents a comprehensive literature review to establish the

foundational concepts and empirical evidence behind S2S. The review begins by

exploring the origins of positive psychology, a field focused on promoting increased

well-being (Seligman et al., 2005). Central to this field is the concept of character

strengths, which contribute to personal growth, fulfillment, and resilience (Dahlsgaard

et al., 2005; Niemiec & McGrath, 2019). Positive psychology shifts focus from merely

treating mental illness to enhancing well-being and life satisfaction (Seligman &

Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Its roots trace back to William James' exploration of human

resilience, Alfred Adler’s instance that community and society are inseparable from

individual well-being, and Abraham Maslow's introduction of 'positive psychology in

his 1954 book Motivation and Personality (Hothersall, 2022).

The positive psychology paradigm promotes cultivating positive emotions,

engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishments, collectively known as the

PERMA model (Cabrera & Donaldson, 2023; Seligman, 2011). Recent studies further

confirm the positive impact of recognizing and utilizing character strengths on

happiness, resilience, and life satisfaction (Lavy & Benish-Weisman, 2021; Smith et

al., 2020). This foundation in positive psychology underpins the S2S program, where

these principles are applied to cultivate resilience and life satisfaction in participants.

Community engagement complements the positive psychology framework by

enhancing life satisfaction, building resilience, and fostering a sense of purpose and

community belonging (Dolan et al., 2021; Nichol et al., 2023; Halahakoon et al., 2020).

As demonstrated by Morse et al. (2020), the reciprocal nature of volunteerism benefits

the recipient and the volunteer, promoting mutual well-being. This review further

examines empirical evidence supporting the integration of volunteer activities into

mental health programs, highlighting the potential to create meaningful and lasting

change.

Building on this foundation, combining character strengths with volunteerism

within a positive psychology framework offers a unique approach to holistic mental

health interventions. By integrating these elements, programs like S2S address internal

strengths and external engagement. These types of programs foster resilience, create

meaning, and strengthen community connections, leading to sustainable improvements

in well-being (Brunwasser et al., 2009; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Dempsey-

Brench et al., 2022). This dual focus improves mental health symptoms, enriches life

through active participation in activities aimed at the betterment of society.

Recent literature underscores the necessity of such integrated approaches.

Studies show that individuals engaged in strength-based activities and volunteer work

experience higher psychological well-being levels than those who do not (Duan & Ho,

2017; Gander et al., 2020; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010). These activities also

provide structure and purpose, which is particularly beneficial for individuals

struggling with mental health issues (Blanchard et al., 2019; Umucu, 2020). As

highlighted by Brunwasser et al. (2009) and Karris Bachik et al. (2020), leveraging

individual strengths and capacities within an integrated program can empower

participants to overcome challenges by learning coping skills associated with resilience

that can lead to more fulfilling lives.

The societal impact of integrating positive psychology, character strengths, and

volunteerism into mental health programs is equally significant. Community-based

interventions that promote volunteerism and strengths development contribute to social

cohesion and collective well-being (Gander et al., 2020; Grönlund & Falk, 2019).

These programs foster a culture of resilience and mutual support, which is essential for

addressing broader social and mental health issues (Karris et al., 2020; Nursey-Bray et

al., 2022). This chapter explores how community-focused approaches can complement

traditional mental health services, creating a more supportive and inclusive

environment for individuals facing mental health challenges.

S2S aims to bridge the gap between individual-focused and community-

oriented interventions by providing a structured framework incorporating positive

psychology, character strengths research, and volunteerism best practices. This chapter

reviews the current state of research in these fields, highlighting the evidence

supporting their integration and the potential benefits of such an approach. It also

identifies gaps in the existing literature and how the S2S program addresses each gap,

offering a comprehensive solution to enhance mental health and well-being. Through

this exploration, the review aims to justify the need for and the effectiveness of the S2S

program, providing a robust framework for its development and implementation.

Theoretical Orientation

Positive psychology emphasizes studying and promoting positive aspects of

human experience, such as happiness, well-being, and flourishing (Seligman &

Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Unlike traditional psychology, which often focuses on

treating mental illness and psychological distress, positive psychology interventions

seek to understand and enhance the factors that contribute to a fulfilling and

meaningful life (Hothersall, 2022). Additionally, positive psychology underscores the

value of community involvement in enhancing individual well-being (Carr et al., 2020;

Nursey-Bray et al., 2022). According to Snyder et al. (2020), the field has grown

significantly since its formal inception, propelled by the pioneering work of Martin

Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.

The roots of positive psychology can be traced back to humanistic psychology,

which emerged in the mid-20th century. Humanistic psychologists such as Abraham

Maslow and Carl Rogers emphasized self-actualization, personal growth, and human

beings' inherent potential for goodness (Snyder et al., 2020). However, it was not until

Martin Seligman's presidency of the American Psychological Association in 1998 that

positive psychology was formally recognized as a distinct field (Seligman, 2002).

Seligman (2002) advocated for a shift in focus from solely treating mental illness to

exploring what makes life worth living.

Positive psychology encompasses a broad range of concepts and theories aimed

at understanding and enhancing well-being (Snyder et al., 2020). One foundational

aspect is the study of happiness and subjective well-being, a concept extensively

researched by Diener and colleagues. Their work emphasizes life satisfaction, the

presence of positive emotions, and the absence of negative emotions as critical

components of well-being (Diener et al., 2018). Seligman (2002) distinguishes

authentic happiness as living a fulfilling life, despite its uncertainty and lows. Other

concepts found within the field have better shaped the concept of well-being, such as

flow, resiliency, and gratitude.

A central aspect is "flow," a state of complete absorption and engagement in an

activity developed initially by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975 (Snyder et al., 2020).

According to Wagner et al.

(2020), flow occurs when individuals are fully immersed in what they are doing, often

experiencing a harmonious balance between the challenge of the task and their own

skills. This state is characterized by intense focus, intrinsic enjoyment, and a sense of

control over the situation (Lynch & Troy, 2021). According to Csikszentmihalyi et al.

(2014), when in flow, people may lose track of time, feel effortlessly involved in the

task, and experience a diminished awareness of external pressures or distractions. Lee

et al. (2021) elaborate further describing flow an optimal experience, where the activity

becomes rewarding in and of itself, regardless of any external outcomes. Experiencing

flow continues to be linked to many attributes of positive emotion, engagement,

meaning, and accomplishment.

In sports, flow is associated with peak performance and the ability to push

physical limits (Lee et al., 2021). In creativity, as presented by Engeser et al. (2021),

flow enables individuals to generate innovative ideas and lose themselves in the artistic

process. In education, students who experience flow are more likely to engage deeply

with learning and retain information (Thomas & Baral, 2023). Similarly, flow

contributes to job satisfaction, productivity, and a sense of fulfillment (Engeser et al.,

2021). Datcu et al. (2024) found those who experience flow tend to have reduced

anxiety. Burt (2023) introduced a reconceptualized flow state to help therapy clients

deal with racism. The application of flow theory continues to expand, highlighting its

importance in fostering individual and collective flourishing across diverse contexts.

The state of flow is a subjective way for clinicians to measure trends toward

betterment. Assessments are available to clinicians looking for quantitative data, but for

the sake of this program, subjective measures are utilized to achieve a broader

application of the intervention.

Gratitude and resilience are additional constructs that are pivotal within the

realm of positive psychology, both significantly contribute to an individual's

psychological well-being (Snyder et al., 2020). Gratitude, the recognition and

appreciation of positive aspects in one's life, extends beyond a mere emotional

response; it embodies a cognitive acknowledgment of the goodness within oneself and

from external sources (Deichert et al., 2019). Empirical research has robustly

demonstrated that engaging in gratitude practices can yield a plethora of psychological

benefits, including enhanced overall well-being, fortified interpersonal relationships,

and augmented resilience (Dickens, 2017; Kersten et al., 2022; Lavy & Benish-

Weisman, 2021; Portocarrero et al., 2020). According to Emmons et al. (2019), this

cultivation of gratitude not only serves as a buffer against negative emotional

experiences but also actively promotes positive ones, thereby contributing to a more

resilient mental state. However, Jans-Beken’s et al. (2019) meta-analysis found that

gratitude-based interventions had a minimal impact on wellbeing, rather gratitude has a

positive relationship with subjective well-being i.e. it is another indicator of improving

life satisfaction. Dickens (2017) also found that gratitude-based interventions were

over emphasized, had varying results depending on the disorder, yet there was a

positive association with well-being. Another measurement of well-being is resilience.

Resilience represents the capacity to adapt effectively in the presence of

adversity, stress, or significant sources of risk (Kashdan et al., 2021). It is not merely

about enduring hardship but thriving despite it by harnessing personal strengths and

resources. The literature supports the notion that resilience is instrumental in reducing

the likelihood of burnout and fostering a sense of hope, which are critical for sustaining

mental health across various life stages (Ekşi & Erök Özkapu, 2023; Kashdan et al.,

2021; Kotera et al., 2021; Southwick et al., 2014). Resilience, therefore, acts as both a

protective and promotive factor, enabling individuals to navigate life's challenges with

a positive outlook and a proactive stance toward recovery and growth.

These elements of flow, gratitude, and resilience are not isolated phenomena but

are intricately woven into the fabric of positive psychology, particularly within the

framework of Seligman’s PERMA model, which stands for Positive Emotion,

Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (VIA Institute on

Character, 2024). These five elements are essential elements of human flourishing (Goh

et al., 2021, Seligman, 2011). The PERMA model provides a flexible and

comprehensive framework for understanding well-being, with each component

contributing uniquely to an individual's life satisfaction (Seligman, 2011; Umucu,

2023).

The PERMA model provides a simple framework that closely aligns with the

goals of the S2S program, particularly in its aim to enhance life satisfaction. Each

component of PERMA plays a role in well-being. Positive emotion involves

experiencing pleasurable feelings, such as joy and contentment, which contribute

significantly to overall life satisfaction (Seligman, 2011). Individuals with depression

experience a deficit in positive emotions, highlighting the importance of this

component in mental health interventions (Vanderlind et al., 2020; Willroth et al.,

2019). Engagement refers to being deeply involved in absorbing and enjoyable

activities, often leading to a state of flow (Csikszentmihalyi et al., 2014). Achieving

flow is positively associated with engagement and character strengths (Engeser et al.,

2021; Ottiger et al., 2021; Wagner et al., 2019). Relationships encompass the

connections and interactions with others that provide support, love, and a sense of

belonging (Pezirkianidis et al., 2023; Seligman, 2011). Fostering positive connections

is foundational to human well-being and is a key objective of the S2S program.

Meaning involves having a sense of purpose and direction, often derived from

being part of something larger than oneself (Frankl, 1985; Morse et al., 2024).

Cultivating meaning is essential for long-term life satisfaction and is a central aim of

positive psychology. Finally, accomplishment refers to pursuing and achieving goals

that provide a sense of competence and success (Cabrera & Donaldson, 2023;

Seligman, 2011). Accomplishment, as presented by Goh et al. (2021), contributes to

self-efficacy and is integral to the well-being framework provided by the PERMA

model. López-Núñez et al. (2020) highlight how a sense of accomplishment can

minimize burnout and extend engagement. The framework of the PERMA model

provides clinicians with a structure to help engage and treat clients.

Beyond the PERMA model, positive psychology encompasses a broader range

of concepts that contribute to well-being. Recent research continues to support the

efficacy of positive psychology interventions (PPIs). For instance, Cohn and

Fredrickson (2010) found that interventions using loving-kindness meditation led to

long-term increases in positive emotions. Similarly, Lyubomirsky and Layous (2013)

demonstrated that engaging in simple activities that promote positive emotions and

relationships can lead to sustained improvements in happiness. A global meta-analysis

with over 72,000 participants confirmed that PPIs that are consistent with positive

psychology concepts are beneficial (Carr et al., 2020). Treatments focused on PPI

principles have also shown to build hope, optimism, diverse coping skills, social skills,

and decreased anxiety and pessimism (Baourda et al., 2023).

Positive psychology has also been applied effectively in various settings to

improve collective well-being. In educational contexts, programs incorporating PPIs

have been shown to enhance students' academic performance, emotional well-being,

and social skills (Allison et al., 2020; Baourda et al., 2023). Teachers and police

officers also have benefited from PPIs, especially during and after the challenges posed

by COVID-19 (Brouzos et al., 2021; GarcíaÁlvarez et al., 2021; Holmedal Byrne et al.,

2024; Tejada-Gallardo et al., 2021). The breadth of PPIs continues to grow.

The Penn Resiliency Program, for instance, teaches cognitive-behavioral and

problemsolving skills, effectively reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety among

participants (Brunwasser et al., 2009, 2018). According to University of Pennsylvania

(2024), the resiliency program includes PERMA workshops to increase optimism and

well-being for individuals, teams, and leaders within a variety of organizations. In

workplace settings, PPIs focusing on strength-based approaches and fostering positive

relationships have increased job satisfaction, productivity, and employee engagement

(Donaldson et al., 2019; Dubreuil et al., 2020; Harzer &

Ruch, 2012; Luthans et al., 2007).

S2S represents a notable advancement at the intersection of positive

psychology, character strengths, and volunteerism. The program addresses a critical

gap by aligning individual character strengths with purposeful volunteer activities,

thereby developing an intervention that enriches personal well-being and contributes to

community development. By anchoring its framework in the tenets of positive

psychology, S2S not only reaffirms the theoretical underpinnings of this discipline but

also broadens its practical applications, particularly in enhancing community

engagement and mental health treatment. This integration of character strengths with

volunteerism provides a solid foundation for individuals to nurture their well-being,

setting the stage for a comprehensive review of existing literature. The ensuing

discussion will situate the program within contemporary scholarly conversations on

positive psychology, elucidating the transformative potential of harmonizing personal

strengths with altruistic actions.

Review of Research Literature

The need to enhance life satisfaction and well-being is particularly

pressing for individuals seeking meaning and purpose in their lives or learning to

navigate mental illness. Low life satisfaction and depressive symptoms significantly

affect overall quality of life, with recent studies highlighting a strong connection

between low life satisfaction, elevated levels of depression and anxiety, and substantial

impairments in daily functioning and happiness (Brito &

Soares, 2023; Diener et al., 2018; García-Álvarez et al., 2021). As the prevalence of

mental health issues continues to rise globally, it is essential to develop effective and

holistic interventions that extend beyond traditional therapeutic approaches (National

Institute of Mental Health, 2023).

A critical area of focus is empowering individuals by identifying and leveraging

their character strengths. Research demonstrates that attributes such as resilience,

optimism, and gratitude significantly contribute to mental well-being and enhance life

satisfaction (Blanchard et al., 2019; Brunwasser et al., 2009; Deichert et al., 2019; Park

et al., 2004). Character strengths are innate qualities within each person, and when

recognized and utilized effectively, they can lead to improved mental health outcomes

and greater life satisfaction (Gander et al., 2020; Park et al., 2004; Peterson et al.,

2005). However, a key challenge is that many individuals are unaware of their

strengths or how to apply them in daily life. This gap is particularly concerning, as

current mental health practices tend to focus more on symptom reduction than on

strengthbased approaches (Brito & Soares, 2023; Dahlsgaard et al., 2005; Duan & Ho,

2017).

Another essential facet of addressing life satisfaction and mental well-being is

facilitating meaningful engagement in volunteer activities. Numerous studies have

linked volunteering with enhanced life satisfaction and improved mental health

outcomes (Adler et al., 2023; Burr et al., 2010; Dolan et al., 2021; Halahakoon et al.,

2020; Nichol et al., 2023). Engaging in meaningful activities allows individuals to

contribute to their communities, foster a sense of purpose, and connect with others—all

critical factors in promoting psychological well-being (Adler, 1992/1931; Kashdan et

al., 2021). Despite the well-documented benefits of volunteering, opportunities for

structured and meaningful engagement are often limited, particularly for individuals

managing mental health issues (Dempsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Jiang et al., 2020).

This lack of access can prevent individuals from experiencing the positive effects of

volunteerism, which include increased social support, enhanced self-efficacy, and

reduced depressive symptoms (Barbui et al., 2020; Haski-Leventhal et al., 2010; Son &

Wilson, 2012; Soto et al., 2022). The gap is further exacerbated when considering the

need for programs that integrate both micro and macro well-being into therapy

sessions. Addressing these interconnected challenges with a focus on strengths and

engagement can significantly improve life satisfaction and well-being for vulnerable

populations.

Character Strengths

Character strengths are traits that are morally valued globally, enable thriving

and flourishing, and are inherent or cultivated; top strengths, when used, make one feel

authentic, energized, and engaged (Lavy & Benish-Weisman, 2021; Peterson et al.,

2005; Seligman, 2002). These strengths are integral to cognitive behavioral theory,

supporting the integration of positive psychology with other evidence-based practices

(Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; Victor et al., 2017). According to Dahlsgaard et al.

(2005), character strengths are fundamental for achieving a fulfilling life across

cultures. Additionally, Bryant et al. (2021) found that strength-based approaches rather

than deficit-based approaches received an improved response in Indigenous care.

These unique attributes are a means for realizing the elements of the PERMA

model (Blanchard et al., 2019; Niemiec & McGrath, 2019). These traits are considered

stable personality traits that offer insights into values and interests (Gander et al.,

2019). The VIA Classification of Character Strengths, developed by Christopher

Peterson and Martin Seligman, identifies 24 character strengths under six broad virtues:

wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence (Niemiec &

McGrath, 2019). Cultivating strengths has enhanced well-being, improved

relationships, and increased life satisfaction (Lyubomirsky et al., 2011; Karris Bachik et

al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023). These strength classifications will underpin the S2S

treatment plan.

Recent research continues to emphasize the importance of character strengths in

promoting well-being (Brito & Soares, 2023; Douglass & Duffy, 2014; Lee et al., 2019;

Wang et al., 2023). Studies have found that individuals who regularly use their

character strengths report higher levels of life satisfaction (Duan & Ho, 2017;

Lyubomirsky et al., 2011; Wagner et al., 2021). For instance, Littman-Ovadia and

Steger (2010) found that use of character strengths in occupational and volunteer

groups was related to well-being. Additionally, character strengths contribute to

resilience and effective coping with adversity (Ekşi & Erök Özkapu, 2023; Kashdan et

al., 2021). Wagner et al. (2020,2021) found that all the VIA character strengths were

positively correlated with the PERMA model and could be used by therapists to guide

the development of positive emotions. There is also evidence of strength-based

programs in a variety of environments.

In educational settings, character strength-based interventions have yielded

promising results. Quinlan et al. (2015) showed that students participating in programs

that identify and develop strengths experienced higher levels of well-being,

engagement, and academic achievement compared to those who did not. Furthermore,

identifying character strengths is associated with academic achievement and flourishing

in school activities (Allison et al., 2020; Wagner et al., 2020, 2021). Aneesh et al.

(2021) found entire classrooms reported increased positive emotion in addition to the

benefits reported by individual students often resulting in whole-school programs.

Students engaged in these types of activities also reported higher levels of hope and

optimism (Baourda et al., 2023). Similarly, student attitudes and feelings toward the

past, present, and future improved (Tejada-Gallardo et al., 2021). Finally, students had

more flow experiences, group engagement, and enjoyment of teacher-centered learning

when using strengths (Kumar & Mohideen, 2019; Wagner et al., 2020). These findings

support the integration of character strengths into educational curricula to enhance

positive development at micro and macro levels.

In the occupational settings, organizations focused on the development of

employee character strengths tend to also experience improved outcomes and less

burnout (Huber et al., 2019). Harzer and Ruch (2012) also found that employees who

frequently utilize their character strengths report increased positive experiences at

work. Using strengths at work often reduces negative emotions (Dubreuil et al., 2020).

Dempsey-Brench & Shantz’s (2022) review of skillbased employee volunteering found

it often sharpens skills, improves sustainability by stimulating engagement.

Additionally, organizations that adopt strength-based approaches see increased job

satisfaction and achieve their organizational goals more effectively (Heintz & Ruch,

2019; Miglianico et al., 2020; Mubashar & Harzer, 2023).

In therapeutic settings, incorporating character strengths has also proven

effective. Research suggests therapy that integrates character strengths can enhance

treatment outcomes and overall client well-being (Blanchard et al., 2019). As the study

and application of character strengths within positive psychology continue to evolve,

their role in fostering a fulfilling and meaningful life remains central (Brito & Soares,

2023). The empirical evidence supporting character strengths underscores their

importance in enhancing well-being, resilience, academic success, job performance,

and social relationships (Allison et al., 2020; Douglass & Duffy, 2014; Gander et al.,

2019; Heintz & Ruch, 2019; Karris Bachik et al., 2020). Additionally, signature

strengths are particularly impactful when individuals find environments that recognize

and value these strengths (Blanchard et al., 2019). As positive psychology progresses,

character strengths will likely continue to be foundational, informing interventions and

practices to promote human flourishing; strengths are reflected in behavior, feelings,

and thought (Park et al., 2005). Another key theme in positive psychology is the role of

prosocial behaviors such as volunteering.

Volunteerism

Positive psychology defines volunteerism as a voluntary and altruistic activity

that promotes well-being, both for the individual engaging in the activity and for the

community being served (Seligman, 2002, 2011). It emphasizes the psychological

benefits that come from helping others, such as increased happiness, social connection,

and a sense of purpose (Halahakoon et al., 2020; Lawton et al., 2020). Volunteering has

been linked to many other positive outcomes.

Volunteering often provides a sense of purpose and belonging, crucial

components of psychological well-being; it facilitates social interaction, developing

meaningful relationships, and the satisfaction derived from contributing to a greater

good (Adler et al., 2023; Nichol et al., 2023). Studies have shown that individuals who

engage in regular volunteer activities report higher happiness and satisfaction levels

than those who do not (Hansen et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2020; Koydemir et al., 2020;

Son & Wilson, 2012). For instance, Lawton et al. (2020), Grönlund and Falk (2019),

Halahakoon et al. (2020, and Nichol et al. (2023) found that volunteering is associated

with increased life satisfaction, a sense of purpose, and improved self-concept. These

positive effects are attributed to the sense of accomplishment and social connectedness

that volunteering fosters (Sveen et al., 2022). The effects are seen at a greater scale

with community involvement often building collective resilience (Nursey-Bray et al.,

2022). One significant psychological mechanism through which volunteering enhances

well-being is by reducing negative rumination and excessive self-focus.

Excessive self-focus can lead to negative emotions, such as depression and

anxiety. Hirsch et al. (2020), Liu et al. (2024), Rickerby et al. (2024), and Toussaint et

al. (2022) demonstrated that heightened self-consciousness exacerbates depression and

anxiety. They propose that a lack of perceived meaning in life and reduced self-efficacy

contribute to this negative emotional state, with social support as a moderating factor,

suggesting that while selffocus can be detrimental, strong social networks might

mitigate its adverse effects. The conscientiousness-health link in depression and

anxiety, explored by Iwamoto et al. (2020), highlights that conscientious individuals

often experience better health outcomes. However, an overemphasis on self-discipline

and perfectionism can contribute to depressive symptoms (Luca, 2019). This

relationship underscores the complexity of how self-focus interacts with other

personality dimensions to influence mental health. These findings suggest that

excessive focus on oneself, particularly in the absence of social support, can lead to

significant negative emotions, including depression and anxiety.

This discovery underscores the importance of fostering healthy self-perception

and supportive social networks to mitigate these adverse effects. Arslan and Allen

(2021) and Moss et al. (2023) demonstrated that participants who have an association

with meaning in life in activities can experience lower stress levels and improved

coping skills. Furthermore, those who volunteer with a sense of purpose in mind can

mitigate burnout or trauma especially when volunteering in stressful situations (Halady

& Cook-Cottone, 2023). The social nature of volunteering also provides a buffer

against loneliness and social isolation, which are associated with depression

(Halahakoon et al., 2020).

Moreover, Moskowitz et al. (2020) found that volunteering aligns with the

principles of positive psychology, particularly the emphasis on character strengths and

virtues; it allows individuals to exercise their strengths, such as kindness, empathy, and

social intelligence, enhancing their sense of competence and self-worth. Martins et al.

(2022) found that older adults who volunteered regularly experienced personal growth

and well-being, suggesting that the benefits of volunteering extend across the lifespan.

Adolescents,, young adults, and the middle aged have also shown to have positive

results (Ben Yair et al., 2023; Burr et al., 2010; NurseyBray et al., 2022). Dolan’s et al.

(2021) sample of 9,000 volunteers found the benefits of their action were 140 times

greater than its cost: those more active saw greater results. Similarly, Mao & Normand

(2022) found that the more one engages in prosocial behavior the great the results.

While the benefits of prosocial behaviors are abundant, the United States has

seen a drop in participation (US Census Bureau, 2023). Robert Putnam’s Bowling

Alone (2000) statistically demonstrated a significant decline in community behaviors in

the latter half of the twentieth century. In contrast, his sequel, The Upswing, observed a

minor volunteer increase, seeing spikes during national catastrophes, like 9-11, and

more businesses offering employee benefits that encourage it. This data points to a

need for more programs supporting mindful prosocial action.

The empirical evidence supporting the benefits of volunteering is robust,

highlighting its potential as an intervention to improve well-being across different age

groups and populations (Hansen et al., 2018; Noronha et al., 2024). Prosocial

behaviors, such as volunteering, often benefit the community and individuals engaged

in these actions (Grönlund et al., 2019; Putnam, 2020; V. Gouveia et al., 2024).

Volunteering enhances life satisfaction and mental health by providing opportunities

for social interaction, fostering a sense of purpose, and reducing rumination and self-

focus (Barbui et al., 2020; Layous et al., 2023; Toussaint et al., 2022). As research on

positive psychology continues to evolve, volunteering to promote a fulfilling and

meaningful life remains a significant area of interest.

Review of Existing Programs

Combining character strengths with volunteer activities in treatment programs

represents a holistic approach that harnesses the benefits of positive psychology and

altruistic behavior

(Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Fusar-Poli, 2019; Lavy & Benish-Weisman, 2021;

LittmanOvadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). Historically, these elements were

often studied and applied separately (Seligman, 2011). However, recent interest has

grown in integrating them to enhance therapeutic outcomes (Demsey-Brench & Shantz,

2022; Nichol et al., 2023). This integrated approach leverages the synergies between

fostering personal strengths and engaging in prosocial behavior, promoting

comprehensive well-being and resilience (Fineman, 2023; Gander et al., 2019; Nichol

et al., 2023; Noronha et al., 2024).

In clinical contexts, positive psychological interventions (PPIs) are designed to

elevate life satisfaction and foster positive emotions (Goh et al., 2021; Moskowitz et

al., 2020). These interventions typically emphasize gratitude, kindness, or creativity,

aiming to enhance well-being through targeted exercises (Carr et al., 2020;

Portocarrero et al., 2020). However, as highlighted by Noronha et al. (2024), a notable

lacuna exists within the literature concerning interventions that explicitly integrate

character strengths with volunteerism. While PPIs generally encourage behaviors that

promote positivity, there needs to be more structured programs that tailor these

interventions around the unique character profiles of individuals, particularly in the

context of community service.

The S2S program introduces an innovative approach by specifically tailoring an

intervention to match individual character strengths with volunteer activities that align

with these strengths believed to encourage engagement in prosocial behaviors. By

doing so, S2S aligns with the broader aims of PPIs. It extends these by customizing the

intervention to the participant's unique strengths, maximizing the impact on personal

well-being and community contribution (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Noronha et

al., 2024). This focus on personalized, strengthbased volunteerism represents a

pioneering step towards a more nuanced application of positive psychology in

therapeutic settings, where the interaction between personal growth and community

engagement is explicitly fostered.

Research supports integrating character strengths and volunteering into

treatment programs (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Moskowitz et al., 2020; Nicol et

al., 2023; Noronha et al., 2024; Son & Wilson, 2012). Strengths, when combined with

volunteering, can be amplified by social interaction, purpose, and community

engagement (Gander et al., 2019, 2020, 2021, 2024). For example, Littman and Steger

(2010) and Noronha et al. (2024) found that participants who engaged in volunteer

activities tailored to their interests reported higher levels of engagement and reduced

negative emotions than those who participated in either intervention alone. Dempsey-

Brench & Shantz (2020) point to the need for programs blending skills and

volunteering. These findings suggest that the synergistic effect of combining character

strengths with volunteering can lead to substantial improvements in mental health.

These suggestions align with broader literature emphasizing the importance of

matching activities with personal strengths to maximize engagement and fulfillment

(Niemiec & McGrath,

2019; Niemiec & Pearce, 2021; Wagner et al., 2020, 2021). A meta-analysis by

Jenkinson et al. (2013) reviewed the mental health benefits of volunteering, including

studies on combining volunteer work with personal strengths; volunteers reported

lower stress levels, increased social support, lower mortality rates, and better well-

being. Integrating character strengths and volunteer activities in treatment programs is

a promising, unique approach that leverages the benefits of PPIs. Existing programs

and research evidence support the efficacy of this combined approach in enhancing

well-being, reducing mental health symptoms, and promoting comprehensive

rehabilitation (Karris Bachik et al., 2020; Gander et al., 2019). As PPIs evolve, the

synergy between character strengths and volunteering will likely play an increasingly

important role in therapeutic and community-based interventions.

Synthesis and Critique of the Literature

Integrating character strengths and volunteer activities in treatment programs is

an area within positive psychology that shows promising benefits for mental health and

well-being (Lavy & Benish-Weisman, 2021; Morse et al., 2020). The literature reveals

a consensus on the synergistic effects of these elements, leading to enhanced

psychological outcomes (DemseyBrench & Shantz, 2022; Noronha et al., 2024).

Studies consistently indicate that leveraging personal strengths or engaging in

volunteer activities can significantly improve life satisfaction, reduce depressive

symptoms, and foster a sense of purpose and community (Son & Wilson, 2012; Gander

et al., 2019).

These findings resonate with the foundational work of Seligman et al. (2005),

which highlighted the pivotal role of individual strengths and altruistic behaviors in

fostering life satisfaction. This perspective has long been validated by a meta-analysis

conducted by Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009), which not only confirmed the efficacy of

PPIs in bolstering well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms but also specifically

noted the benefits of strength-based interventions. A more recent meta-analysis by

Koydemir et al. (2020) also confirmed PPIs' effectiveness on psychological and

subjective well-being. Moreover, research by Nicol et al. (2023) has demonstrated that

volunteering, an act often aligned with social action, enriches psychological health and

contributes to physical health improvements. However, despite these insights, there

remains a notable gap in literature concerning PPIs that explicitly integrate character

strengths with social action.

The synthesis of internal strengths with external social action presents a

promising avenue for S2S and future PPIs (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Noronha

et al., 2024). By leveraging character strengths in meaningful social contributions,

interventions could amplify individual well-being while fostering community

resilience. This approach aligns with the theoretical underpinnings of positive

psychology and responds to contemporary societal needs for connection and purpose,

where traditional PPIs might sometimes need to catch up due to their individualistic

focus (Seligman, 2011).

Despite the robust support for these interventions, some limitations and areas

for further research remain. There are a few critiques of the current literature regarding

volunteering. One is that studies often look at short-term results when evidence shows

that long-term volunteering has more significant results (Cohn & Fredrickson, 2010;

Jiang et al., 2020; Mao & Normand, 2022). As Eisenhut et al. (2023) present, those

facing neurological conditions can face unique barriers when volunteering that need to

be explored further. Individuals who choose to volunteer may inherently possess higher

character strengths, such as spirituality and kindness, which could skew the results;

studies also tend to focus on older adults (Nichol et al., 2023; Noronha et al., 2024).

Additionally, there is a need for more diverse and representative samples in research.

Many studies have predominantly focused on specific populations, such as

older adults or individuals with certain health conditions, limiting the generalizability

of the findings (Nichol et al., 2023; Nursey-Bray et al., 2022). Expanding research to

include a broader range of demographics, including different age groups, cultural

backgrounds, and socioeconomic statuses, would enhance our understanding of how

various PPI segments work most effectively

(Lachance, 2020; Lawton et al., 2020; Sveen et al., 2022; Wallrodt & Thieme, 2022).

Finally, many studies rely on self-reported measures of well-being, prosocial behavior,

and strengths use, which can introduce bias and affect the reliability of the findings

(Brenner & DeLamater, 2016; Lawton et al., 2020). Future research could benefit from

standardized protocols and measures to facilitate more robust comparisons and meta-

analyses.

Moreover, the variability in strength-based intervention designs, initial

assessments, and outcome measures poses a challenge for synthesizing results across

studies. While some interventions focus on specific strengths like gratitude, others

adopt a more generalized approach, making it difficult to compare their effectiveness

directly (Bashkatov, 2020; Emmons et al., 2019; Karris Bachik et al., 2020; McGrath &

Brown, 2020; Ng et al., 2017; Wagner et al., 2021). As seen with volunteering, another

critical area for further exploration is the long-term sustainability of the benefits

associated with strength-based (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; Cohn & Frederickson,

2010; Duan & Ho, 2017; Proyer et al., 2015). More longitudinal studies could provide

valuable insights into the durability of these strength-based interventions and identify

factors that support sustained well-being.

In conclusion, synthesizing the literature on character strengths and

volunteering underscores their combined efficacy in enhancing well-being and mental

health (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Noronha et al., 2024). Despite the promising

findings, several methodological and conceptual challenges warrant further

investigation. Addressing these limitations through more rigorous, diverse, and

comprehensive research will help to solidify the evidence base and guide the

development of effective, sustainable interventions (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021;

Cohn & Frederickson, 2010; Duan & Ho, 2017; Proyer et al., 2015). As the field

continues to evolve, integrating character strengths and volunteer activities holds great

potential for fostering holistic well-being across various populations and contexts.

S2S uniquely integrates character strengths and volunteerism within a

therapeutic context, setting it apart from other interventions. While traditional

approaches often prioritize symptom reduction and individual therapy, this program

emphasizes the active application of personal strengths in volunteer activities,

enhancing individual well-being and community health (Lavy & Benish-Weisman,

2021; Nichol et al., 2023). The program's distinctive focus on harnessing character

strengths like kindness, prudence, and leadership within volunteer settings fosters

personal growth. It addresses the broader decline in social cohesion, which is crucial

for collective well-being (Adler, 1992/1931; Fineman, 2023; Putnam, 2020). By

combining strengthbased therapy and volunteerism, the program provides a holistic and

sustainable model of psychological intervention, significantly reducing depressive

symptoms and promoting longterm mental health and life satisfaction. This innovative

combination makes the program a pioneering approach to positive psychology and

therapeutic practice.

Summary

Integrating character strengths and volunteer activities within treatment

programs is an emerging area of positive psychology that demonstrates promising

benefits for mental health and overall well-being (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022;

Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). Character strengths, positive

traits reflected in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, are fundamental to a fulfilling life

and are central to enhancing psychological and physical health (Dahlsgaard et al.,

2005; Gander et al., 2019; Seligman, 2011). Recent research has shown that leveraging

personal strengths and engaging in volunteer activities can significantly improve life

satisfaction, reduce depressive symptoms, and create a heightened sense of purpose and

community (Son & Wilson, 2012; Nichol et al., 2023). It is time to combine the two

pieces, character strengths and volunteer activities, to enhance therapeutic outcomes by

fostering increased life satisfaction.

The synthesis of literature underscores the combined efficacy of character

strengths and volunteering in enhancing well-being and mental health. Despite the

robust evidence, addressing methodological and conceptual challenges will be crucial

for solidifying the evidence base and developing an effective, sustainable program. As

the field grows, integrating these elements remains significant for fostering holistic

well-being. The next chapter will focus on the methodology, specifically designing a

treatment plan that incorporates the principles of character strengths and volunteer

activities. This approach aims to create a structured program that leverages these

elements to enhance therapeutic outcomes and well-being while looking beyond the

self into the greater community. The methodology will detail the program design,

implementation, and evaluation metrics to ensure the effectiveness of the integrated

approach.

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY

Statement of the Clinical Problem

The decline in community engagement and social cohesion has emerged as a

significant challenge to public mental health, with profound implications for individual

well-being and collective health (Elhai et al., 2018; Putnam, 2020; U.S. Census Bureau,

2023). Traditional psychotherapy often focuses on individual symptoms and

intrapersonal issues, frequently overlooking the potential therapeutic benefits of

integrating social actions into treatment (Cabrera & Donaldson, 2023; Seligman &

Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). This approach neglects broader environmental factors that

could enhance or impede mental health recovery and overall life satisfaction.

According to Hirsch et al. (2020), a consequence of social isolation seen in therapy is

rumination.

Excessive self-rumination, characterized by a repetitive and passive focus on

one's distress, is strongly associated with increased negative emotions and mental

health issues such as depression and anxiety (Elhai et al., 2018; Isaacs et al., 2023;

Layous et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2024; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008). According to Luca

(2019) and Liu et al. (2024), this inward focus can trap individuals in cycles of

negative thinking, making it challenging to overcome psychological distress. One way

to mitigate this cycle of negative thinking is by integrating social actions into

psychotherapy to provide a valuable counterbalance to self-focused rumination,

fostering positive emotions and reducing the adverse effects of excessive introspection

(Grönlund & Falk, 2019; Layous et al., 2023; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).

A promising approach to addressing these issues lies in identifying and applying

character strengths within the broader community environment (Demsey-Brench &

Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). Character

strengths, such as kindness, gratitude, and leadership, can be harnessed and cultivated

through socially engaged activities, providing individuals with a sense of purpose and

enhancing their connection to others (Niemiec, 2018; Proyer et al., 2015; Wagner et al.,

2021). By integrating character strengths into volunteer activities or community

projects, people can experience a sense of fulfillment and increased well-being,

outcomes that traditional therapy methods might not achieve alone (Demsey-Brench &

Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024;

Seligman, 2011).

This chapter outlines the methodology for designing a treatment program that

leverages these insights by combining character strengths with volunteer activities.

This integrative approach addresses the decline in community engagement and

mitigates the detrimental effects of self-rumination and negative emotions by

promoting purposeful social engagement (Proyer et al., 2015). By fostering a

supportive community context and leveraging individual strengths, S2S aims to create

a more holistic and practical model of psychological treatment.

Purpose of Program Development

The purpose of developing a treatment plan for clinicians that integrates

character strengths and volunteer activities is multifaceted, aiming to address the

decline in community engagement, enhance individual well-being, and provide a more

holistic approach to mental health treatment (Halahakoon et al., 2020; Niemiec, 2018;

Putnam, 2020). According to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000), traditional

psychotherapy often focuses on individual pathology and symptom reduction, which,

while beneficial, can overlook the broader context in which individuals live and

interact. By incorporating community-based activities and leveraging personal

strengths, this intervention seeks to bridge the gap between individual treatment and

social engagement, fostering a sense of connectedness and purpose crucial for mental

health (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Keyes, 2015; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010;

Noronha et al.,

2024).

One primary goal of this program is to increase life satisfaction by combatting

the adverse effects of self-rumination, which is often linked to increased depressive

symptoms and anxiety (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008; Rickerby et al., 2024).

According to Toussaint et al. (2022), negative rumination involves a repetitive and

passive focus on one's distress, which can exacerbate negative emotions and impede

recovery. Engaging individuals in volunteer activities that align with their character

strengths provides an external focus, reducing the tendency to ruminate and promoting

positive emotions through meaningful engagement (Liu et al., 2024; Layous et al.,

2023; Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013). This approach is supported by research

indicating that strength-based activities can significantly enhance well-being and

reduce depressive symptoms (Bashkatov, 2020; Huber et al., 2019; Niemiec, 2018;

Peterson et al., 2005; Schutte & Malouff, 2019).

Moreover, the program aims to rebuild and strengthen community ties, which

have been eroding in recent decades (Elhai et al., 2018; Putnam, 2020; U.S. Census

Bureau, 2023). A decline in social cohesion and community participation has been

linked to various adverse outcomes, including increased mental health issues and

reduced life satisfaction (Bulut, 2019; Faro et al., 2019; Shimokihara et al., 2021;

Twenge, 2019). By encouraging individuals to participate in community service and

volunteer work, the program helps individuals and contributes to the community's well-

being (Adler et al., 2023; Fineman, 2023; Nursey-Bray et al., 2022). As demonstrated

by Grönlund and Falk (2019), this dual focus on individual and community health

creates a reinforcing cycle of positive interactions and support.

Another fundamental aspect of S2S is the identification and application of

character strengths. According to Dempsey-Brench & Shantz (2022), Niemiec and

Pearce (2021), and Soto et al. (2022), individuals who apply their strengths in real-

world settings experience a sense of competence and fulfillment that traditional therapy

settings may not fully provide. This experiential approach aligns with the principles of

positive psychology, which emphasize the cultivation of positive traits and behaviors to

enhance overall well-being (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Additionally, this

treatment plan aims to provide a structured, yet flexible framework tailored to

individual needs and community contexts.

Flexibility is essential because it allows the program to be adapted to various

populations, including different age groups, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic

statuses (Dahlsgaard et al., 2005; Moleiro et al., 2018; Sue & Sue, 2016; Soto et al.,

2022). This adaptability ensures that the benefits of strength-based volunteer activities

are accessible to a wide range of individuals, promoting inclusivity and equity in

mental health interventions. Furthermore, the program seeks to provide therapists with

a tool to integrate character strengths and volunteer activities into psychotherapy. The

program aims to contribute to the growing body of literature on PPIs through

evaluation and research.

Developing a program that combines character strengths and volunteer

activities within psychotherapy addresses critical gaps in traditional mental health

treatment (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Halahakoon et al., 2020; Littman-Ovadia

& Steger, 2010; Niemiec, 2018; Noronha et al., 2024). As demonstrated by Lehman et

al. (2017), psychologists are taught to use the biopsychosocial when treating clients,

yet the social aspect of the model, beyond common relations to the collective, is often

lacking in interventions. By focusing on individual well-being and community

engagement, S2S offers a holistic approach that can reduce the negative impacts of

self-rumination, enhance positive emotions, and strengthen social cohesion. This

innovative approach benefits individuals and contributes to the overall health of

communities, aligning with the broader goals of positive psychology and public health

(Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al.,

2024). As demonstrated, the tools have been developed and implemented in multiple

settings; the path is paved for psychotherapists to broaden treatment plans to balance

introspection and community focus.

Despite the growing evidence supporting this approach, there has been a notable

gap in its application within clinical settings, particularly in the form of a structured

treatment plan for therapists (Barbui et al., 2020; Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022;

Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). While character strengths and

volunteerism are well-established as standalone interventions, their combined use has

yet to be systematically organized or presented as a therapeutic tool clinicians can

readily incorporate into their practice (Halahakoon et al., 2020; Schutte & Malouff,

2019). This gap has left a significant opportunity unaddressed in mental health

treatment, where the benefits of strength-based volunteering can be harnessed more

effectively.

S2S seeks to fill this gap by providing a structured, evidence-based treatment

plan that integrates character strengths with volunteer activities. The tools and

interventions used in this program have already been vetted in like research and have

demonstrated their effectiveness in non-clinical settings (Bashkatov, 2020; Littman-

Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Soto et al., 2022). By organizing these components into a

coherent treatment plan, S2S offers therapists a practical framework to apply these

powerful interventions in a clinical context, thereby enhancing the therapeutic process

(Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021). This program not only bridges the gap between

research and practice but also empowers therapists with validated and adaptable tools

to individual client needs, promoting a more holistic approach to mental health

treatment.

Needs Assessment Process

Developing a comprehensive treatment plan that integrates character strengths

and volunteer activities is one step closer to addressing the evolving needs in mental

health care. Current therapeutic approaches often fail to consider the broader social and

environmental factors that significantly impact mental health outcomes, such as

community engagement and social support (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022;

Halahakoon et al., 2020; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024).

Traditional therapies primarily focus on symptom reduction, which, while beneficial,

may not fully address the underlying causes of psychological distress or promote long-

term well-being (Peterson et al., 2005; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Seligman,

2011). Therefore, a needs assessment is crucial to identify the specific gaps in current

treatment models and to determine how a strength-based approach combined with

volunteerism can enhance therapeutic outcomes.

Moreover, there is a growing recognition of the limitations of therapy that

solely focus on individual pathology without considering the potential benefits of

community involvement. Research indicates that social isolation and the lack of

meaningful engagement are significant risk factors for mental health issues, including

depression and anxiety e.g., Adler et al., 2023; Halahakoon et al., 2020; Morrow-

Howell et al., 2009. Engaging individuals in volunteer activities that align with their

character strengths can provide a dual benefit: reducing the adverse effects of self-

rumination and enhancing positive emotions through meaningful social interactions

(Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al.,

2024; Peterson et al., 2005). Integrating these elements into a treatment plan addresses

the individual's psychological needs while also contributing to the community's well-

being, creating a reinforcing cycle of positive outcomes (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof,

2021; Frankenhuis & Nettle,

2019; Grönlund & Falk, 2019; Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013).

Additionally, the need for a more holistic approach to mental health care has

been highlighted by the growing body of literature on PPIs. These interventions

emphasize the importance of cultivating positive traits and behaviors, such as gratitude,

kindness, and humor, which have been shown to enhance well-being and reduce

symptoms of depression and anxiety significantly (Baourda et al., 223; Brouzos et al.,

2021; García-Álvarez et al., 2021; Seligman et al., 2005). However, many existing

programs need more integration of these strengths into practical, real-world settings

like volunteer work, where they can be most effective (Brito & Soares, 2023; Carr et

al., 2020; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010). S2S addresses this gap by offering a

structured approach that combines the identification and application of character

strengths with community engagement, providing a flexible model that promotes both

individual and collective well-being (Niemiec, 2018; Niemiec & Pearce, 2021).

Program Design Process

The design process for the S2S program is derived from the work of Littman-

Ovadia and Steger (2010). They developed a model depicting the relationship between

character strengths, volunteer activities, and subjective well-being. S2S builds upon

these insights, tailoring them to create a structured therapeutic intervention that can be

implemented within clinical settings. The S2S program adapts Littman-Ovadia and

Steger's (2010) approach by incorporating it into a therapeutic framework, where

identifying and educating character strengths are part of the initial assessment process.

Participants are then guided to engage in volunteer activities that resonate with their

identified strengths, creating a seamless integration between therapy and community

involvement (Dempsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Soto et al., 2022). This method allows

for a personalized treatment plan that addresses both psychological needs and the

desire for meaningful social engagement (Peterson et al., 2005). Successful treatment is

based on client reports guided by the PERMA model and willingness to continue

community service (Mao & Normand, 2022; Noronha et al., 2024; V. Gouveia et al.,

2020; Wagner et al., 2019).

The VIA institute and VolunteerMatch also serve as vital reference points for

S2S. The VIA survey (formally the VIA-IS) can be found on the institute’s website,

along with tools better to understand each of the 24 strengths and corresponding virtues

(Mayerson, 2020; VIA Institute on Character, 2024). There is a free version of the test

with expanded versions available at a cost. VolunteerMatch is a nonprofit site that

allows clients and therapists to search for local volunteer activities based on interests

and skills. Its website will be pivotal in the plan, particularly in how it systematically

identifies volunteer opportunities and provides a way to search for skills. However,

clinicians are welcome to use any resources they prefer to identify strengths or find

volunteer activities; there are many similar websites.

Another element in the design of S2S is the focus on sustainability and long-

term engagement. Research indicates that when individuals engage in activities aligned

with their strengths, they are more likely to experience lasting benefits, such as

increased well-being and a sustained sense of purpose, e.g., Littman-Ovadia and

Stenger (2010), Schutte and Malouff (2019), Wagner et al. (2021), and Huber et al.

(2019). S2S leverages these findings by facilitating initial volunteer engagements and

providing ongoing support and opportunities for participants to continue applying their

strengths in various community and social contexts. This sustained engagement is

crucial for ensuring that the program's benefits extend beyond the initial therapeutic

intervention, contributing to long-term mental health improvement and community

cohesion (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; López-Núñez et al., 2020).

Moreover, the S2S intervention is informed by the broader implications of

integrating character strengths into non-clinical settings, as demonstrated by other

successful studies outside the therapy room (Huber et al., 2019; Niemiec, 2018;

Wellenzohn & Ruch, 2015; Schutte & Malouff, 2019). These studies indicate that

incorporating character strengths into educational settings, workplace environments,

and community projects can decrease negative emotions, increase resilience, and

increase life satisfaction. By drawing from these diverse applications,

S2S is designed to be adaptable and scalable, tailored to different populations and

contexts (López-Núñez et al., 2020). This flexibility ensures that the program can be

effectively implemented in various therapeutic environments, making it a versatile tool

for mental health professionals looking to incorporate positive psychology into their

practice. By aligning with these proven methods, S2S is positioned to deliver effective

and measurable outcomes, ensuring that participants benefit from the program and

contribute positively to their communities.

Program Evaluation Process

The program evaluation process for S2S is designed to ensure that the

intervention is effective and sustainable, leveraging the best practices from existing

research and incorporating reasonable assessment methods. The evaluation framework

begins with identifying measurable outcomes, which are rooted in the primary

objectives of the S2S program (Victor et al., 2017; Voukelatou et al., 2017). These

outcomes include improvements in participants' well-being, increased community

engagement, and the successful application of character strengths to build resilience

and mental health. Since S2S already emphasizes self-reflection, periodic reports where

participants reflect on their personal growth, well-being, and use of strengths will be

invaluable. Psychologists can gauge progress throughout each phase of the

intervention. Client narratives provide a qualitative measurement of well-being by

looking for stories demonstrating PERMA, positive emotion, engagement,

relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (Goh et al., 2021; Umucu, 2020; Wagner

et al., 2019). Skills like resilience are captured in how clients respond to life's

challenges often showing signs of hope and anticipation (Ekşi & Erök Özkapu, 2023;

Nursey-Bray et al., 2022; Southwick et al., 2014). Similarly, as indicated by Schutte &

Malouff (2019) and Zhu et al. (2023), listening for clients to mention the use of their

strengths throughout the process indicates an increased awareness and understanding of

their unique talents. However, measuring the outcomes of S2S requires a structured

approach that evaluates progress both during and after the intervention.

Administration of Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) at the beginning, mid-

point, and completion of S2S will provide the clinician with data to measure progress.

The SWLS is a widely used, self-report measure that assesses an individual’s global

cognitive judgment of life satisfaction (Diener et al., 1985). Created by psychologists

Ed Diener, Robert Emmons, Randy

Larsen, and Sharon Griffin (1985), the assessment consists of five items, each rated on

a 7-point Likert scale (from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree), providing a

score ranging from 5 to 35. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with life. The

items are broad and focus on the respondent’s own judgments of life satisfaction rather

than on specific areas, making it a flexible tool across different populations. The

assessment is appropriate for initial assessment, tracking progress, and outcome

evaluation and can be found online for free.

To systematically track change throughout the program and beyond, S2S

combines quantitative measures like the SWLS with qualitative methods, including

reflective discussions and facilitator observations. The repeated use of the SWLS at key

phases offers measurable data points that indicate trends in life satisfaction, while

qualitative feedback captures the nuanced ways participants apply their strengths and

navigate challenges. This dual approach ensures a comprehensive evaluation of the

program’s outcomes, blending objective metrics with subjective experiences.

S2S employs a unique strategy where the psychologist plays a pivotal role in

collaboratively crafting a personal narrative with each client; this narrative is

constructed around the client's identified strengths, contextualizing how these strengths

are instrumental for personal development and essential for societal well-being

(Gonçalves et al., 2020). This process, as highlighted by Angus & Macaulay (2023),

allows for a tailored intervention where the client's journey towards well-being is

understood and navigated through the lens of their intrinsic capabilities, fostering both

self-awareness and a sense of purpose in community engagement. This approach, while

inherently qualitative in nature, sets the stage for future empirical studies that could

validate these narratives through structured qualitative research, thereby enriching the

theoretical framework of PPIs. The blend of client feedback and behavioral measures

(engagement in activities) creates a well-rounded evaluation for S2S, providing both

short-term and long-term insights into its effectiveness.

Program Development Logic Model

The development of S2S is grounded in a logic model that outlines the needs,

strategies, outputs, and outcomes of the intervention, ensuring a structured approach to

program implementation and evaluation. This model provides a framework for

understanding how integrating character strengths into volunteer activities can improve

mental health outcomes and increase community engagement and overall well-being

(Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; Haski-

Leventhal et al., 2009; Lehman et al., 2017; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010). By

linking

program components with desired outcomes, the logic model serves as a roadmap for

clinicians, participants, and stakeholders, guiding the successful execution and ongoing

refinement of the program (Emmons et al, 2019; Goh et al., 2021; Knowlton &

Phillips, 2012).

The needs for the S2S program include several vital resources necessary for its

implementation. These inputs consist of identifying and understanding character

strengths, locating community activities that align with client interests and strengths,

and a flexible guide for psychologists to assess progress (Niemiec, 2018; Schutte &

Malouff, 2019). The core strategies of S2S are designed to facilitate the identification,

education, and application of character strengths within the community.

The first phase involves helping participants identify their unique character

strengths using a validated assessment tool, VIA Survey (Armitage et al., 2023;

Bashkatov, 2020;

McGrath & Brown, 2020; Ng et al., 2017; Niemiec, 2018; Niemiec & McGrath, 2019;

VIA Institute on Character, 2024). Following this, the program includes educational

sessions where participants learn how these strengths manifest in action and how they

can be leveraged in various settings (Duan & Ho, 2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Halady

& Cook-Cottone, 2023; Iwamoto et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023). Clinicians are critical

in tailoring the time spent on each module based on individual client needs, ensuring

the program is flexible and responsive to diverse participant profiles (Angus &

Macaulay, 2023; Gonçalves et al., 2020). The next activity involves matching

participants with suitable volunteer opportunities through VolunteerMatch, allowing

them to engage in community service that aligns with their strengths and interests

(Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al.,

2024).

Finally, clinicians and participants reflect on and evaluate the experience with the goal

of continuing strength-based community activities for further development (Bohlmeijer

& Westerhof, 2021; Cohn & Fredrickson, 2010; Mao & Normand, 2022).

The outputs are results from the program's activities. These include identifying

participant character strengths, the completion of educational sessions, and

volunteering. Additional outputs include developing personalized volunteer plans for

each participant and creating feedback loops between participants and clinicians

(Gonçalves et al., 2020). These outputs are essential for measuring the program's

immediate effectiveness and tracking its progress over time.

Finally, the short-term and intermediate outcomes of the S2S program focus on

the immediate benefits experienced by participants because of their engagement in

strength-based volunteer activities. Short-term outcomes include increased self-

awareness of character strengths, enhanced skills in applying these strengths in real-

world situations, and improved mental health metrics, such as reduced symptoms of

depression and anxiety (Demsey-Brench &

Shantz, 2022; Lavy & Littman-Ovadia, 2017; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010;

Noronha et al., 2024). Intermediate outcomes involve sustained participation in

volunteer activities, the development of strong community ties, and continued

improvement in psychological well-being (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013; Vanderlind

et al., 2020; Willroth et al., 2019). These outcomes contribute to the program's overall

impact, centered on long-term mental health improvement and increased community

engagement (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; López-Núñez et al., 2020; Voukelatou et

al., 2020).

This model outlines the program's key components, from the necessary inputs

to the expected impact, demonstrating how integrating character strengths into

volunteer activities can lead to improved mental health and enhanced community

engagement (Knowlton & Phillips, 2012). Each model component is carefully designed

to ensure a structured and practical approach to achieving the program's goals. This

model serves as a roadmap for clinicians and participants, guiding the successful

implementation and ongoing refinement of the S2S program.

The long-term impact of S2S aims to create lasting change in individual

participants and the broader community (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; López-Núñez

et al., 2020; Voukelatou et al., 2020). The program seeks to foster a sustained sense of

purpose, resilience, and well-being for individuals, reducing reliance on traditional

therapy alone and encouraging active participation in community life (Cohn &

Fredrickson, 2010; Holmedal & Gustafsson, 2024; Kashdan et al., 2024). For the

community, the program aims to increase social cohesion, reduce social isolation, and

build a culture of mutual support and volunteerism (Gander et al., 2019; Sveen et al.,

2022; Wallrodt & Thieme, 2022). By embedding character strengths into volunteer

activities, the S2S program aspires to create a ripple effect that enhances mental health

and wellbeing at both the individual and collective levels.

Ethical Considerations

The development and implementation of S2S adhere to the ethical standards set

forth by the American Psychological Association (APA; 2017) and relevant institutional

guidelines to ensure participant well-being and the integrity of the intervention.

Although S2S is primarily centered on literature review and thus exempt from

traditional Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, it is crucial to align with ethical

norms throughout the process, including the informed consent process, which was

deemed unnecessary in this context as no personal data collection involving human

subjects was conducted. The study has been designed to eliminate any potential conflict

of interest by ensuring that all contributors are free from external influences that might

compromise the integrity of the research outcomes. Protocols for data storage and

destruction were also deemed unnecessary as there are no participants as in a traditional

research plan. This comprehensive literature review ensures that all sources are

accurately represented, properly cited, and free from bias or misrepresentation, thereby

upholding the principles of fairness and transparency in research (APA, 2017). By

respecting intellectual property and fostering academic integrity through adherence to

ethical guidelines, this framework offers a solid foundation for the S2S initiative.

The ethical obligation to avoid harm is paramount in any therapeutic

intervention, including S2S (APA, 2017). Although the program aims to enhance well-

being through character strengths and volunteerism, some activities or reflections could

trigger emotional distress (Halady & Cook-Cottone, 2023; Morse et al., 2024). It is

crucial for clinicians to monitor participants closely and provide support as needed,

intervening if any signs of distress or discomfort arise; the risk of harm is most

prominent when transitioning into volunteer activity (Koocher & Keith-Spiegel, 2016;

Southwick et al, 2014). Clinicians will need to assess readiness and may often need to

spend more time envisioning or role-playing strengths in action until the client is ready;

they need to be in tune with their client (Angus & Macaulay, 2023; Gonçalves et al.,

2020).

Given the diverse backgrounds of potential participants in the S2S program,

cultural sensitivity and inclusivity are other ethical considerations (APA, 2017). The

program must be designed to respect and accommodate all participants' cultural,

religious, and personal values (Halady & Cook-Cottone, 2023; Koocher & Keith-

Spiegel, 2016; Sue & Sue, 2016). S2S's flexibility allows for cultural differences that

may influence how participants perceive and engage with the program. Additionally,

the ethical principle of beneficence guides the S2S program’s goal of enhancing

participants' well-being (APA, 2017). While the intervention seeks to leverage the

benefits of volunteerism and character strengths, it is vital to ensure that these activities

genuinely contribute to the participant's mental health and do not simply serve the

needs of the program or the broader community. S2S prioritizes the participants' well-

being above all else, ensuring that the activities are beneficial and not overly

burdensome or detrimental to their psychological state (Huber et al., 2019; López-

Núñez et al., 2020; Morse et al., 2020). The risk is that once a clinician adopts the

treatment plan, it is primarily the clinician’s responsibility to abide by the standards of

the mental health community. While there are risks associated with the program, the

expected outcomes point toward the benefits outweighing the

risks.

Expected Outcomes

S2S is designed to produce several positive outcomes for the individual and

community. One of the primary expected outcomes is increased overall well-being

among participants. By focusing on character strengths and engaging in volunteer

activities, individuals are likely to experience enhanced positive emotions, greater life

satisfaction, and a more profound sense of purpose (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022;

Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024; Schutte & Malouff, 2019). The

S2S plan’s emphasis on volunteerism, combined with the application of personal

strengths, is expected to provide participants with meaningful experiences that distract

from negative ruminations by promoting mental health and reinforcing positive self-

image (Elhai et al., 2018; Layous et al., 2023; Luca, 2019).

S2S is also anticipated to foster greater community connectedness among

participants. Individuals will likely develop more robust social networks by engaging

in volunteer activities and feel more connected to their communities (Adler et al., 2023;

Lee et al., 2021; Putnam 2001, 2020; Shimokihara et al., 2021). This sense of

belonging and social support has been shown to be a crucial factor in enhancing overall

well-being and reducing feelings of isolation and loneliness (Grönlund & Falk, 2019;

Halahakoon et al., 2020; Nursey-Bray et al., 2022). Another expected outcome is the

enhancement of personal growth and self-efficacy (Nichol et al., 2023; Proyer et al.,

2014, 2015; Smith et al., 2020). Through identifying and applying individual strengths,

participants are likely to experience a boost in self-confidence, self-efficacy, and a

greater sense of purpose and meaning (Lee et al., 2021; Mao & Normand, 2022;

Wagner et al., 2021).

Moreover, the intervention is expected to lead to long-term behavioral changes

that promote sustained well-being. By helping participants integrate character strengths

into their daily lives and encouraging ongoing engagement in volunteer activities, the

program aims to create lasting habits that support individual and communal mental

health and resilience (Cohn & Fredrickson, 2010; Mao & Normand, 2022; Proyer et al.,

2014, 2015). Finally, S2S is anticipated to provide valuable insights into the

effectiveness of combining strength-based approaches with volunteerism in therapeutic

settings. Clinicians can better understand how these elements interact to enhance

mental health and well-being (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia &

Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024; Schutte & Malouff, 2019). These insights can

inform future interventions and contribute to the broader field of positive psychology

and mental health care. Keeping these outcomes in mind, the next chapter further

details the context and details of the program.

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS

Introduction

S2S is a novel treatment plan for clients seeking to enhance their life

satisfaction. Built on the framework of positive psychology, S2S emphasizes the

identification and application of individual strengths and community activity to foster

well-being and resilience (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger,

2010; Noronha et al., 2024). This approach leverages concepts such as character

strengths, positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment

—collectively known as the PERMA model—to craft a personalized pathway for

psychological growth (Bashkatov, 2020; McGrath, 2019; Niemiec & Seligman, 2011)

The S2S plan is structured to be flexible, allowing for adaptation to the unique needs

and circumstances of each client, thereby promoting a tailored intervention that

resonates with their intrinsic values and capacities.

S2S aims to mitigate psychological distress and propel individuals toward

flourishing by focusing on strengths rather than deficits. This is supported by empirical

evidence linking strengths with improved well-being and mental health outcomes

(Blanchard et al., 2019; Carr et al., 2020). This introduction explores why designing

this treatment plan around evidence-based data on character strengths and community

engagement offers a more robust and effective strategy than traditional therapeutic

approaches (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; LittmanOvadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha

et al., 2024).

The comprehensive literature underpinning S2S serves as its intellectual

bedrock, distilling critical insights from existing research to craft an intervention that

resonates on both personal and communal levels. Synthesizing evidence on character

strengths, positive psychology, and volunteerism, S2S is designed to guide clients in

self-discovery, avoiding introspective loops that might lead to rumination (Elhai et al.,

2018; Halahakoon et al., 2020;

Isaacs et al., 2023; Layous et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2024; Luca, 2019; Niemiec &

McGrath, 2019;

Rickerby et al., 2024). Instead, as evidenced by Demsey-Brench & Shantz (2022),

Niemiec & Pearce (2021), and Noronha et al. (2024), it promotes the active application

of strengths in reallife settings, mainly through volunteerism, which validates personal

growth and contributes to community well-being. This dual focus on individual and

collective growth aims to enhance life satisfaction.

However, given the absence of participant data, gaps, challenges, critical

insights, and proposed recommendations for future iterations of the treatment plan are

presented in narrative form (Angus & Macaulay, 2023). The development of S2S aligns

with its goals to integrate personal and community elements into therapy, designing a

treatment plan steeped in researchbased principles (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022;

Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). This plan is crafted to increase

both self-awareness and social consciousness, echoing Alfred Adler's (1992/1931)

emphasis on the interconnectedness of personal mental health and community

involvement, where he argued that one's well-being is deeply tied to one's contribution

to the community (Hothersall, 2022).

The structure of S2S allows therapists to meet clients where they are,

progressing through each step at a pace that respects individual readiness and

therapeutic needs (Gonçalves et al., 2020). As clients engage in guided and focused

community activities, they learn about their influence on and from their environment,

reinforcing the therapeutic process with real-world applications. This approach fosters

self-awareness and amplifies social awareness, potentially creating a sustainable cycle

of well-being which personal growth and community service mutually reinforce each

other (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021; Mao & Normand, 2022).

Program Development Context

The S2S program is an initiative inspired by the VIA framework, which

categorizes 24 character strengths under six virtues, conceptualized by Christopher

Peterson and Martin Seligman (2005). This treatment plan aims to harness these

universally recognized strengths for personal development and as a transformative

approach to community engagement and therapeutic well-being (Demsey-Brench &

Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024; VIA Institute on

Character, 2024). The VIA-IS (also known as the VIA survey) is an assessment tool

associated with this framework (Karris Bachik et al., 2020; Ng et al., 2017). As

demonstrated by Noronha et al. (2024) and McGrath & Brown (2020), by integrating

an assessment of strengths, participants are guided to identify, understand, and actively

utilize their top character strengths in their personal lives and volunteer activities. The

VIA-IS is widely recognized for its global reliability and validity (Armitage et al.,

2023; Bashkatov, 2020; Karris Bachik et al., 2020). The assessment is accessible online

and is already used by researchers, mental health professionals, and individuals

interested in understanding individual character strengths.

Supporting the VIA framework of S2S is the unique blend of self-discovery

incorporating individual character strengths with social action (Demsey-Brench &

Shantz, 2022; LittmanOvadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). This approach is

not confined to selfimprovement but extends into community work, suggesting that

when individuals engage in activities aligned with their strengths, they benefit

personally and contribute positively to their community (Seligman, 2011; Niemiec &

McGrath, 2019; Niemiec & Pearce, 2021). This focus is grounded in research showing

how volunteerism and self-awareness regarding personal strengths can significantly

enhance life satisfaction and community cohesion (Blanchard et al., 2019; Brito &

Soares, 2023; Kashdan et al., 2021; Martins et al., 2022; Nicol et al., 2023). By

fostering an environment in which volunteerism is not just a byproduct but a core

element of the therapeutic process, S2S leverages the principle that social contribution

through strengths can lead to a more fulfilling life.

Description of the Program

S2S is designed around the philosophy that everyone possesses unique strengths

that, when recognized and utilized, can lead to a more fulfilling life (Blanchard et al.,

2019; Niemiec & McGrath, 2019; Seligman, 2011). Drawing from Seligman’s (2002,

2011) theories of positive psychology, which emphasize not just the alleviation of

negative aspects but the cultivation of positive traits, the program encourages

participants to apply their strengths in new contexts. This application is not confined to

self-improvement but extends into community focus. When individuals engage in

activities aligned with their strengths, they benefit personally and contribute positively

to their community, often creating a sense of purpose and meaning

(Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al.,

2024).

The S2S treatment plan sets ambitious yet grounded objectives, weaving

personal development with community enhancement. The first objective is to enhance

life satisfaction; S2S aims to elevate participants' satisfaction by concentrating on their

inherent strengths (Blanchard et al., 2019; Brito & Soares, 2023; Bryant et al., 2021).

This focus encourages positive emotions and a profound sense of achievement as

individuals engage in activities that naturally align with their capabilities, fostering not

just contentment but a sense of purpose and flourishment, aligning with Seligman's

PERMA model of well-being (Douglass & Duffy, 2014; Duan & Ho, 2017; Gander et

al., 2019; Seligman, 2011; Wagner et al., 2019). Participants will identify and actively

utilize their top character strengths to enhance everyday life experiences and long-term

well-being.

Secondly, S2S seeks to promote community engagement by actively

encouraging participants to step into volunteer roles that allow them to harness their

strengths. Doing so magnifies the impact of their contributions and strengthens

community bonds and social networks (Adler et al., 2023; Dolan et al., 2021; Hansen et

al., 2018; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010). These networks are fundamental to

individual well-being, providing support and a sense of belonging, which are

fundamental aspects of life satisfaction (Goh et al., 2021; Wagner et al., 2019).

Therapists and clients will use online tools, like VolunteerMatch, to find activities in

their local area.

Lastly, the third objective -building resilience and mental health is at the core of

S2S's mission. By employing strength-based interventions, as highlighted by Holmedal

& Gustafsson (2024), the intervention seeks to fortify an individual's resilience against

life's adversities, promoting mental health. This approach is supported by research

indicating that the use of one's strengths is associated with lower levels of depression

and anxiety, suggesting a buffer against psychological distress and resulting resilience

(Brito & Soares, 2023; Karris Bachik, 2020; Kashdan et al., 2021; Kotera et al., 2021;

Nursey-Bray et al., 2022). Through these intertwined objectives, S2S endeavors to

transform how individuals view and utilize their capabilities and to enact real change

within communities. By applying character strengths in tangible, real-world scenarios,

S2S contributes to personal growth and communal well-being, creating a virtuous cycle

where individual and collective benefits are mutually reinforced, echoing the broader

implications of PPIs in society (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia &

Steger,

2010; Noronha et al., 2024; Seligman, 2011).

Program Details

The objectives of the S2S treatment plan are crafted to augment the

psychological wellbeing of individuals while catalyzing the enhancement of local

community frameworks (Adler, 1992/1931). By fostering a deeper understanding of

one's intrinsic strengths, S2S seeks to increase self-awareness and heighten social

consciousness, thereby establishing a self-sustaining loop where personal development

and communal contributions are interdependently beneficial (Demsey-Brench &

Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). This approach is

underpinned by the psychoeducational process of identifying and leveraging personal

strengths, which serves as a blueprint for developing adaptive coping mechanisms and

bolstering resilience (Kashdan et al., 2021).

Building upon the seminal work of Peterson et al. (2005), who outlined 24

character strengths organized under six overarching virtues, S2S adopts the perspective

that these globally recognized strengths are not just episodic virtues but are integral to

everyday life (Niemiec & Pearce, 2021; Snyder et al., 2020). The traits act as conduits

for achieving positive life outcomes, thereby nurturing a lifestyle where an individual's

natural abilities positively influence their wellbeing and societal engagement

(Blanchard et al., 2019; Bryant et al., 2021; Gander et al. 2020; Peterson et al., 2005;

Seligman, 2011). Once participants comprehend their distinctive strengths, the program

integrates them into community-based activities. This phase allows for the practical

application of strengths in supportive and challenging environments, providing a real-

world laboratory for developing these attributes (Gander et al., 2021; Niemiec &

Pearce, 2021). As positioned by Bohlmeijer and Westerhof (2021) and Cohn and

Fredrickson (2010), the adaptability of the S2S framework ensures that therapists can

tailor the pace and depth of engagement to each participant's readiness, ensuring a

progressive and thoughtful transition through the program's phases. S2S’s flexibility

allows clinicians to incorporate other necessary interventions should roadblocks arise.

For example, a therapist may switch to exposure therapy to meet the client’s readiness.

This chapter will expound upon a more granular exploration of operational logistics

and the pragmatic implementation of S2S, offering insights into how this dual focus on

personal and community growth is structured to be effectively realized.

Identify Target Participants

Identifying target therapy participants for S2S necessitates a nuanced approach,

focusing on individuals who manifest a quest for purpose and meaning alongside those

seeking increased life satisfaction. Individuals grappling with symptoms of depression,

social anxiety, or other mental health ailments will also likely benefit (Brito & Soares,

2023; Bulut, 2019; Chavez et al.,

2019; Halahakoon et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Proyer et al., 2014; Sin &

Lyubomirsky, 2009). Various indicators can identify individuals seeking purpose, such

as engaging in reflective practices, pursuing personal development courses, or

expressing existential questioning (Frankl, 1985; Halady & Cook-Cottone, 2023;

Kashdan et al., 2021; Morse et al., 2024). These individuals might naturally gravitate

towards or express a need for more profound, meaningful activities, aligning with the

S2S model of strength-based volunteering (Kashdan et al., 2021; Moss et al., 2022;

Seligman, 2011). The dual focus integrates personal therapeutic goals with broader

community engagement, aligning with the program's ethos of mutual reinforcement

between personal development and societal contribution (Demsey-Brench & Shantz,

2022;

Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024).

Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for the S2S program are designed to ensure participant

suitability for an intervention that hinges on personal reflection, community

engagement, and the application of character strengths. Firstly, participants must be at

least 18 years of age, reflecting the program's foundational premise that a degree of life

experience is essential for engaging with and benefiting from the introspective and

prospective elements to enhance life satisfaction. This age criterion assumes a

participant's capacity for reflective practice and understanding personal values and life

goals, which are pivotal in applying the VIA framework (Arslan & Allen, 2021; Moss

et al., 2022; Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Additionally, candidates must express a

willingness to attempt to complete the plan, indicating both a readiness to engage fully

with the process and a willingness to try something new.

Exclusion Criteria

The exclusion criteria for S2S are formulated to maintain program integrity and

participant safety, ensuring that the intervention is appropriate and beneficial for

participants.

Moreover, the exclusion of individuals currently experiencing an acute mental

health crisis underscores the program's commitment to participant and community

well-being. Acute crises necessitate immediate, possibly intensive therapeutic or

medical interventions that fall outside the scope of S2S. This intervention is designed

as a preventive and promotive intervention rather than an acute crisis management tool.

This stipulation recognizes the importance of matching the intensity of mental health

support with the nature of the individual's needs, thereby respecting the acuity of their

condition and directing them towards services better equipped to handle crises (Carr et

al., 2020). This criterion reflects an ethical consideration of providing the most suitable

form of intervention, ensuring safety and the potential for therapeutic success.

Implementation

S2S aims to enhance life satisfaction by developing character strengths and

active community engagement (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia &

Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). The program unfolds over five adaptable sessions,

allowing for extensions based on individual needs and progress. This personalized

approach ensures a comprehensive mental health intervention rooted in positive

psychological principles.

Phase 1: Orientation and Assessment

S2S begins with introductory sessions to immerse participants in the program's

goals and methods (Duan & Ho, 2017). This initial phase sets expectations and

introduces the empowering principles of positive psychology, particularly as they relate

to character strengths and virtues (McGrath & Brown, 2020; Niemiec & McGrath,

2019; Seligman, 2011). Following this orientation, participants will complete the VIA-

IS, accessible for free on the VIA Character Institute website. This assessment,

grounded in extensive research (Armitage et al., 2023;

Bashkatov, 2020; Karris Bachik et al., 2020; Niemiec & McGrath, 2019; Niemiec &

Pearce, 2021), categorizes character strengths into six virtues, offering valuable

insights into 24 personal strengths. While the basic profile highlights top strengths,

participants can opt for more detailed assessments for a broader understanding. Various

resources are also available on the VIA website to deepen understanding of the

identified strengths (VIA Institute on Character, 2024). The clinician also administers

the SWLS to measure the participants’ level of satisfaction with life. Below is a sample

discussion on how the first phase might sound.

Phase 1 Session Excerpt Example:

Psychologist: "Last week, we explored more about yourself and how

you fit into the world. Do you recall the essence of our conversation?"

Client: "Yes, we talked about understanding my strengths and how they

could help me feel more fulfilled and perhaps make a difference in my life."

Psychologist: "Precisely. That is what we can focus on in the next

several sessions. The goal is to learn more about yourself and the skills that you

offer and try to use those in the community."

Client: "That sounds intriguing, but how does it work in practice?"

Psychologist: "We begin by identifying your character strengths through

an assessment known as the VIA Inventory of Strengths. You can take this

online, where you can learn more about your top strengths. Once we have this

information, we can explore how these strengths are expressed in your life. For

instance, if one of your strengths is 'Creativity,' we discuss how you have used

this in your work, hobbies, or

relationships and brainstorm ways to apply it more robustly.”

Client: "And how does this connect with community activities?"

Psychologist: "That is a great question. An essential part of this

initiative is personal growth and social engagement. After identifying your

strengths, we will explore community activities where you can put them into

practice. These activities can enhance your life satisfaction and contribute

positively to the community, creating a cycle of mutual benefit."

Client: "I see. So, it is like a bridge between understanding myself better

and doing something with that understanding."

Psychologist: "Exactly. It is about creating a practical application where

your personal growth directly influences and benefits the community and vice

versa. This approach fosters resilience and well-being and embeds social

contribution as an integral part of your therapeutic journey (Nursey-Bray et al.,

2022; Southwick et al., 2014). So, we will be diving deep into those strengths.

Once we have your results from the assessment, we will look at each strength

and reflect on specific instances where you have demonstrated them. This

questionnaire will help you recognize your unique qualities and provide a

foundation for building confidence and self-acceptance (Douglass

& Duff, 2014)."

Client: "That sounds interesting. But what if I do not see any strengths

in myself?"

Psychologist: “That is an excellent insight. Feeling unsure about our

strengths is normal, especially if we have been through tough times. Often, we

underestimate the impact of simple qualities like being a good listener or

showing empathy. Reflecting on times you have felt good about yourself can

help illuminate these strengths (Blanchard et

al., 2019; Duan & Ho, 2017; Gander et al., 2019; Lynch & Troy, 2021).”

Client: "That makes sense. I will try to think back on those moments."

Psychologist: " Perfect! This reflection can be a powerful way to start

recognizing your strengths (Zhu et al., 2023). We can explore and build on

these reflections in our sessions."

Client: "That sounds like it could be fun! What if I am unsure how to

use my strengths practically?"

Psychologist: "That is part of our exploration process. We will

brainstorm practical applications together. We can set small, achievable goals

that incorporate your strengths. If, say, 'Curiosity' is one of your top strengths,

we might aim to learn something new each week—a topic you have always

been interested in or a skill you want to develop. This activity fosters growth

and can create a sense of purpose and fulfillment."

Client: "I like that idea. It sounds manageable. But what if I feel

uncomfortable trying to show my strengths?"

Psychologist: "That is completely normal; change can be uncomfortable.

We will work at your pace, and you can start with small steps. Creating a safe

space for yourself is also important—maybe by sharing your intentions with a

trusted friend or practicing in a low-pressure environment. Building confidence

comes from gradual exposure and positive reinforcement. Plus, as you begin to

see the impact of your strengths, that discomfort may diminish (Iwamoto et al.,

2020)."

Client: "I appreciate that approach. It feels less overwhelming."

Psychologist: "I am glad to hear that! Remember, the goal is not to

transform overnight but to cultivate a deeper understanding of yourself and

gradually integrate these strengths into your life (Güldal & Satan, 2020). We

will celebrate your progress along the way, no matter how small it may seem."

Client: "That sounds really supportive. I look forward to starting the

assessment and our discussions."

Psychologist: "I am, too. It is an exciting journey of self-discovery, and I

am here to guide you through it. Let us set a date for our next session, and in

the meantime, you can start by using the VIA survey. This will give us a profile

of your top strengths. After that, we will explore these strengths in our

sessions.”

Phase 2: Strengths Exploration and Skill Development

This phase delves into the intricacies of character strengths, elucidating how

these attributes can be utilized to enhance overall well-being e.g. Bashkatov, 2020;

Park et al., 2004; Proyer et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2020; Umucu, 2020; Wagner et al.,

2019. Participants will receive feedback on their VIA survey, promoting self-awareness

and encouraging the practical application of identified strengths (Güldal & Satan, 2020;

Halady & Cook-Cottone, 2023; Lee et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2023). Additionally, as

evidenced by Holmedal & Gustafsson (2024), Karris Bachik et al. (2020), and Kotera

et al (2021), the session addresses mental health by exploring concepts such as

resilience and self-compassion through narrative discussion rather than formal

assessments. Another way to look at this phase is to see it as the readiness launchpad.

Clients may linger for multiple sessions, working through exploring and

developing skills. Brainstorming ways each strength can be put into action or looking

for opportunities when the strength was or could have been beneficial in recent history

are activities that can help foster confidence for progression. Below is an example of

how a session could go. The clinician uses the PERMA model to guide conversation

when appropriate.

Phase 2 Session Excerpt Example:

Psychologist: "We can start with anything you want to talk about and

then we can dive into your VIA Inventory of Strengths results. This session

explores the intricacies of your character strengths and how we can use them to

enhance your well-being (Zhu et al., 2023)."

Client: "I don’t have anything else to talk about; I have been thinking

about this session a lot. I hope I have some good strengths."

Psychologist: "The good news is every strength has value. This report

tells us which strengths are more prominent than others; the assessment does

not even look at weaknesses (Peterson et al., 2005). It is simply an organized

list of your strengths. How about we start by reviewing your top strengths; what

do you notice about them?"

Client: "I see that 'Creativity' and 'Kindness' are at the top. I guess that

makes sense because I enjoy painting and helping friends."

Psychologist: "Those are great examples. How have you used creativity

in your life recently?"

Client: "Well, I painted a mural for a contest at work. It was fulfilling to

see my coworkers enjoy it."

Psychologist: "How did that experience make you feel?"

Client: "It felt amazing to contribute something positive. I did not

realize how much I missed that kind of connection."

Psychologist: "Exactly! Engaging in activities that utilize your strengths

can lead to greater fulfillment. Let us talk about your second top strength,

'Kindness.' How do you express that in your life?"

Client: "I try to help friends whenever they are going through tough times. I guess

I want to be there for them."

Psychologist: "The strength of kindness benefits others and fosters

selfcompassion, which is crucial for mental health. Speaking of that, how do

you practice self-compassion?"

Client: "Honestly, I am not sure I do. I tend to be hard on myself, especially when

I make mistakes."

Psychologist: "That is a common challenge. Self-compassion involves

treating yourself with the same kindness you show to others (Kotera et al.,

2021). Would you be open to discussing ways to cultivate that in your life?"

Client: "Yeah, I would like that. I think I need it."

Psychologist: "Let us explore some practical exercises. For instance,

when you notice self-critical thoughts, try to reframe them. Instead of saying, 'I

messed up,' you might say, 'It is okay to make mistakes; I am learning.' How

does that sound?"

Client: "That sounds manageable. I think I could practice that."

Psychologist: "This approach can help build resilience, allowing you to

bounce back from setbacks easily. Let us also brainstorm some small goals to

engage more with your strengths. What do you think you could do this week

that utilizes either your creativity or kindness?"

Client: "I could offer to help a friend with their project; I can tell he has

been struggling with it.. It would let me use my creativity and support him."

Psychologist: "It combines both strengths beautifully. Let us check in on

how that goes in the next session. Remember, this is about exploring and

applying your strengths in ways that feel authentic to you (Gander et al., 2021;

Güldal & Satan, 2020). What, if any, questions do you have?"

Client: "None. I am looking forward to it. Having something to work on

is helping."

Psychologist: “I am excited to see how you grow in this process. The

journey of self-discovery is ongoing, and each step should have a lesson for

us."

Phase 3: Building a Strength-Based Mindset and Volunteer Engagement

In phase three, the emphasis is on cultivating a strength-based mindset to

promote resilience, drawing on the framework of positive psychology (Douglass &

Duff, 2014; Gander et al., 2020; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Seligman, 2011). Participants

will explore the benefits of volunteerism, particularly its potential to enhance well-

being through active community engagement (Koolen-Mass et al., 2022; Nichol et al.,

2023; Nursey-Bray et al., 2022). As highlighted by Barbui et al. (2020), Bohlmeijer and

Westerhof (2021) and Carr et al. (2020), the therapist needs to remain flexible,

allowing the client to remain in these preparatory phases as long as necessary to ensure

comfort and readiness for action. Clinicians can ask the client to pick an event, not sign

up for it, and walk through various role-plays as an additional exercise. Through guided

discussions, participants will identify personal strengths and select volunteer

opportunities aligned with their top strengths, encouraging practical application in real-

world contexts (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010;

Noronha et al., 2024). The clinician can use the SWLS assessment in this phase as a

midpoint measure of outcome. In this example, the psychologist introduces

VolunteerMatch as a tool to facilitate the process. Notably, the client required two

sessions before feeling comfortable progressing to social action, underscoring the

importance of the therapist's attunement to the client's pace.

Phase 3 Session Excerpt Example, Part 1:

Psychologist: “Today, we will focus on cultivating a strength-based

mindset and exploring the benefits of volunteerism. Engaging in community

activities can be a powerful way to enhance your well-being while leveraging

your strengths (Demsey-

Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al.,

2024)."

Client: "I see the value in volunteering, but honestly, I'm hesitant about

jumping in right away."

Psychologist: "That is entirely understandable. It is essential to go at

your own pace. How do you feel about starting with a discussion about how

volunteering can align with your strengths?

Client: “It sounds manageable.”

Psychologist: “How do you think using your creativity and kindness in a

volunteer role could impact you?"

Client: "I guess it would feel good to help others, but I am unsure if I am

ready to interact with new people yet."

Psychologist: "That is a valid concern. We can take small steps or stop

at any time you want. How about we brainstorm some volunteer opportunities

that might resonate with your strengths but are low-pressure? For example, we

could look at options where you can contribute creatively, like art programs or

community murals."

Client: "That sounds interesting. I would feel more comfortable if I did

not have to jump into a social situation right away."

Psychologist: "There are many roles where you can participate behind

the scenes initially and even virtually (Kulik, 2021; Lachance, 2020). Look at

VolunteerMatch, which lists various opportunities based on your interests and

location. We can filter by activities that suit your strengths."

Client: "Okay, that sounds like a good plan."

Psychologist: "Let us explore the website together for as long as you

need. You might find opportunities that appeal to you, even ones that allow for

creative expression without requiring much social interaction."

[They spend some time browsing VolunteerMatch.]

Client: "I see a few options here. There is a community garden that

needs help with planting and maintaining flowers. I could contribute my

creativity there without much social pressure."

Psychologist: " Working in a garden allows you to express creativity

while enjoying nature. How does that feel?"

Client: "I think I could manage that. It feels less intimidating than a group event."

Psychologist: “How about you investigate that opportunity further and

think through the benefits and risks of doing it? If you still feel hesitant about

volunteering, that is okay. We can talk through any potential social interactions

or scenarios that might arise. We can also talk through the element of the

unknown and how plans do not always work."

Client: "Yeah, I would like to take some time to think about it before I

commit."

Psychologist: "For our next session, we can focus on any concerns

about volunteering or social engagement if you want to pursue the

gardening event. We will work on strategies to help you feel more

comfortable. Does that sound good?" Client: "Yes, it does. I appreciate that

approach."

Phase 3 Session Excerpt Example, Part 2:

Psychologist: "Welcome back! How have you felt since our last session

regarding the volunteer opportunity at the community garden?"

Client: "I have thought about it a lot. I still feel anxious about

volunteering, but I want to try it."

Psychologist: "Let us talk about what specifically makes you feel

anxious. What do you think is causing anxiety?"

Client: "I think it is mostly the social aspect. I worry about talking to

new people."

Psychologist: "That is very common, and it is good to acknowledge it.

We can strategize some ways to ease into social interactions. For instance, you

could focus on the gardening tasks first and gradually engage with others as

you feel more comfortable."

Client: "That makes sense. It will not feel overwhelming if I am busy

with the flowers."

Psychologist: “Plus, starting with a task can give you a natural way to

connect with people when you are ready. Would you like to look into signing up

for the community garden now?"

Client: "Yes, I think I would like to take that step."

Psychologist: "How prepared do you think you will be if someone

initiates interaction?”

Client: “I think I will be okay. I can use the techniques we have been

working on for when I am at work.”

Psychologist: “We can role-play different scenarios for the rest of the

session if you want."

Client: “Sounds good.”

Psychologist: "Great! Let us go back to VolunteerMatch and find the

listing for the community garden. I can help you with the registration process,

and then we can keep preparing."

[They navigate back to the website.]

Client: "Here it is. It says they have volunteer days every Saturday."

Psychologist: "Perfect. Let us sign up for the next available Saturday.

We can also set a goal for how you want to approach it—maybe starting with

just one hour of volunteering?"

Client: "One hour sounds manageable. I can always stay longer if I feel

good about it."

Psychologist: "Absolutely. That flexibility is key. Let us fill out the

registration form together."

[They complete the registration process.]

Client: "I did it! I signed up for this Saturday. I am nervous but also

excited."

Psychologist: "That's fantastic! Feeling nervous is completely normal,

but remember, you're leveraging your strengths and can approach this at your

own pace. How about we talk more about Saturday and how your strengths can

help? "

Phase 4: Volunteer Engagement and Reflection

In this phase, the focus shifts to reflecting on the participant's volunteer

experience, evaluating what went well and what challenges arose during their

engagement (Duan & Ho, 2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Iwamoto et al., 2020; Zhu et

al., 2023) The psychologist and client explore whether the activity facilitated a state of

flow, a concept central to well-being and engagement, where one becomes fully

immersed in an activity and loses track of time (Csikszentmihalyi et al., 2014; Lynch &

Troy, 2021; Ottiger et al., 2021). Additionally, this reflection period allows the client to

assess how their identified strengths were utilized in the volunteer setting.

Phase 4 Session Excerpt Example, Version 1:

Psychologist: "Welcome back! I'm eager to hear how your volunteer

experience at the community garden went. How did it go?"

Client: "It went pretty well overall. I was initially nervous, but once I

got into gardening, it was easier to focus on the work and not worry so much

about the people around me."

Psychologist: "That is great progress. Did you notice moments where

you felt fully immersed in what you were doing, perhaps even losing track of

time?"

Client: "Yeah! At this one point, I was really focused on planting and

arranging the flowers. Time went by quickly, and I did not feel as anxious. The

hour went by too fast."

Psychologist: "That sounds like a flow experience. It is a good sign that

the task resonated with you and aligned with your strengths (Ottiger et al.,

2021; Wagner et al., 2020). Speaking of strengths, do you feel your creativity

was engaged during the activity?"

Client: "Definitely. I got to choose where to plant the flowers and liked

making the garden look nice. Seeing my efforts come together to finish a task

felt good."

Psychologist: "It is wonderful that you could apply your creativity and

contribute meaningfully. Were any parts of the experience that did not go as

smoothly or made you uncomfortable?"

Client: "At the start, I was nervous when people came over to talk. I did

not know what to say, so I focused on the flowers. However, it did not seem as

bad after a while because I was more into gardening. A few people

complimented me on my work; it was nice (López-Núñez et al., 2020."

Psychologist: "It sounds like the social aspect was a challenge initially,

but you handled it by focusing on the task. It is important to recognize that you

are progressing, and it is okay to continue engaging with others at your own

pace. As you continue volunteering, we can work on gradually building your

comfort in those social moments."

Client: "Yeah, I think I can keep working on that. It helps to have

something to do with my hands, so I am not just standing around feeling

awkward. Plus, I was out doing something instead of being glued to a screen."

Psychologist: "That is a very effective strategy—using your strengths in

a way that also helps manage social anxiety while trying new things. Moving

forward, we can reflect on building upon these positive aspects while

addressing any remaining concerns. How do you feel about continuing the

garden project or exploring new opportunities that might offer different

opportunities?"

Client: "I would like to continue with the garden for now. It is a good

way to ease into things without too much pressure."

In this post-volunteer phase, the client’s reflection on their experience is crucial.

The psychologist reinforces the connection between personal strengths and meaningful

action, helping the client recognize the value of their contributions (Sewell et al., 2022;

Voukelatou et al, 2020). Challenges are framed as growth opportunities, and the flow

state is highlighted as an indicator of optimal engagement (Ottiger et al., 2021). This

reflection fosters deeper insight into the participants’ capabilities, paving the way for

continued personal and community development through the S2S program.

In this next excerpt, the session focuses on the client’s challenges during the

volunteer experience. The psychologist helps the client explore why they struggled to

achieve a flow state and how anxiety impacted the ability to use strengths. This

reflection creates an opportunity for growth, emphasizing that setbacks are part of the

journey, and that new strategies or environments can be explored to foster future

success.

Phase 4 Session Excerpt Example, Version 2:

Psychologist: "Welcome back! I'm eager to hear how your volunteer

experience at the community garden went. How did it feel to be there, working

with your hands and contributing to the project?"

Client: "Honestly, it did not go as well as I had hoped. I was nervous the

whole time and could not get into gardening. I kept getting distracted, and I felt

out of place."

Psychologist: "I appreciate your honesty. It sounds like it was difficult to

settle into the activity. Can you walk me through what felt the most

challenging?"

Client: "I think it was being around so many people. I could focus on

gardening, but whenever someone came over to talk or ask something, it pulled

me out. I was too anxious to enjoy it."

Psychologist: "That sounds like a tough situation. Did you notice any

moments where you could get lost in the task, perhaps even losing track of

time, or did it all feel more like a struggle?"

Client: "Not really. I was too distracted and nervous to focus. I kept

looking around and worrying about what people were thinking."

Psychologist: "It sounds like you could not enter a state of flow during

this experience, which is understandable given how anxious you felt. It is

important to reflect on how you were feeling in those moments. Do you think

any of your strengths—like creativity or kindness—came into play during the

activity?"

Client: "I wanted to be creative, but I was so stuck in my head that I

could not focus on arranging the flowers or making the garden look nice. I did

what I was told, trying to get through it."

Psychologist: "It seems like anxiety made it hard to engage with your

strengths, especially your creativity. That is okay; it is a learning process. Were

any moments better than others?"

Client: "There were a few short moments when I got into the gardening

for a little while, but it did not last. I felt anxious again when someone came

near me or asked me something."

Psychologist: "I see. It sounds like the social aspect made it hard for you

to stay focused. What strategies, if any, were you able to try?"

Client: "I tried to keep my hands busy as you suggested, but it did not

work this time. Maybe if I had more of a plan or could ease into it slower, it

would help."

Psychologist: "That is a great insight. Sometimes, having a structured

plan or breaking the activity down into smaller steps can help when anxiety

gets in the way. It is also worth considering whether a different volunteer

setting might suit you better, one that feels less overwhelming socially. What do

you think about that?"

Client: "Yeah, maybe a different activity where I would not have to talk

to so many people simultaneously. That might make it easier to focus on the

task and not worry about everything else."

Psychologist: "That is a reasonable idea. We can explore other options

together, perhaps in settings where you can gradually ease into the social

aspect. Finding a balance between pushing yourself and feeling too

overwhelmed is important. We can also work on some additional anxiety-

management techniques for when you do interact with others."

Client: That would help. I am not ready to give up on volunteering, but I

need something that feels less intense."

Psychologist: "That is a positive takeaway—you are still open to finding

ways to contribute, even if this experience was not ideal. It is all part of the

learning process. We can continue reflecting on how to make future volunteer

opportunities feel more aligned with your strengths and comfort level. How do

you feel about trying again with a different project?"

Client: "I would be willing to try, especially if it is something that does

not have so many people around."

Phase 5: Final Reflection and Future Planning

The concluding phase emphasizes sustaining the client's progress and applying

strengths in various areas of the client’s life (Angus & Macaulay, 2023; Bohlmeijer &

Westerhof, 2021). After administration of the SWLS, the conversation focuses on

using strengths in volunteer settings and other environments, maintaining balance and

reflection as critical practices for ongoing personal growth and well-being (Demsey-

Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia &

Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024).

Phase 5 Session Excerpt Example:

Psychologist: "Good afternoon. I would love to hear how you feel about

your recent volunteer experiences at the community garden. What has stood out

to you?"

Client: "It has been going well! I still feel nervous sometimes, but I am

starting to feel more comfortable. I enjoy gardening, helping me focus on

something positive."

Psychologist: "It sounds like you are finding a good rhythm with it.

What opportunities have you had to use your strengths?"

Client: "Yes. I have been able to get creative by arranging the plants,

which makes me feel more connected to the work. I have also noticed that I am

starting to interact with others more, even if it is just small talk."

Psychologist: "It is fantastic that you are seeing those strengths come

into play naturally. How does it feel to notice that progress in your creative

expression and social interactions?"

Client: "It feels good. I was worried about the social part, but focusing

on the work and the garden has made it easier to talk to people."

Psychologist: "That is a great strategy—letting your strengths guide you

into those interactions when you feel comfortable. Also talking about a shared

interest, like the garden, can help with things to discuss. What other areas of

your life can you apply your strengths?"

Client: "Yes, I have been thinking about that. My job in customer

service can be draining, but I think I could try to use my creativity and kindness

more intentionally. Maybe by suggesting new ideas for improving customer

experience or finding ways to make the day-to-day interactions more positive."

Psychologist: "Using your creativity could enhance your work

experience and the atmosphere for others. How might you start bringing those

strengths into your work environment?"

Client: "I think I could start small by focusing on being more patient and

kinder with customers, even on stressful days. I also want to talk to my

manager about my ideas for making things more efficient and engaging at

work."

Psychologist: "That sounds like a thoughtful approach. Taking small

steps to incorporate your strengths can make a big difference. What do you

think will help you stay motivated to use your strengths at work and in the

garden?"

Client: "I think continuing with the garden will help keep me grounded,

and seeing the positive changes at work could motivate me to keep going. I am

also interested in finding other ways to volunteer, maybe something where I can

use more of my artistic side."

Psychologist: "That is a great way to stay connected to your strengths—

balancing volunteer work and your job in ways that align with your interests.

Have you considered what volunteer opportunities might allow you to explore

your artistic strengths?"

Client: "I have seen a few options, like helping with community art

projects or working with kids in art programs. I am not ready to commit to

anything new yet, but I keep those ideas in mind."

Psychologist: "That sounds like a wonderful direction to explore when

ready. It is about maintaining that balance and finding ways to engage your

strengths in different areas of life. As you progress, how do you think you will

keep track of your progress and continue building on these experiences (Duan

& Ho, 2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020;

Iwamoto et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023)?"

Client: "I will keep reflecting on how I feel after each volunteer day or

work shift. Noticing when I have used my strengths makes me feel more in

control, and I want to ensure I keep that up."

Psychologist: "Reflecting on your experiences and recognizing the

positive impact of your strengths is a powerful way to stay motivated. Whether

through volunteering or in your professional life, staying mindful of how your

strengths contribute will continue to support your well-being (Duan & Ho,

2017; Güldal & Satan,

2020; Iwamoto et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023)."

Client: "Yeah, I think keeping it in mind will help me stay focused on

the positives and not get too overwhelmed."

Psychologist: “By staying attuned to your strengths and how they are

helping you navigate different situations; you will continue to build resilience

and well-being. We can keep exploring new opportunities and challenges as

they arise, always keeping your strengths at the forefront (Kotera et al., 2021;

Southwick et al., 2014)."

Appendix A is a visual representation of the entire program. Throughout the

S2S program, the integration of character strengths into real-world applications

illustrates their practical relevance and reinforces the learning process (Victor et al.,

2017; Wagner et al., 2019, 2021; Zhu et al., 2023). Participants experience firsthand

how their strengths enhance their wellbeing, interpersonal interactions, and societal

contributions. The program's flexible structure aligns with contemporary literature

advocating for personalized mental health care, facilitating an environment conducive

to flourishing and improved mental health outcomes (Barbui et al.,

2020; Carr et al., 2020; Cohn & Fredrickson, 2010; Martins et al., 2022).

Summary

The S2S treatment plan is a comprehensive, strength-based intervention to

enhance personal well-being and community engagement. Its phased approach ensures

that participants develop a deep understanding of their intrinsic strengths while

progressively applying these qualities in real-world settings (Demsey-Brench &

Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). This mindful

focus enhances individual resilience and life satisfaction while fostering a reciprocal

relationship between personal development and community well-being, wherein each

element reinforces the other (Duan & Ho, 2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Iwamoto et al.,

2020; Zhu et al., 2023).

The primary objectives of S2S are rooted in positive psychology, particularly

the work of Peterson et al. (2005). The aim is to cultivate and enhance life satisfaction,

emotional resilience, and social consciousness. By helping individuals identify and

leverage their personal strengths, S2S provides them with adaptive coping mechanisms,

which are critical for managing life's challenges (Sandage & Hill, 2001; Kashdan et al.,

2021; Morse et al., 2024; Peterson et al., 2005). By the conclusion of the S2S program,

participants should have enhanced their psychological well-being and have made

meaningful contributions to their communities. This creates a self-sustaining loop

where personal growth and community engagement are mutually reinforcing, ensuring

long-term benefits for both the participants and the broader society

(Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al.,

2024).

CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Introduction

S2S program was developed to provide a comprehensive, strength-based

intervention that fosters individual self-discovery and a sense of belonging within a

larger community. For individuals experiencing diminished life satisfaction or seeking

to enhance their overall wellbeing, S2S offers targeted exercises that cultivate character

strengths while promoting engagement in the collective betterment of society. Rooted

in Peterson’s et al. (2005) framework of VIA, the program utilizes these assessments as

critical tools for guiding therapeutic dialogue and psychoeducation tailored to each

participant's unique strengths (Bashkatov, 2020; Karris

Bachik et al., 2020; McGrath & Brown, 2020; Ng et al., 2017; Niemiec & McGrath et

al., 2019). This chapter will further explore the conceptual foundation of S2S,

examining the results, implications, and limitations, providing recommendations, and

concluding reflections on the program's impact and potential for future development.

S2S targets increasing life satisfaction and building resilience by emphasizing

personal strengths' intentional development and application in daily life. By identifying

and harnessing core character strengths, participants enhance their self-awareness and

cultivate emotional resilience, which is essential in navigating life's challenges

(Blanchard et al., 2019; Smith et al., 2020; Wagner et al., 2019, 2020, 2021; Zhu et al.,

2023). The program's treatment plan involves progressive phases supporting this

process: self-reflection, strengths identification, community engagement, and long-term

application. Exercises embedded in each phase are designed to reinforce positive

emotions, increase coping skills, and foster meaningful connections. This structured

approach ensures participants gain the tools necessary to boost their well-being while

creating sustainable habits promoting personal and collective growth (Duan & Ho,

2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Iwamoto et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023). The following

section will summarize the S2S process, outlining the specific strategies employed and

the transformative outcomes observed in its participants.

Summary of the Process

The S2S process is a multi-phase intervention designed to guide participants

through a structured journey of personal growth, resilience-building, and community

engagement (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010;

Noronha et al., 2024). Each phase serves a distinct function in self-development and

integration into a larger, purpose-driven community. The program's process is grounded

in the principles of positive psychology, with a strong focus on the VIA classification

of character strengths and virtues (Barbui et al., 2020; Carr et al., 2020; Cohn &

Fredrickson, 2010; Martins et al., 2022). By promoting self-awareness and

mindfulness, S2S facilitates personal transformation that ultimately contributes to

individual and societal well-being (Duan & Ho, 2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Iwamoto

et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023). The transformative outcomes of the S2S process inspire

hope and demonstrate the potential for significant positive change in individuals and

communities.

The S2S process is designed to be comprehensive and flexible, allowing

participants to engage deeply with their character strengths while adapting the program

to their unique circumstances. By moving through these structured phases, participants

build a deeper understanding of themselves and a strong foundation for continued

growth and contribution to the world around them. The program's emphasis on

personal reflection, practical application, and social action ensures that participants

leave the program with increased life satisfaction, emotional resilience, and a

strengthened sense of purpose (Arslan & Allen, 2021; Blanchard et al., 2019; Duan &

Ho, 2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Iwamoto et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023).

Ultimately, the S2S process reflects the interconnectedness of individual well-being

and collective flourishing, demonstrating that personal growth is achieved not in

isolation but through meaningful engagement with others and the broader community

(Adler, 1992/1931;

Frankl, 1985; Seligman, 2011).

Discussion of the Results

The expected result of the S2S program is a multifaceted enhancement of

participants' overall well-being, resilience, and life satisfaction. Through the structured

identification, cultivation, and application of character strengths, participants are

anticipated to experience improved emotional health, greater fulfillment in personal

and social relationships, and a stronger sense of purpose (Frankenhuis & Nettle, 2019;

Kashdan et al., 2019). As demonstrated in previous chapters, research in positive

psychology suggests that individuals who frequently utilize their signature strengths are

more likely to experience positive emotions, achieve their goals, and maintain a higher

level of psychological resilience e.g. Blanchard et al., 2019; Brito & Soares, 2023;

Bryan et al., 2021; Dahlsgaard et al., 2005; Gander et al., 2020). Thus, S2S is designed

to foster these outcomes by providing participants with tools for self-reflection and

action, helping them navigate challenges with greater confidence and self-efficacy.

Additionally, as demonstrated by Adler et al. (2023), Ben Yair et al. (2023), and Hansen

et al. (2018), the program's emphasis on community engagement is expected to amplify

these results by strengthening participants' sense of belonging and social support,

critical factors in sustaining long-term well-being.

One of the main expected outcomes is the development of emotional resilience,

which serves as a buffer against stress, anxiety, depression, and other negative

emotions. Participants are expected to learn how to leverage their strengths in

adversity, increasing their capacity for adaptive coping and emotional regulation

(Holmedal & Gustafsson, 2024). This enhanced resilience is particularly significant for

individuals who may struggle with mental health challenges or life transitions, as it

allows them to reframe difficulties as opportunities for growth. Furthermore, as

participants engage in social action and community-based projects, they will likely

experience an increased sense of agency and social responsibility, contributing to

sustained motivation and personal fulfillment (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022;

Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). By fostering a sense of purpose

through service, S2S encourages participants to continue contributing to their

communities beyond the program, creating a ripple effect of positive change.

However, while the anticipated results of S2S are promising, there are also

potential concerns and limitations with the treatment plan that merit consideration. One

potential challenge lies in the variability of participant engagement. The success of S2S

is mainly contingent upon individuals' active and sustained participation, particularly in

the later phases of the program, where strengths application and community

engagement are emphasized. Participants who need help with motivation or face

external barriers, such as time constraints or competing responsibilities, could

experience difficulties fully committing to the program's activities (Eisenhut et al.,

2023; Hall-Simmonds & McGrath, 2017). Variances of participant motivation could

result in uneven outcomes, where some participants experience personal growth. In

contrast, others may feel less engaged or unable to integrate their strengths into daily

life (Brito & Soares, 2023; Gander et al., 2019). To address this, as highlighted by

Gonçalves et al. (2020), facilitators must be attentive to individual differences in

motivation and offer personalized support to help participants overcome these barriers.

Moreover, another concern is the long-term sustainability of the positive

changes fostered through S2S. While the program includes a phase dedicated to

evaluation and ongoing development, participants may need the structure and support

provided during the formal program to maintain the use of their strengths. Habitual

application of strengths requires continuous effort and mindfulness, and there is a risk

that participants might revert to previous patterns of behavior if they lack sufficient

external reinforcement (Barbui et al., 2020; Carr et al., 2020; Cohn & Fredrickson,

2010; Martins et al., 2022). The program could incorporate followup sessions or

booster activities that help participants stay connected to their strengths and practice

over time.

Given these considerations, the S2S program demonstrates considerable

potential for enhancing life satisfaction, promoting community engagement, and

building resilience and mental health by intentionally cultivating character strengths.

However, careful attention must be given to participant engagement and sustainability

to ensure the program achieves its intended outcomes for participants. In the following

section, the implications of these findings will be explored, including recommendations

for future research, program development, and broader applications of strength-based

interventions.

Implications of the Program Development

The implications of the findings from S2S suggest that strength-based

interventions can be transformative for individual well-being and community

engagement (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010;

Noronha et al., 2024). The program's emphasis on character strengths, resilience, and

purpose highlights the decisive role that positive psychology can play in fostering

personal growth (Barbui et al., 2020; Carr et al., 2020; Cohn & Fredrickson, 2010;

Martins et al., 2022). As individuals engage with their strengths and apply them in

various aspects of life, they experience greater satisfaction, better emotional regulation,

and enhanced coping mechanisms (Meule & Voderholzer, 2020; Morse et al., 2020;

Ruggeri et al., 2020; Soto et al., 2022; Vanderlind et al., 2020). However, several vital

recommendations exist for future research, program development, and implementation

to maximize the program's impact and expand its applicability.

A critical area for future research involves exploring the longitudinal effects of

strengthcommunity-based programs like S2S. While evidence suggests that these types

of interventions lead to improvements in well-being and resilience, more is needed to

know about the long-term sustainability of these benefits (Demsey-Brench & Shantz,

2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). Future studies should

examine how healthy participants maintain their strength-community-based practices

over time and the factors contributing to ongoing engagement (Morse et al., 2020).

Follow-up support systems, such as peer mentoring or digital tools as proposed by

Brouzos et al. (2021), may help participants sustain the positive changes initiated by

the program. Longitudinal data provides insight into the broader social impact of

strength-community-based interventions, such as how participants' community

engagement activities contribute to societal well-being over time.

Limitations

Despite the promising implications of S2S, it is important to acknowledge

several limitations that must be addressed in future iterations of the S2S program and

the broader field of positive psychology. First, there are concerns about the

accessibility of strength-community based interventions for individuals from

disadvantaged backgrounds (Burt, 2023; Eisenhut et al., 2023; Sveen et al., 2022).

Participants facing financial, social, or psychological barriers may need more access to

the resources and support systems needed to engage with the program.

Future program development should explore ways to make these types of interventions

more inclusive and accessible, such as through partnerships with community

organizations, scholarships, or sliding-scale fee structures.

Moreover, while strength-community based interventions have demonstrated

efficacy in enhancing well-being, the emphasis on strengths can sometimes

overshadow the importance of addressing underlying psychological difficulties or

trauma. Participants who are experiencing significant mental health challenges may

require additional support beyond cultivation. Therefore, strength-based programs like

S2S must be implemented alongside other therapeutic modalities when needed,

ensuring a holistic approach to participants' well-being (Eisenhut et al., 2023; Halady &

Cook-Cottone, 2023; Morse et al., 2024). In the following section, the limitations of

S2S and other similar interventions will be discussed in greater detail, along with

strategies for addressing these challenges in future program development and research.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and expected outcomes of S2S, several recommendations

emerge that could enhance both the effectiveness and applicability of similar

interventions. These recommendations focus on expanding research, refining program

implementation, and exploring the broader implications of strengths cultivation,

particularly concerning community engagement and social action. One key

recommendation is to prioritize further research into the relationship between strength-

based interventions and social action (Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-

Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). The S2S program's potential success in

fostering individual well-being and community involvement suggests that strength-

based interventions are particularly well-suited to bridge the gap between personal

growth and collective flourishing (Adler, 1992/1931; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010;

Seligman, 2011).

Future studies should focus on how applying character strengths in social action

projects can deepen a participant's sense of purpose and belonging while addressing

community needs. This line of research could examine various models of community

engagement, investigating which approaches are most effective in maintaining

participants' involvement over time and whether specific strengths are more closely

tied to sustained prosocial behavior (Bohlmeijer & Westerhof, 2021). By understanding

the long-term impact of strength-based social action, researchers can further validate

the potential of interventions like S2S to create meaningful, lasting change at

individual and societal levels.

Additionally, psychologists and practitioners should consider integrating local

community engagement as a central component of strength-based interventions. The

success of S2S underscores the importance of viewing personal strengths not merely as

individual attributes but as resources that can be directed toward enhancing the well-

being of others. By encouraging clients to engage with their communities and

contribute to social initiatives, practitioners can help individuals develop a stronger

connection to their surroundings and reinforce their role in collective well-being. This

integration of community engagement offers dual benefits: It strengthens clients'

resilience and coping skills by providing real-world applications for their strengths)

(Demsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Noronha et al.,

2024. It creates a positive feedback loop in which participants feel valued and

empowered by their contributions. Moreover, incorporating local engagement can

address social isolation and promote a sense of belonging, both crucial for mental

health and long-term personal development (Barbui et al., 2020; Caputo, 2015; Cohn &

Fredrickson, 2010; Shimokihara et al, 2021).

To maximize the benefits of such an approach, the S2S program should

continue to emphasize its phased structure, allowing for in-depth exploration and

discussion of each phase. The more thoroughly participants engage in the reflective and

application-oriented stages, the more likely they are to internalize the principles of

strength-based living and remain committed to their community roles (Duan & Ho,

2017; Güldal & Satan, 2020; Iwamoto et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023). By understanding

how their strengths contribute to their own resilience and the wellbeing of others,

participants are more likely to sustain their involvement in social action and experience

a greater sense of purpose. This comprehensive engagement reinforces the idea that

individual strengths are inherently tied to the community and that ongoing participation

in social initiatives strengthens the individual and society.

Future research should focus on larger, more diverse participant groups with

active participation to better validate the existing findings and explore potential

outcome variations across different populations. Research could examine how cultural

background, socioeconomic status, and individual motivation impact program

engagement and long-term success (Barbui et al., 2020; Eisenhut et al., 2023; Nichol et

al., 2023; Sveen et al., 2022). By studying groups that exhibit sustained participation,

researchers can refine the program and identify the best practices for fostering lasting

client involvement and maximizing the positive effects of strength-based interventions.

Learning these behavior patterns will provide a more substantial evidence base for the

S2S program and contribute to the broader understanding of how strength-based social

action can promote resilience and well-being on both individual and societal levels.

In conclusion, while the literature review supporting the S2S program is promising,

careful consideration is needed when interpreting these outcomes due to the limited

participation.

The importance of client engagement cannot be overstated; future research should

focus on studying larger groups with active participation to validate the model and

explore its potential for broader application. Integrating strength-based interventions

with community engagement offers a compelling avenue for promoting resilience and

life satisfaction. However, further investigation is necessary to fully understand its

impact and refine the model for broader use.

Conclusion

The S2S treatment plan represents a unique and innovative approach to

enhancing individual well-being through intentionally cultivating character strengths

and active community involvement. By integrating positive psychology's foundational

principles with structured opportunities for social action, S2S moves beyond traditional

strength-based interventions to offer a comprehensive model that addresses personal

growth and societal contribution (DemseyBrench & Shantz, 2022; Littman-Ovadia &

Steger, 2010; Noronha et al., 2024). This dual emphasis recognizes that individual

well-being and resilience are intrinsically linked to the broader social context. By

engaging with and contributing to their communities, participants bolster their

strengths and help create a more resilient and thriving society.

The S2S program's phased approach—spanning self-reflection, strengths

application, and community engagement—ensures that participants understand their

unique strengths and how they can be applied in service to personal and collective

goals. This structured yet flexible process allows participants to internalize the lessons

of positive psychology in a meaningful way, fostering habits and behaviors that

contribute to long-term well-being. Furthermore, by engaging participants in

community-based projects, S2S reinforces that strengths are personal assets and tools

for creating positive change in the world (Adler, 1992/1931). This blend of self-

discovery and social action positions S2S as a powerful intervention for building

resilience, increasing life

satisfaction, and strengthening the social fabric.

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