ECN 360_ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY_ASSIGNMENT_LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUATIC AND FISHERIES RESOURCE-BASED TECHNOPARKS IN SAMOSIR REGENCY

LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES THROUGH THE

DEVELOPMENT OF AQUATIC AND FISHERIES RESOURCE-BASED

TECHNOPARKS IN SAMOSIR REGENCY

INTRODUCTION:

In line with the implementation of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization, the

role of local governments in seeking regional competitiveness is very important and strategic.

According to Martin and Tyler (2003) a region is very important to have competitiveness for

several reasons including; (1) for investment, attracting foreign private and public capital; (2)

for labor, encouraging skilled and creative labor, creating a conducive environment and

providing a domestic labor market; (3) for technology, attracting innovation activities and

knowledge transfer. Therefore, regional competitiveness is the key to increasing the national

economic growth rate, so it requires special attention to create a good investment climate

nationally. Efforts to increase regional competitiveness can be carried out through regional

economic development through the utilization of the potential possessed by each region.

Economic development in each region can be interpreted as the process of local

government and its people to utilize some of the local resources available and is expected to

make economic development increase. This makes local economic development very

important, because it can be used to generate new opportunities or employment and encourage

economic growth in a region. The definition of local economic development according to

BAPPENAS, UNDP and UN-HABITAT emphasizes the local aspect, which is focused on

optimizing local resources with the aim of creating economic growth and employment

opportunities (Budiharsono, 2020). The local economic development policy is essentially a

regional development policy based on the development of priority sectors of excellence that

are cultivated in the economic activities of local communities (Wiranto, 2004).

The implementation of local economic development policies that emphasize the

optimization of local resources needs to be applied in Samosir Regency, especially in terms of

fishery resources. Samosir Regency is one of the 8 (eight) other regencies surrounding Lake

Toba with a lake water area of 624.80 km2 of the total area of Lake Toba, which is equal to

110,260 km2 , so it has great potential in the development of Lake Toba aquaculture. Lake

Toba is the largest lake in Indonesia, and holds enormous potential for fisheries resources.

One of the most developed economic activities in Lake Toba is tilapia fish farming. The

economic turnover of aquaculture, especially tilapia, can reach up to Rp. 5 trillion per year.

Tilapia exports from Lake Toba also contribute 21% to the Gross Regional Domestic Product

in the Lake Toba region and are considered far greater than the contribution of other sectors.

Based on Bureau data Statistics Indonesia (BPS) 2021, the export volume of tilapia in 2020

reached 12.29 thousand tons with an export value of 1.5 trillion rupiah. The largest contributor

to tilapia exports is North Sumatra, which is around 95%. (Prambadi, 2021). The regional

potential of Samosir Regency which is located around Lake

Toba makes it an area with tourism potential as well as an agropolitan area, which includes

agricultural, livestock and fisheries production centers (BLHPP Samosir, 2008). The de facto

area of Samosir Regency includes Samosir Island, which is surrounded by Lake Toba, plus

parts of the mainland of Sumatra Island. The area reaches 2,069.05 km2 with a land area of

approximately 1,444.25 km2 .

Based on data from BPS Samosir Regency, the role of the Agriculture, Fisheries,

Livestock and Forestry Plantation sectors in the formation of GDRP of Samosir Regency

reached more than 50%. This shows that these sectors are the majority source of income that

has been supporting the economy of Samosir Regency. The role of GRDP for each sector in

Samosir Regency can be seen in Table 1.

Based on Table 1, the largest contribution in 2016-2020 was generated by the

agriculture, forestry and fisheries business sector, followed by government administration,

defense and mandatory social security, construction, wholesale and retail trade, repair of cars

and motorcycles. Meanwhile, the role of other business fields is below 6 (six) percent each.

This condition shows that the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector is the mainstay of

business for most Samosir people.

The fisheries potential of Samosir Regency is huge, but its management has not been

optimized. The Fish Seed Center (BBI), which was established by the Samosir Regency

Government to produce superior fish seeds for community farmers, is only able to supply fish

seeds 15% of the total fish seed needs. Samosir needs 100,000 fish seeds per day for the needs

of fish farmers in Samosir, so the need for fish seeds must be supplied from other areas such

as Pematang Siantar and Simalungun, and results in high transportation costs (Sijabat, 2018).

The production capability of the Samosir Regency fish seed center can be seen in Figure 1.

Fisheries businesses in Samosir Regency are generally still managed as household

businesses, both as aquaculture businesses and fishing activities. According to BPS Samosir

Regency, until 2013 aquaculture households in Samosir Regency continued to grow to reach

362 households consisting of 231 fish farming households in ponds and 131 fish farming

households in floating net cages (KJA). The potential of the fisheries sector in Samosir

Regency can be seen in Table 2.

Realizing the problem of the lack of supply of fish seed needs, the Samosir Regency

Government sees the need for a BBI revitalization policy to maximize BBI production in

order to achieve the production target of fish seed needs. The revitalization of BBI Samosir

requires technological assistance and experts to achieve optimization of fish seed production.

Based on this, the Samosir Regency Government initiated a collaboration with the Indonesian

Institute of Sciences (LIPI) now BRIN, to revitalize BBI Samosir. Through the LIPI

Limnology Research Center, a study was conducted on BBI Samosir and based on the results

of the study, it was proposed to build a Samosir technopark as the center of the research and

technology area in the region.

Studies of technopark development that have an impact on local economic

development have been proven in various regions, both at home and abroad. Technoparks are

expected to facilitate the creation and growth of innovation-based companies through the

process of incubation, start-up, spin off and provide added value in the form of

infrastructure provision and collaboration support with economic institutions, universities,

research institutions, management and active in technology transfer (IASP, 2002).

In a technopark institution, it requires multi-stakeholder collaboration, including local

government, central government, academics, business sector, community, media in

implementing the technopark program. Each stakeholder incorporated in the technopark

institution needs to play an active role and participate in order to optimally create an industrial

cluster that can become a competitive driver for Samosir's local economy. Local economic

development is an area/location-based economic development process implemented through

cooperation between the government, the community, and the private sector ("the market") to

optimize the use of local resources to improve overall community welfare (Blakely, 2010).

The definition of local economic development in the new paradigm clearly refers to the

synergistic cooperation between the government, the community and the "market", which is

the key to successful local economic development. Several studies have also recommended

that there should be efforts to increase integration, collaboration, coordination, or participation

in local economic development as part of a synergistic dimension or factor to support

successful local economic development in some countries (Tello, 2010).

Problem Formulation:

Based on the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-2019, the

government has included the construction and development of Science and Technoparks

(STP) throughout Indonesia as one of the national priorities. The 2016 draft of the

Government Work Plan (RKP) called for the commencement of the construction and

development of 100 technoparks across Indonesia (Arifin, 2017). The Samosir Regency

Government in collaboration with the central government since 2015 has built a technopark in

the field of aquatic management and fishery resources in Samosir Regency. This technopark

is intended to generate the potential of fisheries and other aquatic resources in Samosir

Regency by building fish hatcheries, introducing fish farming technology, introducing fish

feed making technology, and training programs. Based on this, the first question in this

research is "What are the benefits of technopark development that supports local economic

development in Samosir Regency?

The traditional technopark model is based on the triple helix concept, proposed by

Etzkowitz (1993). This model assumes that in the innovation perspective of community-based

economic development, it prioritizes the interaction between universities, industry and

government (Junior et al., 2015). Innovations often emerge especially after collaboration

between stakeholders is carried out. Collaboration in Samosir technopark involves five actors,

namely government, community, business, academia and media. Cheng, et al. (2013) argued

that for a technopark to be successful, it is crucial to create formal and informal synergy

relationships between stakeholder projects, especially between high-tech companies, research

centers, and universities. The relationship between stakeholders in the technopark institution

needs to be analyzed to determine the role and level of importance in the implementation of

the program. A study in SUPERA Innovation and Technology Park of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

showed that it is very important to identify the main stakeholders involved and map the roles

that need to be performed to determine the successful implementation of the technopark

program (Junior et al., 2015). Based on this, to support the success of technopark

development in Samosir Regency, a stakeholder analysis is needed to find out "What is the

form and role of multi-stakeholder collaboration in Samosir technopark?"

The technopark program is expected to be the center of driving local economic activity

in a region. Technoparks have a function to increase the value of local potential through

technological touches and facilitate cooperative relationships between local governments,

business sectors, academics, communities and the media to foster new entrepreneurs based on

local products, thus creating an industrial cluster that can increase competitiveness in a region.

This is in line with the concept of local economic development, which emphasizes the policy

of optimizing the utilization of local resources by involving government, business, local

communities and civil society organizations in a participatory and collaborative manner.

Jongwanich et al. (2013) argue that technoparks play a key role in coordinating research and

development efforts of the actors involved, and directly contribute to the economy in a region,

therefore, the preparation of strategies that link technopark development with local economic

development policies needs to be done, so the third problem formulation of this research is

"How is the local economic development strategy through the development of aquatic and

fisheries resource-based technoparks in Samosir Regency?".

1.1 Local Economic Development

The concept of Local Economic Development (PEL) according to the World Bank in

Budiharsono (2022) describes a process of cooperation between the government, the business

world, and non-governmental organizations to create better conditions for economic growth

and job creation at the local level. The definition of PEL according to the world bank, apart

from emphasizing the aspect of cooperation between stakeholders, is also oriented towards its

objectives, namely economic growth and increasing employment. However, from this

definition, it is necessary to know more about the form of stakeholder involvement to achieve

PEL goals. Rodriguez and Tijmstra (2005) explain that PEL is locally owned with a

participatory process in a particular area and encourages partnerships between local

businesses and the government, enabling the design and implementation of joint development

strategies that use local resources and competitive advantages to stimulate economic activity

and create decent jobs.

Based on Rodriguez and Tijmstra's definition, it can be seen that there is a participatory

process of involvement between actors so that it can stimulate economic activity with the

expansion of decent work in a certain area. In line with this definition,

A.H.J. Helming (2001) states that local economic development is a process in which

established partnerships between local governments, community-based groups, and

businesses. Existing resources are cultivated to create jobs and stimulate economic growth in

a particular area.

In addition to emphasizing the aspect of stakeholder partnerships for the purpose of

economic improvement in an area, the aspect of sustainability is also important to ensure the

welfare of the community in an equitable manner. This is as expressed by Budiharsono

(2022), which states that PEL is an activity to optimize the use of local resources involving

the government, the business world, local communities and civil society organizations in a

participatory and collaborative manner in a partnership to develop the economy in an area in a

sustainable and equitable manner, most of which are utilized by local communities.

Based on some of the definitions above, there are several important elements of local

economic development, including: a) the importance of the role of government, the role of the

community, the role of community organizations in a participatory manner, b) the use of local

natural resources (raw materials), c) there is a goal in order to stimulate economic growth and

increase the workforce in a particular area, d) carried out in a sustainable and equitable

manner.

Saragih (2018) says there are two main goals of the PEL strategy. The first is increasing

community income, and the second is enhancement of people income and local job

opportunities. In equivalent terms, PEL strategies can reduce poverty levels, especially in

rural areas. Therefore, development based on local resources and knowledge is the main

prerequisite for achieving PEL goals. Based on these arguments, it can be understood that the

development of a nation should be centered at the local level; both planning and

implementation.

According to Blakely (1994), the success of local economic development can be seen

from several indicators, namely: 1) expansion of opportunities for small communities in

employment and business opportunities; 2) expansion for the community to increase income;

3) empowerment of micro and small business institutions in the production and marketing

process; and 4) institutional empowerment of partnership networks between government,

private sector, and local communities.

The characteristics of local economy-oriented development are that it prioritizes the

development policies of indigenous people, by utilizing the potential of local human

resources, local institutional resources, and local resources. This focus emphasizes the

provision of local initiatives in the development process to create new jobs and encourage

increased economic activity at large (Adisasmita, 2013).

According to Swinburn, et al. (2006), the PEL principle consists of five keywords in its

implementation, namely: 1) Export, through the development of added value in the form of

export-oriented innovations outside the region so that demand is greater, the market is wider,

and provides additional income (foreign exchange) for the region. 2) Marketing, which talks

about the scope of marketing that can connect small-scale producers with larger ones. 3)

Clusters, which are similar economic activities from upstream to downstream, aim to foster

the production-market chain (supply chain). 4) Partnership, namely the relationship between

stakeholders involved in PEL, including producers, traders, government, and the private

sector. 5) Empowerment, namely empowering the partnership forum to share in formulating

problems, solutions, action plans. Delegate authority to the partnership in making decisions

regarding business interests and cooperation with related parties.

Budiharsono (2022) says that PEL has a very important role in the national and regional

economies, including:

1. The regional economy is a derivative of the national economy, so in aggregate, if the

performance of the regional economy is good, it will have a good impact on the national

economy.

2. Indonesia's territory is vast with diverse conditions and regional superior potential, therefore

a) It is more effective and efficient if local economic potential is managed by the region.

b) Diversity will be a beautiful "mosaic" if managed well

c) PEL is a national need/strategy in order to improve the quality of national economic

growth in order to improve the quality of national economic growth and regional and

national competitiveness.

d) PEL uses a bottom-up approach, thus correcting the sectoral approach.

As for local governments, the role of PEL is very important because PEL, which is based

on local superior commodities, will increase business opportunities for local communities and

investors. This will have an impact on the absorption of local labor and increase opportunities

for the community to increase income and provide better business and development

opportunities. The focal point of the PEL approach, which focuses on optimizing local

resources for the welfare of the community in an area, makes the PEL approach different from

traditional development strategies and community economic development. Rodrigues-Pose

(2001) in Budiharsono (2002) distinguishes between the PEL approach, traditional

development strategies, as can be seen in Table 3.

Based on Table 3, it can be seen that the PEL approach focuses more on a regional

approach and also bottom up, but that does not mean ignoring the sectoral approach and also

the top down process. In PEL, it encourages partnerships between stakeholders, namely the

government, the business world and also the community, and its management is decentralized

to local governments in utilizing the superior potential of local resources to improve the

economy and society in the region.

1.2 Evolution of Innovation Models in Multistakeholder Collaboration for Local Economic

Development.

Multi-stakeholder processes in local economic development are not just about

participatory processes, but rather about giving key stakeholders access to formal processes

and active participation in those processes. Both processes can directly involve stakeholders

in participatory management processes. A graphical depiction of the multi-stakeholder

process can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2 shows a multi-stakeholder process triangle consisting of three components,

including:

a) Access to formal processes, providing key stakeholders with access to formal processes,

i.e. management processes whether implemented in community forums, local government

up to the central government.

b) Participation in formal processes, key stakeholders can participate from the start of the

formal process, in this case the management process.

c) The management process is a process of planning and budgeting, implementation, and

monitoring and evaluation.

The regional development approach should be based on a multi-dimensional view of

innovation, economic dynamics and governance. Regional development does not only mean

enabling the improvement of local and regional market economies, but also empowering other

parts of the economy (e.g. public sector, socio-economy, cultural sector, low productivity

artisans) as well as people's lives (e.g. socio-cultural dynamics, political and social order, and

natural life) (Moulaert & Sekia, 2002).

Innovation in terms of technology, business and market development that involves three

stakeholders can be called the triple-helix. This model focuses on the interaction of the state,

academia and industry. The state is represented by the government sector, academia is

represented by the higher education sector, and industry is represented by the business

enterprise sector (Carayannis and Campbell, 2010). According to Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff

(2000), the relationship between university, industry, and government is very important, with

universities representing the core institutions in the knowledge society. In the triple-helix

model, the role of universities is very important to be improved to produce innovation in the

knowledge-based society. Universities also support economic development (Etzkowitz &

Leydesdorff, 2000). The relationship between the three actors in the triple helix model can be

seen in Figure 3.

In its development, the triple-helix of innovation can evolve into the quadruple helix

and quintuple helix. The "Quadruple Helix" model adds a fourth helix of "public", or more

precisely defined as "media-based and culture-based public".

This fourth helix is related to 'media', 'creative industries', 'culture', 'values', 'lifestyles', and

perhaps also the idea of a 'creative class' (Carayannis & Campbell, 2009, p.206). The

quadruple helix brings additional perspectives of society (knowledge society) and democracy

(knowledge democracy).

Understanding the Quadruple helix innovation system emphasizes that sustainable

development in and of the economy (knowledge economy) requires the co-evolution of the

knowledge economy, knowledge society and knowledge democracy. The quadruple helix

even encourages a knowledge society and democracy perspective knowledge to support,

promote and advance knowledge production (research) and knowledge application

(Budiharsono, 2022).

The Quadruple Helix reflects phenomena such as "media-based democracy" or the

"multi-media information society" (Plasser & Plasser, 2002). Knowledge and innovation

strategies and policies can be supported by communication strategies in or through the media

(mass media). The evolution of the triple helix innovation model to the quintuple helix can be

seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4 shows the evolution of the innovation model from triple helix to quintuple

helix. Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff (2000) say that the triple helix model in economic

development, the role of universities is very important to be improved as a center of science to

create innovation in economic development. Science provides much of the basis for future

industrial development. The advancement of economic development is at the top of the

university's agenda, by carrying out the mission of research and teaching excellence. Less

research-intensive regions have now realized that science applied to local resource

management is the basis of much future potential for advanced economic and social

development (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000).

Meanwhile, the Quadruple helix model states that not only science-based universities,

but also arts-based universities should be considered as decisive institutions for advancing the

next stage of the innovation system: interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary linkages across

science and arts disciplines create important and creative combinations to support and

promote innovation. Meanwhile, the quintuple helix model bases its understanding of research

and innovation on the social-ecological transition of society, economy and democracy.

Budiharsono (2022) said that the quintuple helix model of innovation is still not

appropriate to be developed in terms of developing a digital business ecosystem in the context

of local economic development. This is because, in an effort to produce high creativity and

promotion to drive the local economy, it requires a generation z that is more adaptive and

understands the current market development trend conditions. This condition causes the need

for additional e-commerce components, and large entrepreneurs as partners to provide

assistance and assist in terms of market expansion through exports. Thus, the number

becomes eight or the so-called octuple helix of innovation as depicted in Figure 5.

Based on Figure 5, it can be understood that in the current local economic development

efforts, the octuple helix model of innovation is considered the most complete in multi-

stakehoder collaboration efforts to drive economic activity through the formation of local

product-based community businesses which in this study are incubated through technoparks.

In the figure, the eight components each have a role that needs to be carried out for the

successful implementation of local economic development through technopark development,

as follows:

1. Universities together with the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), in this

case also as a coach for technoparks throughout Indonesia, play a role in providing

innovation, innovating and mentoring MSMEs and start-ups established by generation

2. Growth of start-ups and MSMEs in technoparks, especially from generation z

3. The government, in this case the local government that facilitates the establishment of

technoparks in its area, can subsidize interest on loans for businesses, provide a budget

for universities to produce innovations and also the establishment of technoparks

fostered by BRIN.

4. Banks that provide financing support with cheap credit

5. Natural resources and the environment are no longer as objects, but as subjects so that

natural resources and the environment are maintained.

6. Large e-commerce to partner with MSMEs and start-ups assisted by technoparks,

especially in marketing their products.

7. The community has a positive impact on the development of technoparks for local

economic development, by being able to actively participate in various kinds of human

resource quality improvement programs that become technopark programs.

8. Large businesses, both at home and abroad, can provide guidance and assistance for

novice business people, especially in terms of market expansion through exports of

products produced by MSMEs and technopark-assisted start-ups.

1.3 Linkage of Technopark Concept with Industry Clusters Towards the Growth of Digital

Business Ecosystems

Basically, the problems faced by Indonesia are based on the low level of research and

technology adopted by industry. This is due to the mismatch between the needs and the

developing technology so that many cannot be adopted by the community (Sujarwo, 2012).

To bridge this gap, the Government of Indonesia launched a program to develop a number of

science and technoparks in a number of regions in Indonesia. Based on the National Medium-

Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-2019, the Government included the development

program and the development of Science and Technopark as one of the national priorities.

Then in the Draft Government Work Plan (RKP) in 2016, the government planned to start the

construction and development of 100 technoparks throughout Indonesia. Furthermore, the

target of building and developing 100 technoparks is derived in detail at the national level

(national-technopark), provincial level (in the form/term of science park), and district/city

level (in the form/term of technopark).

Technopark is an area or region (technology-based) where various kinds of technology

can be exhibited, displayed, used, developed and commercialized. (Rahardjo, 2002). From

this definition, it can be identified that in a technopark there is interaction between various

parties with the activity of developing a product/service, innovation and also research by

using various facilities and infrastructure that support these activities. This is as expressed by

(Theodore, 2001), that in a Technopark has several facilities, including business incubators,

Angel Capital, Venture Capital. The stakeholders of a technopark usually consist of the

central government, local government, researchers, academics, business community and

finance. For the central and local governments, the technopark is expected to create jobs. The

technopark itself is expected to be an attraction because it can create a new situation, a new

location or gathering point and is expected to become its own lifestyle. Based on the

explanation and definition of a technopark, it can be seen that a technopark is a place that is

established to become a connecting center between actors in order to develop resources in an

area through the growth of new businesses and fostering existing businesses. This is in line

with the concept of local economic development, which also emphasizes collaboration and

active participation between actors/stakeholders in utilizing local potential and mobilizing

economic sectors in an area for the welfare of the people in the region.

Changes and developments in an increasingly competitive world, supported by the rapid

development of science and technology, have made the technopark model also develop

rapidly with a tendency towards specialization and clusters. Universities are taking a more

active role in technopark development by including the private sector, in integrating

technoparks with metropolitan/regional areas (Haselmayer 2004). Furthermore, Doloreux

(2002) and Lundvall (1992) explain the components that play an important role in the

innovation process, namely: (a) the internal organization of the company, (b) inter-firm

relations, (c) the role of the public sector, (d) the financial sector, and (e) the research and

development intensity of the organization. Technoparks have a role to play as incubators in

the development of businesses or start-up companies in the region. Incubators provide and

enhance resources and establish new businesses to support spin offs. Within an enterprise,

spin offs produce goods/services related to the results of research conducted by universities

and academia (Giannisis et al. 1991). key components in an incubator include: (a) service

delivery, (b) financing, (c) purpose and structure, (d) resources and support to technology-

based enterprises, and (e) creation of an entrepreneurial environment.

In general, the key elements of a technopark are: (1) Continuous research and

development processes, innovations/inventions originating from universities or companies,

whether in the form of individual research, collaborative research or contract research; (2)

Managers, professional and specialized area managers, able to provide networking between

elements, able to provide technical-marketing-financial consulting, able to be training and

apprenticeship providers, provide certification, and manage financially independent areas in

the long term; (3) Companies, ranging from potential new entrepreneurs (embryos/start-

ups/ventures), companies or R&D divisions of land-tenant companies-including anchor

companies, spin-offs or business incubator alumni; (4) Infrastructure, land and buildings,

R&D facilities, training, incubators, prototype centers, links with institutions finance

(Soenarso, Wisnu S, Nugraha, Dadan, Listyaningrum, Eryda, 2013)

In line with the elements mentioned above, Arifin (2017) states that based on the results

of technopark studies in several countries, the main components in technoparks include:

1. Space including buildings and equipment sharing, workshops, and other facilities, in a

strategic location.

2. Professional manager

3. Sources of knowledge, ideas, and inventions especially from universities and research

and development (R&D) institutions as the main spirit of technoparks.

4. Technology and innovation-based start-up companies

5. Business incubator to manage innovative products from start-up companies to

commercialize to industrial scale

6. Industry as tenant, both as R&D utilizer or as an angel investor

The interaction scheme of the six components above can generally be seen in Figure 6

describes the overall flow that can be established for a technopark to perform its function

sustainably in transforming knowledge, ideas and inventions into things of innovative and

commercial value on an industrial scale and encouraging the growth of innovation and

technology-based start-up companies.

In general, some components such as the area and its facilities, managers, and

incubators can be built and developed directly with financial investment. However, the key

component is the availability of a sustainable source of knowledge, ideas and inventions. This

component is obtained from universities and research and development (R&D) institutions.

For this reason, consideration of a location close to the source of knowledge is a must,

including ease of access and openness to the wider community and especially the industry. In

this case, the role of universities and R&D institutions that have been established and have

produced many innovative product inventions that are ready to be commercialized (have a

high technology readiness level) is very important. Inventors of innovative products both

from the general public (business people, students, etc.) and directly from researchers in

higher education and research institutions, can directly form start-up companies or form

business partnerships (selling patents/licenses, etc.) with start-up companies or with

established industries.

The innovative products can be further developed by start-up companies that become

tenants in the technopark through the incubation process in incubators managed by

professionals who have the ability to determine the commercialization strategy of innovative

products to become commercial products for industrial scale. The role of large companies that

become anchor tenant industries and other industrial tenants in the industrial area in the

technopark is also very important through cooperation with startup companies in the form of

joint research, product development from the industry concerned, knowledge transfer, and

learning process during interaction in the technopark area. In addition, these industrial

tenants can help finance the commercialization of start-up products either in the form of

business cooperation or angel investment to run the whole process in the technopark

effectively and sustainably. Professional management skills are required for technopark

management. The establishment of the management is also one of the key success factors of

the technopark. A long-term strategy and road map is needed for technopark development

that is right on target by the technopark management including its implementation down to

the daily implementation level, so that the technopark can function well, independently, and

sustainably (Arifin, 2017).

Empowerment of micro, small and medium scale business units through incubators is

one alternative empowerment with an incubation system used by the government and the

private sector in an effort to reduce unemployment, alleviate poverty and equalize income.

Incubators play an important role because they provide a place and facilities for the

acceleration of the growth of new entrepreneurs, the development of entrepreneurs who have

been operating for a long time through the facilities and infrastructure owned in accordance

with their basic competencies and the development of new entrepreneurs technology transfer

from universities and research institutes to technology users (Oh and Kang 1999).

The incubation process of start-up companies or MSMEs in a technopark is expected

to create independent and competitive business units, so as to form new industrial clusters

based on local resources. Efforts to develop competitive MSMEs can be carried out with a

clusterization approach, namely by building close internal cooperation between fellow

MSMEs in an industrial center in terms of marketing, procurement of raw materials, R&D,

and others. In addition, the process of external cooperation between the cluster and other

parties outside the cluster also needs to be carried out, such as with banking institutions, R&D

institutions/universities, BDS (business development services), government work units,

business associations, and others. This will result in agglomeration benefits because such

cooperation results in high efficiency, compared to MSMEs operating individually

(Tambunan, 2009).

Clustering is one of the instruments that support the progress of MSMEs by grouping

MSMEs according to the type of commodity and location, making it easier for buyers and

movers (brokers, agents, and MSMEs) to find out the market for certain products that have

been grouped according to commodity and location. Effective MSME clusters can create cost

savings in economic activities generated from businesses/activities due to their proximity to

each other. If the activities of one firm can benefit other firms in the cluster, the MSME

cluster will achieve economic advantages. Integration among small firms has become a key

element in increasing the competitiveness of SMEs in international markets and creating new

markets (Wengel & Rodriguez, 2006). The creation of new markets from a cluster in the

industrial era 4.0 and 5.0, requires a digitalization component, bringing the product closer to a

very broad marketing system.

Technoparks are built to bring access to digital economic opportunities closer to the

community and stimulate the younger generation to build startups and create jobs.

Technopark can be directed to be a location for marketing production to research on digital

creative industries and digital startups. The digital economy according to Tapscott (1995) in

Budiharsono (2022) calls the era of network intelligence, not only about technological

networks, smart machines, but also about human networks through technology that combines

intelligence, knowledge and creativity for breakthroughs in wealth creation and social

development. Based on the definition above, the digital economy combines development

activities, human resources and also the power of information technology to create prosperity.

From a business model perspective, the digital economy is the idea of a new business model

that is being activated, for example e-business, e-commerce or digital platforms (Bukht and

Heeks in Budiharsono, 2022).

The digital economy is considered an appropriate concept to respond to the current

times, as it expands business possibilities, as industries and companies that have been

neglected in the national/global economy, have gained new avenues of business opportunities.

Digitalization encourages small businesses and companies to be directly involved in the

procurement and distribution of global products and services. In the framework of local

Economic Development, digital economic development, it is necessary to develop an

ecosystem to support the creation of a digital business ecosystem that produces innovative

products with a strong and extensive marketing network system. The digital business

ecosystem is a large ecosystem that includes various ecosystems, including business

ecosystems, digital ecosystems, and others (Budiharsono, 2022). Accessibility and

connectivity are key elements of the network that connects ecosystems (Mustakim, et al.

2017).

Felsenstein (1994) mentions that the role of technoparks is as an initial platform for

innovation development. Creativity and innovation are the drivers in the development of

technoparks and have a great impact in developing the regional economy. Technoparks with

incubator facilities for start-up companies and MSMEs, through technology transfer and

sources of knowledge from universities, are expected to form clusters of independent

companies from upstream to downstream with business model innovations, supported by

infrastructure networks, service-oriented technology platforms and information, and

integration with large corporate partners, are expected to form a digital business ecosystem.

Benefits of Technoparks in Various Regions in Supporting Local Economic

Development.

Previous studies that have been conducted regarding the benefits of technoparks in

supporting local economic development efforts include Rochmat and Paskarina's (2021) study

on the Analysis of Bureaucratic Innovation in the Cimahi Technopark Technical

Implementation Unit (UPT). The results of this study show that the technopark program in

Cimahi City has a significant impact on local economic development efforts by forming a

telematics industry area and giving birth to new entrepreneurs based on innovation and

technology. Other research related to technoparks in the region, including conducted by

Sudiyatno and Wulandari (2020) examined the education and training program in Technopark

Solo, which can improve the knowledge and skills of participants consisting of MSME groups

and community. Meanwhile, in various countries, technoparks have also been proven to

encourage the level of economic growth in an area. Seo, Jun Seok (2013) showed that the

growth of venture companies in Daedeok Innopolis (Korea Technopark), has had a significant

impact on the regional economy and the economic growth rate is very high.

There have been many studies related to the role of technoparks in supporting the

economic movement in a region. The study of technoparks in Russia, according to

Shaidurova, et al. (2021) based on the annual review of "Technoparks of Russia" from the

Russian Association of Clusters and Technoparks, shows that technoparks currently operating

in 55 (fifty-five) regions of the Russian Federation, over the past few years, show positive

dynamics of the creation and development of technoparks, by generating new economic

growth areas. In the structure of established and operating technoparks, there is a

predominance of industrial areas (from 35.9% in 2016 to 51.1%). When creating and

operating a technopark, three entities are interconnected in a direct chain, including the

technopark management company, technopark residents, and regional authorities.

The advantages of industrial technoparks can be described in the following aspects;

(Shaidurova, et al. 2021):

a. for site owners, more efficient site and infrastructure management; provide additional

income from providing services to technopark residents,

b. possible creation of hosting partners (suppliers or consumers of goods or services),

c. the population benefits from reduced costs on the establishment of business units,

disbursement of funds for the implementation of projects requiring high technology, as

well as the possibility of obtaining various services in a "single window" format and

easy access to the necessary industrial equipment,

d. on the regional aspect, the location of the technopark becomes a new growth point;

increased number of jobs, increased tax revenue; increased regional investment

attractiveness.

The next study is the case of the Ribeirão Preto Technopark, in Brazil. The Ribeirão

Preto Technopark project was built through a partnership between the University of São Paulo

(USP), the Municipality of Ribeirão Preto, the State of São Paulo's Department of Economic

Development, Science, Technology and Innovation, and the Advanced Institute of Health

Foundation (FIPASE), with support from the Financier of Studies and Projects (FINEP), the

Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) and the Foundation for Research

Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP). The technopark development is located on land

provided by the University of São Paulo, the main objective of which is to create an

environment for consistency and synergy between universities, government and businesses to

conduct research, development and innovation through investment. The company's research

and development units as well as the production system are focused on producing innovative

products and processes, thus having an impact on the development of the region, especially

attracting technology-intensive companies focused on the areas of such as biotechnology,

information technology, and bioenergy, but not to the exclusion of other fields. (Junior, et al.

2015).

Technoparks in the European region have also had a great impact on the development of

the region. One of the most successful technoparks in Europe, even the world, is the Ideon

Science Park (ISP) which operates in the Lund University complex, Sweden. ISP has given

birth to many large companies in the fields of Information and Communication Technology

(ICT), Life Science and Cleantech. Currently, ISP has an area of 120,000 m2 consisting of 350

companies and a total of 2700 employees. ISP is owned by Wihlborgs Fastigheter AB

(property developer), Lund University, and Lund City Government. In general, management

in ISP includes Wihlborgs Fastigheter AB playing a role in terms of construction,

development and maintenance of regional infrastructure including leasing management for

offices and industrial areas; Lund University plays a role as a source of knowledge and

facilitator in the system and innovation process; while the Lund City Government plays a role

in terms of regulation, spatial planning and public policy (Park, 2002). People, with their

knowledge and innovative ideas, are a key component of an ISP. The principle of openness

and continuous interaction of all actors involved will produce an atmosphere that stimulates

the innovation process, especially regarding the commercialization of ideas and inventions to

become innovative products even to an industrial scale. In this case, the role of incubators

related to mentoring start-up companies is also very large including in encouraging

interaction and collaboration between start-up companies or even between individuals in the

ISP area. Fundamentally, the process of mutually beneficial interaction will produce

something optimal from the potential of the individuals involved compared to the pure

potential of the individual without interacting. This principle is the key to the success of many

innovative processes and products in ISP (Park, 2002).

The development of technoparks in various regions in Indonesia has also been carried

out in recent years. One of the technoparks that can be used as an example is Bandung

Innovation Park (BIP) which is a university-based technopark in this case Bandung Institute

of Technology (BIP-ITB). Based on many examples of technoparks in the world, most of the

technoparks that operate are affiliated with universities as a source of knowledge. BIP is one

of the technoparks that has successfully produced various innovative products and is in

demand by several large national companies, such as Pertamina, Pupuk Iskandar Muda, and

international companies such as Google and Blackberry. Some inventions that already have

license agreements with large industries include Symbiotic Microbes (PT. Rekayasa Sumber

Daya Hayati), Hydrocarbon refrigerant replacement (PT. Massindo Putra Mandiri), Gas

desulfurization absorbent (PT. Pupuk Iskandar Muda), Hydro catalyst for removal of sulfur

and nitrogen on NAFTA product (PT. Pertamina). Although it does not yet have a dedicated

technopark area, the other key components have been existing and operating specifically within

ITB, namely: ITB as an established and very strong higher education institution as a source of

innovation, LPIK-ITB as an incubator center that produces innovative and applicable products with

strong tenants. Other main components, namely medium and large industries, will develop in line with

the development of the technopark area.

Another technopark that is also developed on the basis of universities is the technopark

owned by Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). IPB Science Technopark is an integrated area

with a total area of 3.46 Ha which is used for the development and commercialization of

innovative products and services in tropical agriculture, food and bio-science supported by

good facilities and infrastructure as well as conducive regulations. IPB Science Technopark

organizes various programs including the provision of laboratory and pilot plant facility

services and analytical services for commercial research and product development, incubation

for technology and natural science-based business start-ups. IPB Science Technopark is a

means of interfacing between innovators and industry in commercializing innovation results.

The IPB Science Technopark area has a laboratory building, planting area, edutaiment and

IPB innovation gallery, training and meeting center, research center, shelter and restaurant,

park management, green open space, parking area and other supporting facilities. Excellent

products at IPB Science Technopark include IPB 3S Rice Seeds which have the potential to

provide yields of 11 tons/ha, Calina Papaya which is now a public favorite, Analog rice for

diabetics, Katulac supplementary feed for dairy cows, Fastrex transporter in plantation and

forestry land, Corn Noodles, Sormeal healthy cereal made from sorghum, Sasumuzi,

Inventpro recombinant reverse transcriptase enzyme, and Rapid Test Bird Flu in the form of a

test kit to detect bird flu quickly.

Based on the study of technoparks in various regions, it can be concluded that from the

comparison of technoparks, in general, the ideal technopark concept that needs to exist is: (1)

having location, infrastructure and building, including sharing equipment and strategic area;

(2) having professional management, which collaborates elements of government, business,

academia and also community and knows the knowledge of technopark management, able to

expand and provide networks and able to manage technoparks financially for the long term;

(3) having a source of knowledge, discovery and development of research results from

universities or other research and development (R&D) institutions; (4) having prospective

start-up business units, companies, including technology and innovation-based anchor tenants

in the technopark; (5) having a business incubator to help tenant innovation products to be

commercialized with guidance from established business units; (6) having industries as

tenants, angel investors or using research results, (7) having integrated product marketing

systems and patterns between the actors involved and based on information technology.

A number of expert opinions related to the effectiveness of technopark development

mention several aspects that need to be considered, especially in the results of the creation and

growth of new business units. Kostyunina, G., Baranov, V. (2012) stated that the measure of

technopark effectiveness is the number of jobs created, and the effectiveness of a technopark

is determined by the economic development of the region where it is located. Sobkowic

(2013) suggests evaluating the success of a technopark by looking at the number of

established companies that launch new products or services, thereby accelerating the process

of access and transfer of technology, knowledge, experience and skills among technopark

residents. While Albahari et al. (2012), look at the effectiveness of technoparks in terms of

the number of resident companies as producers of technopark innovation products.

Study of Multi-stakeholder Roles and Relationships in a Technopark Institution

The next research is related to the second objective of this research, which is to

analyze the role of stakeholder collaboration in technopark development. stakeholder analysis

is very important to identify the level of importance of each stakeholder and map the roles

that must be carried out in the collaboration process, especially technoparks. Paolini et al.

(2010), said that technopark-related studies that have been widely studied in recent years,

most of the research focuses on the economic and technological performance of technoparks

or their impact on local development, and there are still many gaps that should be further

studied, especially studies related to stakeholders.

The literature study conducted includes the first research conducted by Mustafa, et al.,

(2020) on the stakeholder collaboration model of the Semarang technopark. This study shows

that identifying and mapping the roles of stakeholders in a technopark is very important to

integrate the participation of all stakeholders (government, academics, private sector, and

society) in city development and increasing regional competitiveness and improving people's

welfare. The research successfully identified primary stakeholders, key stakeholders and

supporting stakeholders in the management of Semarang technopark, as well as each role that

must be carried out in order to succeed the technopark program.

The second research on stakeholder collaboration in technopark institutions is a study

conducted by Junior et al. (2015) on stakeholder management with a case study on SUPERA

technopark in Brazil. This research considers that the creation of a technopark is a large

project involving a large number of actors whose interests can influence the outcome, and

requires a specific set of management actions if it is to succeed, one of which is stakeholder

management. The results of this study show a map of the main stakeholders based on their

level of power and importance.

The third research related to stakeholder analysis is research conducted by Tolinggi, et

al. (2018) on Stakeholder Analysis Management of Agro Zone Pioneering Science Techno

Park Gorontalo Province. This research resulted in the grouping of 20 (twenty) stakeholders

into components in the quadruple helix innovation system model.

2.4.3 Study of Local Economic Development Strategies based on Regional Potential in Various

Regions

Other studies that become references in this research are related to the third research

objective, namely the formulation of local economic development strategies through

technopark development using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. The first

research was conducted by Polnaya and Darwanto (2015), on Local Economic Development

to Improve Competitiveness in SMEs of Batik Bakaran Creative Economy in Pati, Central

Java. This study aims to determine the development strategy of batik bakaran creative

economy SMEs in Pati, Central Java to improve competitiveness. The analysis method used

in this research is the Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. Analysis of competitiveness

development strategies in bakaran batik creative economy SMEs includes aspects of industry,

technology, resources, institutions, and financial intermediation. Based on the Analytical

Network Process, it shows that of the five aspects of developing competitiveness in batik

bakaran creative SMEs, producing resource aspects as the top priority and the right

development strategy to do is to improve the quality of creative human resources in the hope

of helping the utilization of renewable raw materials. The strategy recommendation to

improve the quality of creative human resources is the highest priority strategy with a score of

0.2329.

The next research is research from Setyadi, et. al (2012) on Ecotourism Development

Strategy in Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan. This research aims to formulate

ecotourism development strategies in Sebangau National Park. In determining aspects,

problems, solutions and strategies, the Analytical Network Process (ANP) method was used.

The results of this study explain the main problems faced in the development of ecotourism in

Sebangau National Park are the lack of infrastructure and accessibility, as well as community

development on the importance of ecotourism from the government and local government

(pemda). The main solution for ecotourism development in Sebangau National Park is the

provision of infrastructure and accommodation facilities. Based on the ANP results, the main

strategy for ecotourism development in TNS is to increase cooperation with stakeholders

(network) and increase promotion/ information on ecotourism products.

1.4 Framework of Thought

This research describes the multi-stakeholder collaboration model promoted in the

Samosir Technopark to overcome the problem of the low contribution of Samosir's fisheries

sector. Through the revitalization of BBI into a technopark based on aquatic resources and

fisheries, it is expected to develop the potential of fisheries to become a leading sector in

Samosir. The research will identify the benefits of technoparks in supporting local economic

development efforts, and analyze the involvement of relevant stakeholders to create

collaboration in technopark institutions. Robertson & Choi (2013) stated that collaborative

governance is a collective and egalitarian process where each participant has substantive

authority in decision-making and each stakeholder has an equal opportunity to reflect their

aspirations in the process. Therefore, this model is expected to create innovation outputs that

are right on target and the development of local potential through the Aquatic Resources and

Fisheries-based technopark, so that it can make a useful contribution to the Local Economic

Development of Samosir Regency. The framework of this research can be seen in Figure 7

In Figure 7, the strengthening of multi-stakeholder collaboration in Samosir

Technopark is based on the limited capacity, resources or networks owned by each

stakeholder. In turn, the collaboration can unite the components that drive the success of

common targets and goals. Multi-stakeholder collaboration in the Samosir Technopark is

expected to produce an innovation strategy to improve the competitiveness of MSMEs in

Samosir district so as to encourage local economic development. This research is expected to

produce a strategy that can be a best practice collaboration in a Technopark development, so

that it can be a lever to develop a local resource-based economy in Samosir district.

3.1 Respondent Determination Method

The determination of respondents or experts was carried out using purposive

sampling method, namely by deliberately selecting experts who are competent and directly

involved in the Samosir Technopark (Local Government, Academics, Start-ups/SMEs,

Community, Media). The sample members were selected based on representatives from the

Samosir Government, LIPI researchers, MSME/Start-up actors, community representatives

and the media. Respondents in this study amounted to five people consisting of experts as

well as representatives of stakeholders in the Samosir Technopark. The existence of different

fields of expertise aims to get a more comprehensive perspective on development strategies.

The number of respondents in this study was 5 (five) people. This research will use the

Analytical Network Process (ANP) analysis technique. According to Saaty (2006), the

number of respondents in the ANP method does not have a certain formulation, but there is

only a minimum limit of two respondents, and is considered to be representative of the

problem being studied. The five respondents have different educational backgrounds and

occupations. The list of the five respondents can be seen in Table 5.

3.2 Analysis Method

The data analysis method in this study consists of three stages, namely descriptive

analysis to identify the impact of technopark development in supporting local economic

development in Samosir Regency. Furthermore, to analyze multi-stakeholder collaboration in

the Samosir Technoapark, a stakeholder analysis method will be used by conducting in-depth

interviews with five stakeholders involved. After obtaining an overview of the descriptive

analysis and stakeholder analysis, the ANP (Analytical Network Process) method will be

used to formulate local economic development strategies through technopark development, by

analyzing assessment criteria to obtain a set of measurement standards, which will then be

used as a tool in comparing various alternatives.

Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analysis itself is defined as the process of solving the problem being

investigated by describing the state of the subjects and objects of research at the present time

based on the facts that appear or how they are (Sugiyono, 2010). Descriptive analysis method,

analyzing data by describing or describing the data that has been collected as it is without

intending to make conclusions that apply to the public or generalizations. Furthermore, the

descriptive method is research conducted to determine the existence of independent variables,

either only on one or more variables (variables that stand alone) without making comparisons

and looking for relationships between these variables and other variables.

Stakeholder Analysis

This stakeholder analysis method is carried out to descriptively explain a system by

identifying the main actors in the system which includes all those who influence and are

influenced by the policies, decisions and actions of the system (Grimble and Wellard, 1996).

The analysis is used to provide an overview of the authority and power of stakeholders. The

steps to conduct a stakeholder analysis are:

1. Identify the key benefits arising from the existing stakeholder system

2. Building understanding from system and primarily is the decision maker in the

system

3. Identify the principles espoused by stakeholders

4. Investigation of matters such as stakeholders' interests, characteristics, and relationships

among stakeholders

5. Identify the pattern and context of stakeholder interactions

6. Define the options.

Schemeer (1999) says that stakeholder analysis is a systematic process of collecting and

analyzing qualitative information to decide which parties should take a role in developing and

implementing policies or in a participatory process to reach consensus. The steps that need to

be taken to map and conduct stakeholder analysis are:

1. Planning a process or program

2. Identify key stakeholders

3. Adapting the framework as needed

4. Collecting and recording information

5. Fill in the stakeholder table

6. Analyzing the stakeholder table

7. Using information

According to the overseas development administration, stakeholder analysis is also

carried out based on the level of role and influence on the implemented program based on the

interest group, namely:

1. Key stakeholder groups are those that have a significant role and influence on the success

of the program.

2. Primary stakeholder groups, i.e. groups that are directly affected or affected by the

program.

3. Secondary stakeholder groups are groups that a re likely to be affected by the program.

Analytical Network Process (ANP) Analysis Method

Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a mathematical theory that is able to analyze the

influence with the approach of assumptions to solve the form of problems. This method is

used in the form of a solution with consideration of the adjustment of the complexity of the

problem in a synthesized decomposition accompanied by a priority scale that produces the

greatest priority influence. Decision making in the ANP application is by considering and

validating empirical experience. The network structure used, namely benefits, opportunities,

costs and risks (BOCR), makes this method possible to identify, classify and organize all

factors that affect the output or the resulting decision (Saaty, 2006). The implementation of

problem solving, ANP depends on the alternatives and criteria. Saaty (2006) also explains the

ANP analysis technique by using pair-wise comparison on project alternatives and criteria. In

the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) network, there are levels of objectives, criteria, sub-

criteria, and alternatives, each of which has elements.

Whereas in the ANP network, the levels in AHP are called clusters that can have criteria

and alternatives in them. The ANP method can determine the overall influence of all

elements. Therefore, all criteria must be organized and prioritized within a framework.

control hierarchy or network, performing comparisons and synthesis to derive a priority order

from this set of criteria. Then we derive the influence of the elements in the feedback system

with respect to each criterion. Finally, the results of this influence are weighted by the

importance of the criteria, and added to obtain the overall influence of each element (Ascarya,

2007).

Saaty (2006) states that a feedback network is a structure for solving problems that

cannot be structured using a hierarchical structure. Feedback networks consist of interactions

and dependencies between elements at lower levels. The feedback structure does not have a

linear shape from top to bottom, but looks like a network of cycles in each cluster of each

element and can take the form of looping in the cluster itself. This shape cannot be called a

level. Feedback also has sources and sinks. The source point indicates the origin of the

interest path and is never the destination of another interest path, while the spill point is the

point that is the destination of the interest path and is never the origin for another interest. The

ANP network can be seen in Figure 8.

A complete network consists of a source node, an intermediate node derived from the

source node, a cycle node, or a path leading to the sink node, and the final sink node. The

ANP structure consists of dependencies between elements of the inner component (inner

dependence) and from dependencies between elements of the outer component (outer

dependence) as shown in Figure 8. In an ANP, it is possible to represent several problems

without focusing on the beginning and the final continuation as in AHP.

The ANP supermatrix will automatically generate the correct weights for criteria and

alternatives if the data used is the priority vector in the supermatrix. This is a simple way

because it does not require part-by-part thinking on the part of the user. Just knowing the data

and the supermatrix will generate priorities at each point in the model (Saaty, 2006).

According to Azis (2003) with feedback, alternatives can not only depend on criteria but can

also depend between one alternative and another. The criteria itself can depend on alternatives

and other factors. To represent feedback in the ANP method, a large matrix is needed, called a

supermatrix, which consists of several sub matrices.

There are 3 basic principles of ANP, namely decomposition, comparative judgements,

and hierarchical composition or synthesis of priorities (Ascarya, 2007):

1. The principle of decomposition, which is applied to structure complex problems into a

hierarchical framework or ANP framework consisting of a network of clusters.

2. The principle of comparative scoring is applied to construct a pairwise comparison of

all combinations of elements in a cluster with respect to its parent cluster. This pairwise

comparison is used to derive the local priority of elements within a cluster in terms of its

parent cluster.

3. The principle of hierarchical composition or synthesis is applied to multiply the local

priority of the elements in the cluster by the priority of The "global" priority of the parent

element, which will generate the global priority of the entire hierarchy and sum it up to generate

the global priority for the lowest level element (usually an alternative).

According to Ascarya (2007), the stages in the ANP method for program development

strategies include:

1. Model Construction The construction of the ANP model is based on theoretical and

empirical literature reviews and asking questions to experts and practitioners of the

Samosir Technopark as well as through indepth interviews or Focus Group Discussions

(FGDs) to examine information more deeply to obtain real problems.

2. Model Quantification The model quantification stage uses questions in the ANP

questionnaire in the form of pairwise comparisons between elements in the cluster to

determine which of the two is more influential and how big the difference is through a

numerical scale of 1 to 9.

The last stage aims to determine the results of individual assessments from respondents

and determine the results of opinions in one group by calculating the geometric mean

(geomean) Questions in the form of pairwise comparison from respondents will be

combined to form a consensus. Geometric mean is a type of average calculation that

shows a certain tendency or value.

The first difference lies in the structure of the model framework, which is hierarchical

in AHP and network-shaped in ANP. This makes ANP more widely applicable than AHP. The

shape of the ANP network can also be very varied and can better reflect the problem as it

really is. Secondly, in a hierarchical structure there are only lower level dependencies to

higher levels, while in a network structure there is also feedback. With feedback alternatives

can be dependent on criteria, as in a hierarchy, but can also be dependent on each other. While

criteria themselves can be dependent on alternatives and on each other. Third, feedback

improves the priority resulting from the assessment, and makes predictions more accurate.

Fourth, to make comparisons in AHP someone will choose preferable or more important,

both of which are less subjective and personal. Meanwhile for comparison in ANP one looks

for more influence. This requires factual observation and knowledge to produce valid answers

that are more objective. Fifth, AHP results are matrices and eigenvectors that show the

priority scale, while ANP results are supermatrices of priority scale that are more stable due

to feedback. The stability of ANP results has been proven by Iwan J. Azis in his paper (Azis,

2004), where the Trans Sumatra Highway problem was analyzed using AHP and ANP. From

the sensitivity analysis conducted, it was concluded that the ANP results were more stable and

robust than the AHP results. Sixth, AHP coverage is limited to hierarchical structures, while

ANP coverage extends infinitely. AHP with its dependency assumptions about clusters and

elements is a special case of ANP. The framework of the ANP analysis method can be seen in

Figure 9.

3.4.4 ANP Model Construction

The strategy development in this research will use the ANP method. The ANP method

requires a decision analysis process by grouping criteria before deciding on a choice from

various alternatives. Criteria indicate the definition of the problem in a concrete form and are

sometimes considered as goals to be achieved. Analysis of the assessment criteria is carried

out to obtain a set of measurement standards, which are then used as a tool in comparing

various alternatives. Therefore, to obtain a strategy for local economic development through

technopark development, it is necessary to map problems, solutions and alternatives in order

to produce a model that represents the relationship between criteria/sub-criteria or

alternatives, so that the most appropriate strategy selection is obtained. The flow of research

and grouping that is trying to be built starts from mapping problems, recommending

solutions, and program development strategies. Each variable input comes from the literature

review, FGD results and in-depth interviews with respondents. Based on this, the mapping of

criteria/sub-criteria or alternatives in this study can be seen in appendix 2.

Based on the model construction, the factors that influence the local economic

development strategy through technopark development include technopark institutions,

human resources, and stakeholder collaboration. Furthermore, the mapping of problems in the

local economic development strategy through technopark development is categorized on each

of the factors that influence it. The first institutional problem variable is the homogeneous

institutional structure, unclear regulatory basis, and the lack of collaboration between

stakeholders lack of capacity of facilities and infrastructure. Human Resources problem

variables include the lack of professional capacity for technopark management and the low

interest of the community in participating in technopark training programs. Furthermore, the

collaboration problem variable is the lack of dialogue between stakeholders, the unavailability

of a coordination forum between stakeholders and the weak commitment in sustainable

programs.

In addition to mapping the aspects of the problem variables, there are also solution

variables that are categorized based on the factors that influence them as well. The first

institutional solution variable is the overhaul of the organizational structure that involves the

involvement of stakeholders outside the local government, the preparation of a strong legal

basis and the provision of adequate infrastructure and maintenance of infrastructure in

accordance with standards. Human resources solution variables include recruitment of

professional employees and intensive training and socialization of training and coaching

programs that target the needs and problems of the community. Furthermore, the

collaboration solution variables include conducting periodic dialogue / FGDs between

stakeholders, led by the Samosir Regency Government, forming communication forums and

coordination channels within the Samosir Technopark institution and building trust between

stakeholders in the collaboration process to realize sustainable commitments.

After mapping the problem variables and recommended solutions, the next step is to

categorize local economic development strategies through technopark development.

Alternative strategies offered include first, strengthening the Samosir Technopark institution

with a strong legal foundation and a structure that accommodates all stakeholders. Second,

budget limitations in the procurement of facilities and infrastructure as well as infrastructure

maintenance can be done by finding legitimate sources of financing to fund infrastructure

maintenance and the provision of more adequate infrastructure. Third, building the capacity of

Technopark managers to be able to provide the best training and coaching for the community,

so as to increase social capital in the form of trust and increase public interest in being

involved in the technopark program. Then another alternative strategy is to build multi-

stakeholder synergy in the success of the technopark program to support Samosir's local

economic development. The ANP network framework that can illustrate the grouping can be

seen in Figure 10.

4.1 Samosir Regency Economy

Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is the gross value added of all goods and

services created or produced in the domestic territory of a country arising from various

economic activities in a certain period regardless of whether the factors of production are

owned by residents or non-residents. The formation of GRDP at current prices in Samosir

Regency in 2020 is still dominated by the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries category with a

value of Rp. 2,310.91 billion (50.87 percent), followed by the Government Administration,

Defense and Social Security category of Rp. 527.78 billion (11.62 percent), the Construction

category reached Rp. 505.32 billion (11.12 percent), and the Wholesale and Retail Trade, Car

and Motorcycle Repair category of Rp. 492.36 billion (10.84 percent).

These four categories played a total role of 84.44 percent in the formation of the Gross

Regional Domestic Revenue (GRDP) of Samosir Regency. This shows that the economy of

Samosir Regency is still highly dependent on these four categories. Other categories that

stood out during 2020 included the Accommodation and Drinking Food Provision category at

5.09 percent and the Transportation and Warehousing category at 3.43 percent. Meanwhile,

other categories contributed 7.03 percent to the economy in Samosir Regency, although this

role was not too large/influential.

The economic growth rate of Samosir Regency in 2020 is measured based on the

increase in Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) ADHK 2010, but it is unfortunate that

the expected increase in the growth rate as in previous years, in 2020, on the contrary, has

decreased to -0.59, this slowdown when compared to 2019, which was -10.37 percent. This is

illustrated by the GRDP at 2010 Constant Prices of Samosir Regency in 2020. This decline

can be seen in some economic business fields, where the Transportation and Warehousing

business field is the business field that achieved the highest growth in 2019, namely 9.87

percent compared to other business fields, in 2020 it decreased by -3.81. A total of eight

business fields experienced a decline, namely the Transportation and Warehousing business

field of -3.81 percent, Provision of Accommodation and Drinking Food of -2.86 percent,

Construction of -3.35 percent, Other Services of 0.27 percent, Wholesale and Retail Trade;

Car and Motorcycle Repair of -0.42 percent, Health Services and Social Activities of -0.13

percent, and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries -0.28 percent.

The economy of Samosir Regency in 2020 contracted compared to the previous year.

The GDP growth rate of Samosir Regency in 2020 contracted by -0.59 percent, while in 2019

it was 5.70 percent. In the previous year, economic growth contracted due to the COVID-19

pandemic that hit the world. When compared to the economic growth of North Sumatra and

the National, the economic growth rate of Samosir Regency in 2020 experienced a slowdown

of minus 0.59, but was still above the economic growth of North Sumatra Province of minus

1.07 and also above the national economic growth which reached minus 2.07 percent. When

compared to the total population, the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per Capita of

Samosir Regency at Current Prices in 2020 amounted to Rp. 35.85 million, an increase from

2019 GRDP per Capita was Rp. 35.14 million and in 2018 it amounted to Rp. 32.47 million.

The development of the GDP growth rate of Samosir Regency can be seen in Figure 11.

Based on the results of the 2016 Economic Census listing, the economic activity of

Samosir Regency outside the Agriculture sector that is most widely carried out is the

Wholesale and Retail Trade, Repair and Maintenance of Cars & Motorcycles business. Labor

absorption in this business category is the highest at 28.14 percent or 7,608 workers when

compared to other business categories.

Furthermore, the accommodation and food and beverage provision business category

also has a significant share in absorbing labor in Samosir Regency. As a tourism area, of

course this cannot be denied. This category had a role of 19.20 percent or absorbed 5,190

workers in Samosir Regency.

4.2 Potential of Agriculture, Plantation, and Fishery Sectors

This business sector includes Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sub-fields which

consist of food crops, horticultural crops, Plantation crops, livestock, and agricultural and

hunting services; Forestry and Logging Business Sublocation; and Fisheries Business

Sublocation. These business fields are still a mainstay in the absorption of labor in Samosir

Regency. The results of the August 2020 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), this

business field was able to absorb 71.14 percent of the working labor force. Increased

compared to the previous year which only absorbed 63.41 percent. In 2020, the ADHB GRDP

value of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries business field reached 2,310.91 billion rupiah,

while the 2010 ADHK GRDP value reached 1,601.57 billion rupiah. This business sector

contributed to the formation of total GRDP by 50.87 percent, an increase from last year's

50.53 percent. This is in line with the increase in labor absorption in this business field. The

growth rate also decreased from 4.63 percent in 2019 to -0.28 percent in 2020.

An agricultural product from Samosir Regency that has begun to be recognized is

Samosir coffee. Based on data from the Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock Service Office of

Samosir Regency, it is recorded that coffee is a plantation crop whose production is very high

compared to other plantation crops. The production of the Agriculture and Plantation Sector

of Samosir Regency can be seen in Table 7.

In 2020, it was recorded that from a planting area of 5,196.20 hectares, 3,027.89 tons of

coffee were produced. Although the production decreased when compared to 2019 which

reached 4,277.69 tons, coffee plants are still excellent in Samosir Regency. Apart from coffee,

another plantation crop that the population is also interested in is cocoa. In 2020, it was

recorded that from a planting area of 218.90 hectares, 103.50 tons of cocoa could be

produced. This number decreased when compared to 2019 which reached 122.73 tons.

4.3 Samosir Fisheries Sub Sector

The potential of the fisheries sector is a promising sector in the Lake Toba region. So

far, the fisheries sector has become one of the community's business fields on the shores of

Lake Toba, but it is still limited in nature.

The existence of Lake Toba, which is the largest lake in Indonesia, provides natural

potential, especially fisheries potential, which is very large for Samosir Regency. This

condition shows that Samosir Regency has very potential aquatic resources. However, on the

other hand, the contribution of Regional Original Revenue (PAD) from the water and fisheries

sector is still relatively low. Every year, the agriculture, plantation and fisheries sectors make

a very large contribution to the formation of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of

Samosir Regency, reaching 40-60%, while the composition of the contribution of the fisheries

sector is still low, which is only 0.53% - 2.5% (assuming the price of fish per kg is: Rp.

12,000.00). This condition is contrary to the potential of the water area, which is almost 50%

of the total area of Samosir Regency.

The fisheries potential of Samosir Regency is very large but its management has not

been optimized. Samosir District is one of the largest marketing destinations for carp seeds

from Simalungun and Pematang Siantar to supply the need for seeds in freshwater fish

farming in this region. Fisheries businesses in Samosir Regency are generally still managed as

household businesses, both as aquaculture businesses and fishing activities. According to BPS

Samosir Regency (2019), until 2019 fishery cultivation households in Samosir Regency

continued to grow to reach 362 households consisting of 231 fish farming households in

ponds and 131 floating net cage (KJA) fish farming households.

Aquaculture development is adjusted to the National Priority Policy for Tourism

Development in Lake Toba. Therefore, it is encouraged to reduce the number of aquaculture

systems in the lake water column with Karamba. The entrepreneurs and partners who are

fostered are directed to fisheries businesses in inland ponds. Total fish production from KJA

in Lake Toba in 2010 was almost 47,500 tons, of which more than 50% was contributed by

Samosir District (Lukman 2013). In the Samosir District spatial plan, the zone designated as a

fisheries area is 1% of the total water area of Samosir District or approximately 6.26 km.2

4.4 Overview of Technoparks in Samosir Regency

Samosir Technopark is the result of the revitalization of the Samosir Fish Seed

Institute. The Samosir Fish Seed Institute (BBI) is located at an altitude of 900 - 1000 m

above sea level, with an average rainfall of around 3,000 mm/year and is approximately 52

km from the city center of Samosir Regency. The location is quite strategic considering the

location is passed by the flow of water from the Bondar Pea River (Binanga) so that water

needs can be met throughout the year. The air temperature in the BBI Samosir environment is

23-26⁰C, making it relatively suitable and good for maintaining and developing several types

of freshwater fish such as Gurame, Nila, Mas, Tawes, Nilem. In general, the location can be

reached from Pangururan through Harian Subdistrict as far as 52 km while from Sidikalang

City, Dairi Regency is about 100 km away. BBI Samosir has an area of 3.10 Ha with a

pond/water area of 10,665 m2 , building area of 516.0 m2

Since 2015, the Samosir Regency government has collaborated with academics from

the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) revitalizing BBI into Technopark Samosir, so that

BBI infrastructure development is carried out and also the construction of two Work Training

Centers (BLK) which are used for community and MSME training and business incubator

centers. The infrastructure owned by Technopark Samosir based on aquatic and fishery

resources consists of ponds, laboratories and office buildings. The total number of ponds in

BBI is 43. While the building facilities owned by BBI can be seen in Table 10.

By considering the needs and activities of Technopark Samosir in the future, a building

or place that can be used as a business incubator, for coaching activities for prospective start-

up entrepreneurs, and as a packaging house for processed agricultural products is needed.

Therefore, the local government of Samosir Regency, through a decree of the Regional

Secretary, handed over 3 buildings in the BLK complex to be managed and used as a place for

Technopark Samosir activities. The BLK buildings that can currently be used are 6 x 12 m2

and 6 x 20 m2 respectively. The room is used as a coffee processing business incubator, a

shared kitchen business incubator, and a shared product packaging place. In addition, there

are also two rooms used as the Samosir Technopark secretariat office and meeting room.

Supporting facilities and infrastructure include: tables, chairs, cabinets, cooking equipment,

seamer, roasting, coffee huller, and material warehouse space. Technopark Samosir is an

institution that involves several stakeholders with a structure as shown in Figure 12.

The Samosir Technopark began operating in 2015, with an initial focus on fisheries

development and aquatic resource management in the Lake Toba region. The Technopark

program carried out is emphasized in three fields, namely:

a. Optimization of cultured fish breeding technology,

b. Diffusion of science and technology in fishery product processing

c. Training of managers, prospective SMEs, coaching of Small and Medium Enterprises

in fisheries and other supporting businesses to the people of Samosir Regency.

d. Guidance to students in their final project or practical work.

e. Facilitate cooperation with related institutions (banking/financing institutions).

f. Domestication of local fish (Ihan fish / Batak fish)

Optimizing the implementation of technology in the field of carp hatcheries, which

began in 2015, and several trials of local fish breeding. In addition, technopark institutions

were also developed, including the structure and placement of competent human resources.

Training of human resource managers and training for the creation of star up companies

(young entrepreneurs), as well as access to financing in business to banking institutions,

network development with similar institutions (Bandung Technopark, Solo Technopark, Sain

park - LIPI Cibinong, and Unimed and community institutions).

5.1 Benefits of Technopark Development that supports local economic development in

Samosir Regency

In local economic development, the main consideration is to strive for the region to

grow and develop independently based on its local potential and specific characteristics. The

context of local economic development has an intended direction, namely to become an

independent and competitive region so that it is able to integrate into the regional, national

and global economic systems. Local economic development emphasizes the achievement of

economic growth that can lead to sustainable economic development. The economic growth

in question is quality economic growth that is able to improve the welfare of the community,

especially poor households and small businesses, while solving the complexity of the

problems faced by the region (Rahma, 2006). Local Economic Development is a process in

which local governments and community organizations are involved to encourage, stimulate,

nurture, business activities to create jobs (Blakely and Bradshaw, 1994). In addition,

according to (Munir, 2007) Local economic development (PEL) is a process that tries to

formulate development institutions in the region, improve the ability of human resources to

create better products and foster industry and business activities on a local scale.

According to Blakely (1994) the success of local economic development can be seen

from several indicators, namely: 1) expansion of opportunities for small communities in

employment and business opportunities; 2) expansion for the community to increase income;

3) empowerment of micro and small business institutions in the production and marketing

process; and 4) institutional empowerment of partnership networks between the government,

private sector, and local communities. Based on the indicators of local economic development

according to Blakely, the impact of Samosir Technopark development that supports the

success of local economic development will be seen in these four aspects.

5.1.1 Expansion of opportunities for small communities in employment and business

opportunities

The main focus of Samosir technopark activities is to revitalize BBI Samosir, so that it

is able to provide quality fish seeds for the needs of local farmers, at a cheaper price. In its

development, until 2019, Samosir Technopark became one of the examples of science and

technology areas that can contribute to local economic activities based on aquatic and fishery

resources. BBI, which initially could not produce fish seeds optimally, is now able to provide

most of the needs of local farmers.

From 2015 to 2019, the increase in fish seed production will be continued so that it

can reach 2.5 million consumption fish seeds (Mas, Nila, Catfish). In addition, efforts to

develop local fish species that are almost extinct such as Batak fish and Pora- pora fish will

begin at the Technopark for Aquatic and Fishery Resource Management. Meanwhile, in 2019,

the construction of an in- door hatchery is targeted to increase the capacity of existing

hatcheries. The building will be designed in such a way that it can maintain the temperature in

the room is not too fluctuating, so it is expected that the survival rate of hatched seeds can

increase to close to 90%. In addition, DOM will also be built on top of the catfish nursery and

b re e d i n g ponds.

The direct impact of the availability of fish seeds is the emergence of several business

groups of fish farmers (breeding and enlargement), processed fishery food businesses, and

service businesses providing supporting facilities and infrastructure in Samosir Regency. The

number of fostered nursery business groups is 5 groups, namely: Sipinggan Nauli group,

Saroha group, mastery of goldfish and tilapia nursery technology, Arinta/Simbolon group,

Aek Bunga-bunga Goldfish nursery business, and Sepakat group, tilapia nursery. Although

the emergence of new business groups directly opens up new business opportunities for the

community, thus expanding community employment opportunities. The number of new

businesses and employment from the Samosir Technopark program can be seen in Table 11.

5.1.2 Expansion for the Community to Increase Income

The main impact of Technopark development is to empower local MSMEs. Guidance

that has been carried out on 5 (five) business units including, the business of canning

processed food from agriculture and fisheries. In addition, efforts are also made to improve

the quality of processed products together with related agencies. By fostering MSMEs

through the technopark program, it is hoped that these business units can produce high-value

products, absorb local labor and ultimately increase community income. In an effort to

increase the income of the Samosir community in the fisheries sector, based on the results of

research on the fish nursery process in Samosir, academics suggested to the local government

that the government change the rules for selling fish seeds, which initially, fish farmers were

only allowed to sell seeds with a size of 9-12 cm at a price of Rp.250 per tail. After further

FGDs between academics, the government and fish farming groups in Samosir, a new rule

was made in the local regulation that farmers can sell fish seeds with 3 (three) sizes, namely

sizes 2-3 cm (Rp. 100/head), 3-5 cm (Rp. 200/head) and 5-7 cm (Rp. 300/head). This has an

impact on the additional segmentation of the fish farming business so that the turnover of

money in fish seed sales transactions is faster. The number of people involved in the fisheries

business has also increased due to greater and faster profits. This condition also causes the

market demand for fish seeds to be fulfilled faster.

In addition to the fisheries sector, one of the potential agricultural resources in

Samosir Regency is coffee. Based on data from the Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock

Service Office of Samosir Regency, it is recorded that coffee is a plantation crop whose

production is very high compared to other plantation crops. Realizing the great potential for

the economic value of coffee, one of the Samosir Technopark programs is coaching coffee

farmers and producers to increase the selling value of Samosir coffee. Initially, Samosir

coffee farmers sold coffee grain at a low price (Rp 25,000/kg). Therefore, through the

technopark program, the Samosir Regency Government, in collaboration with academics,

provides guidance ranging from coffee planting procedures to produce quality coffee beans, to

introducing huller technology (coffee bean grinding machine), so that it can ultimately

increase the added value of coffee products. Coffee processed using huller technology can be

sold at Rp 75,000/kg. In addition to huller technology, coffee producers are also introduced to

coffee packaging technology, so that coffee is ready to be marketed directly to consumers.

After using roasting and packaging technology, Samosir coffee entrepreneurs can sell coffee

powder at Rp 200,000/kg of course, this has a huge impact on increasing the income of the

Samosir community. In addition to coffee, MSME coaching programs to increase the selling

value of products are also carried out on other business units in Samosir, such as chips, bread,

and so on. The following is an observation of business unit activities fostered by the Samosir

Technopark can be seen in Table 12.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the research results, the conclusions of this study are as follows:

1. The technopark program in Samosir supports local economic development efforts, with

benefits including; 1) expansion of opportunities for small communities in employment

and business opportunities; 2) expansion for the community to increase income; 3)

empowerment of micro and small business institutions in the production and marketing

process; and 4) institutional empowerment of partnership networks between the

government, private sector, and local communities. However, there are still several

problems, including the development of fostered business units, only a few units that

can still run and face capital problems. Infrastructure capacity, facilities and

infrastructure at the technopark business incubation center are inadequate, so this also

hampers start-up companies to develop.

2. Based on the results of the stakeholder analysis, multistakeholder collaboration in the

technopark institution, the role of the three actors, namely the business sector, the

community and also the media, still looks passive in the technopark institution and

program implementation.

3. The formulation of Strategy Priorities in Local Economic Development through the

Development of Technoparks Based on Aquatic Resources and Fisheries includes 1)

Building multi-stakeholder synergy in the success of the technopark program to support

Samosir's local economic development, 2) Search for other legitimate sources of

financing to fund infrastructure maintenance and provide more adequate infrastructure,

3) Build the capacity of Technopark managers to be able to provide the best training and

coaching for the community, so as to increase social capital in the form of trust and

increase public interest in being involved in the technopark program, 4) Strengthen the

Samosir Technopark institution with a strong legal basis and technopark membership

structure that accommodates all stakeholders.

ECN 360_ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY_ASSIGNMENT_LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUATIC AND FISHERIES RESOURCE-BASED TECHNOPARKS IN SAMOSIR REGENCY

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