ECN 212_ASU_ASSIGNMENT_2024_ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NICKEL MINING ACTIVITIES

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NICKEL

MINING ACTIVITIES

Introduction:

Indonesia is a country rich in mineral resources that allows the development of the

mining sector. Based on the Frasser Institute survey in 2008-2009, Indonesia is ranked 7th as

a country rich in mining resources1 . The great potential of mining can be seen from the

contribution of mining to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The mining and quarrying sector contributed 11.82% to GDP in 2011, 11.80% to GDP

in 2012 and 11.24% to GDP in 2013, as shown in Table 1. From 2011 to 2013, the mining

and quarrying sector ranks 4th in Indonesia's GDP contribution ranking. This shows that the

mining sector has an important role in building the country's economy.

The abundance of mineral resources and the great potential for the development of the

mining sector in Indonesia encourage mining companies, both publicly and privately owned,

to extract existing resources and invest in this sector.

Mining activities carried out by companies not only have a positive impact on

increasing state income through the production value of mining commodities but also

increase community employment opportunities by absorbing labor in the mining and

quarrying sector. The increase in Indonesia's population causes an increase in the number of

labor force. The development of the mining sector causes an increase in the need for labor so

that the number of workers in this sector is increasing every year. To see the contribution of

labor absorption in Indonesia through the mining sector, it can be seen in Table 2.

The existence of potential metal mineral resources scattered in various parts of

Indonesia allows the creation of jobs in remote areas of the country. The absorption of local

labor in areas that have the potential to produce mining goods is a distinct benefit for the

welfare of the local community.

Nickel is one of the metal mineral mining goods that experienced an increase in

production from 2011 to 2012 by 23 752 966 tons or 34.45% (Central Bureau of Statistics,

2012). This figure shows the potential of nickel metal minerals to be developed. According to

the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) in 2013, areas that have nickel commodity

investment potential in Indonesia are in the provinces of East Kalimantan, Central

Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara,

North Maluku, Maluku, West Papua and Papua.

The amount of nickel reserves in Southeast Sulawesi based on data from the ESDM

Office of Southeast Sulawesi Province is 97 billion tons with a nickel distribution area

reaching 480 000 Ha2 . The known amount of nickel reserves in North Maluku is 220

million tons spread across Tanjung Buli, Gebe Island, Obi Island and Weda Bay .3

One of the companies that extracts nickel metal mineral resources in Southeast

Sulawesi and North Maluku is PT Aneka Tambang (ANTAM) (Persero) Tbk, with business

activities and operations of the Nickel Mining Business Unit (UBPN) Southeast Sulawesi

(Sultra) in Pomalaa and Tapunopaka and UBPN North Maluku in Buli. Of the production

produced by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk, nickel is one of the main products in addition to

gold, silver and bauxite. Since 2006, PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk has increased the amount of

nickel production following the increase in demand for nickel. The nickel ore produced has

been exported to Japan, Europe and China. Total nickel ore reserves and resources as of

December 31, 2011 amounted to 293.25 million wet metric tons (wmt) for saprolite and 407.3

million wmt for limonite. This amount is sufficient to meet the needs of PT ANTAM

(Persero) Tbk for the next few decades at fixed extraction rates4 . In addition to saprolite and

limonite nickel production, PT ANTAM (Persero) in UBPN Southeast Sulawesi also

produces ferronickel which contains about 20% nickel and 80% iron.

As with other mining activities, mining activities carried out by PT ANTAM (Persero)

Tbk also have a negative impact on the environment. Environmental impacts generated by

UBPN Sultra based on the 2011 annual report of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk are impacts on

air quality and coastal sedimentation. This impact on the environment occurs from various

production processes carried out such as the opening of mining areas and the transportation of

mining products.

Strategies to mitigate the impact of mining activities on environmental quality have

been prepared and implemented by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk UBPN Southeast Sulawesi.

Based on the annual report of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk in 2012, there was an increase in

the amount of environmental costs allocated from 2011 to 2012 in the total of all business

units and operations. In 2011 the allocated costs amounted to Rp 105 656 915 249 and in

2012 there was an increase to IDR 110 623 762 806.

PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk UBPN Sultra also utilizes waste from nickel mining

activities in the form of tailings (slag) to build tourist attractions for the general public in the

form of artificial beaches. This beach was built around 2004 by the company as an alternative

recreational location for the community. The beach is located in the office and employee

housing area of UBPN Sultra in Pomalaa.

The beach is made by hoarding the sea using soil coated with slag to form a road and

three pools used for swimming by visitors. When entering the Harapan Beach area, visitors

will see mangrove plants on the right and left of the road cultivated by PT ANTAM (Persero)

Tbk UBPN Southeast Sulawesi. In addition to the pool that can be used for swimming,

visitors can use other facilities that have been provided such as stands, bathrooms, restrooms,

and changing rooms, as well as pavilions that can be used to hold events. To be able to enter

the Harapan Beach area, visitors are not charged an entrance fee, but to be able to use the

pavilion, visitors are charged a rental fee. The utilization of slag mining waste in the form of

artificial beach development provides an alternative tourism for the people of Pomalaa.

In addition to the utilization of mining waste that has been carried out, UBPN Sultra

also obtained Blue PROPER from the Ministry of Environment in 2010, which means that

business activities and operations in this unit have complied with environmental regulations

such as the application of environmental management documents, water pollution control, air

pollution control, management of Toxic and Hazardous Waste (B3), seawater pollution

control, and environmental damage criteria. Awarding Proper aims to encourage companies

to comply with environmental regulations and achieve environmental excellence through the

integration of sustainable development principles in the production and service processes, the

implementation of environmental management systems, Reduce Reuse Recycle (3R), energy

efficiency, resource conservation and the implementation of ethical business a n d

responsible for the community through community development programs (KLH, 2012).

The existence of UBPN Sultra has a positive impact on the economy and society and

has a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze

the economic and environmental impacts of nickel mining activities in UBPN Sultra and

identify the benefits of the existence of artificial beaches from slag waste so as to obtain the

economic and environmental value of mining activities in UBPN Sultra that support the

improvement of environmental quality.

1.1 Problem Formulation

Nickel is a non-renewable mineral resource, so its mining activities need to consider

sustainability aspects. Sustainability includes consideration of the social and environmental

impacts of mining.

The direct impact of mining activities on the environment around UBPN Sultra as

mentioned in the annual report of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk includes degradation of soil,

water and air quality, as well as disruption of biodiversity. One of the impacts that can be

seen as a result of nickel mining activities is the increased turbidity of coastal waters. This of

course can interfere with the growth and development of organisms in the vicinity, and in

extreme conditions, this can cause death for aquatic organisms that live in that location. In

addition, the existence of these mining activities has led to increasingly dense sedimentation

in the estuary area and in coastal waters as a whole (Hamzah, 2009).

When it rains, the water that passes through the rivers is usually reddish in color. This

situation also occurs in the sea, and even reaches a radius of 5-10 km parallel to the coast and

a radius of ± 700 meters perpendicular to the coastline. There is a strong suspicion that the

material carried with the water comes from the rest of the mining activity (overburden) that

enters coastal waters through rivers and surface runoff water around the mining site (Zubayr,

2009).

Efforts to control environmental impacts due to operational activities carried out and

also post-mining follow the master plan for implementing social and environmental

responsibility in the mining stage. The utilization of slag waste in the form of artificial

beaches carried out by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk UBPN Sultra also provides alternative

tourism for the people of Pomalaa. This artificial beach from tailings (slag) waste has three

pools for swimming and mangrove cultivation tours. The public is free to enter the beach area

without being charged an entrance fee by the management, in this case PT ANTAM (Persero)

Tbk UBPN Sultra. The beach is open every day from

08.00 WITA to 22.00 WITA. Harapan Beach is crowded with tourists during the holiday

season and weekends because this beach is the only artificial beach from slag waste in

Pomalaa.

Seeing the potential of nickel mining in UBPN Southeast Sulawesi for company

revenues and community economic improvement, problems that occur related to

environmental impacts, and the benefits of utilizing slag waste into artificial beaches, the

author is encouraged to analyze company revenues from mining activities, absorption of local

labor, environmental impacts and prevention, and the benefits of slag waste into artificial

beaches. By knowing how much economic and environmental impact of mining activities and

environmental management, it is expected that PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk UBPN Southeast

Sulawesi can improve environmental conservation efforts for the sustainability of operational

activities and the welfare of the community around the mining site.

Based on the description above, several problems can be formulated as follows:

1. What is the economic impact of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk UBPN Sultra's nickel

mining production activities?

2. How do PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk UBPN Sultra's nickel mining production activities

impact the environment?

3. What are the benefits of using slag waste as an artificial beach attraction?

1.5 Scope of Research

The scope of this research is limited to analyzing company income, local employment,

improving Kolaka Regency infrastructure, and environmental impacts that occur as well as

identifying the benefits of using slag waste into artificial beaches. Company revenue in this

study is the revenue earned from the sale of limonite and saprolite (high and low grade

laterite) nickel ore. Improvement of Kolaka Regency infrastructure in this study is the impact

of the existence of UBPN Sultra mining activities on the development of Kolaka Regency

infrastructure. Local labor absorption in this study is the workforce from Southeast Sulawesi

Province who work at UBPN Sultra. Environmental impacts in this study are changes to

environmental conditions felt by the community and those that affect operational activities at

UBPN Sultra and activities undertaken by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk to control

environmental impacts in the form of sedimentation in the waters around the nickel mining

and processing site. The environmental impacts that will be studied are limited to the impact

on air quality and sedimentation that occurs in the waters around the nickel mining and

processing sites. In the analysis of labor absorption and loss of community income due to

illness, the number of workers uses the approach of the number of family heads due to

limited research data so that it is assumed that in one family there is one worker. The

identification of the benefits of using slag waste into an artificial beach is limited to

determine how the existence of this artificial beach provides benefits to the community. The

research location was in the Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Mining Business Unit of PT Aneka

Tambang (Persero) Tbk in Pomalaa District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province.

The research was conducted on limonite and saprolite (high and low grade laterite) nickel

mining activities at the Pomalaa nickel mine.

2.1

2.2 Mining Nickel

2.2.1 Stages of Mining Activities Nickel

According to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 2009, mining is part or all

stages of activities in the context of research, management and exploitation of minerals and

coal which include general investigation, exploration, feasibility studies, construction, mining

processing and refining, transportation and sales, and post-mining activities.

The Environmental Impact Control Agency (Bapedal) (2001) suggests that mining

activities generally have the following stages of activity:

1. Exploration

2. Infrastructure development, access roads, and energy sources.

3. Construction of work camps and residential areas.

4. Extraction and disposal of waste rock.

5. Ore processing and operations.

6. Tailings (slag) containment, processing and disposal.

Nickel resources are generally found not too deep from the ground surface so that the

nickel ore mining system used in Indonesia is an open pit mining system. Mined nickel ores

are divided into saprolite and limonite nickel ores. Limonite nickel ore is a low grade laterite

nickel ore containing 0.8% - 1.5% nickel, 25%-35% iron and a small amount of cobalt.

Limonite lies above the saprolite layer and is cheaper and easier to mine. Saprolite nickel ore

forms below the limonite zone. Saprolite generally contains about 1.5%-2.5% nickel and is

classified as a high-grade laterite ore.

1. Land Clearing

Land clearing is the process of first clearing the vegetation above the nickel deposit to

facilitate the dismantling and excavation of overburden material and nickel ore that will be

carried out later.

2. Top Soiling

After the land clearing stage is completed, the topsoil containing humus and nutrients

that are important for soil fertility is stripped and transported and stockpiled in a special

location. This is done with the hope that the condition and composition of the top soil will not

change and can be reused when the reclamation and revegetation process is carried out after

mining activities are completed.

3. Stripping and Transportation of Overburden

After the land clearing and top soiling stages have been completed, layers of soil that

do not contain or have low nickel content are stripped and transported first (overburden). This

is done because nickel deposits (saprolite and limonite) are usually located underneath the

overburden.

4. Nickel Ore Stripping and Transportation

Once the overburden has been removed, the mining of nickel ore (saprolite and

limonite) can commence. This stage of mining can be done using a combination of back hoe

and dump truck equipment. The mined nickel ore will then be transported to the stock pile to

be temporarily stockpiled at the mine site or directly to the processing plant or sent to the port

to be sent to a predetermined location.

5. Transportation

After being mined, the nickel ore material will then be transported to the processing site

for processing or to the port for shipment.

to the buyer. The nickel ore transportation process uses a combination of dump truck and

barge equipment.

6. Hoarding

Mining activities will result in changes in the shape of the earth's face in the form of

basins of former mining sites. Therefore, mining companies have an obligation to carry out

backfilling activities at former mining sites so as to minimize the landscape changes that

occur. In this stage, the topsoil containing humus and nutrients is reused. This backfilling

activity uses a combination of back hoe and bulldozer equipment.

2.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Mining Nickel

Mining activities using an open-pit mining system have an impact on the environment.

In general, mining activities using an open-pit mining system involve activities such as

equipment mobilization, construction and improvement of mining roads, land clearing, and

construction of supporting facilities. Overall, nickel mining activities have environmental

impacts in the form of changes in space, land and soil components, decreased air quality,

vibration disturbances, changes in microclimate, disturbances to the hydrological cycle,

increased soil erosion and sedimentation, decreased water quality, disturbances to land biota

(flora and fauna) and disturbances to aquatic biota (Zubayr, 2009).

Disturbance to aquatic biota can be caused by the increasingly turbid coastal waters as a

result of mining activities. The increase in soil erosion rates is mainly due to the loss of

ground cover vegetation that occurs due to land clearing activities, stripping of topsoil, and

nickel ore mining (Hamzah, 2009).

2.2.3 Mining Waste Nickel

In nickel mining activities, there are various negative impacts on the environment,

namely the generation of three types of liquid waste in the form of engine cooling water, slag

cooling water and used oil and two types of solid waste in the form of overburden and

tailings (slag) (Hamzah, 2009).

Nickel mining tailings are slag in the form of cement-like grains of metal. If the slag

solid waste is too acidic, it can cause certain metals such as zinc and other metals to be

released so that it can endanger a body of water because it can cause a decrease in water

quality both physically and chemically and have an influence on the structure of the organism

community of a body of water (Zubayr, 2009).

Waste from nickel mining activities can be in the form of hazardous and toxic waste

(B3). The general definition of B3 waste is waste that has the potential to pose a risk to the

environment and public health (Zubayr, 2009). According to Government Regulation No.

18/1999, the definition of B3 waste is the residue of a business and/or activity that contains

hazardous and/or toxic materials which, due to their nature and/or concentration and/or

amount, either directly or indirectly, can pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or can

endanger the environment, health, human survival and other living things. This government

regulation also explains that waste is considered B3 waste if, after testing, it has one or more

of the following characteristics: explosive, flammable, reactive, toxic, infectious, and

corrosive.

2.3 Multiplier Effect

Richardson (1972) in Laoh (1989) said that input-output analysis is a tool to estimate

the impact of economic development in a region, and the magnitude of the impact can be

seen through the magnitude of the multiplier coefficient. Widely used multiplier coefficients

include the output multiplier coefficient, the labor multiplier coefficient, and the income

multiplier coefficient. According to the type of treatment, the multiplier coefficient can be

divided into type I multiplier coefficient and type II multiplier coefficient.

According to Cooper et al (1998) the multiplier concept is based on the sales of firms

that require purchases from other firms in the local economy, such as interdependent

industrial sectors of the economy one another. According to the terminology, there are three

multiplier effects: direct effect, indirect effect, and induced effect. These three effects are used

to calculate the economy, which is then used to estimate the economic impact at the local

level.

The Income Multiplier Ratio is a value that shows how much direct impact is felt from

business unit expenditure that impacts the local economy. This multiplier measures indirect

and induced impacts. The type 1 income multiplier ratio illustrates the value of the indirect

impact of merchant or business unit expenditure, while the type 2 income multiplier ratio is a

measure of the induced impact.

2.3 Assessment of Damage or Pollution to Natural Resources

and Environment

According to KLH (2007), economic valuation can also be applied to determine the

value of damage to an environment. After the elements of damage and decline in

environmental functions are identified, the total economic value of environmental damage

and the total economic value of the cost of rehabilitation and restoration of natural resources

and the environment can be approached to determine the total economic value of damage.

The total economic value approach to environmental damage is based on the value of

environmental services, biodiversity, and socio-cultural influences that are lost and or

damaged. The total economic value approach to rehabilitation costs is used to calculate

rehabilitation costs for damage to natural resources and the environment by estimating

recovery costs (MOE, 2007).

Degradation value or damage value is the cost paid to the party affected by pollution

or damage to natural resources and the environment so that the party concerned recovers or

does not experience a worse situation than the situation before being exposed to pollution or

damage. Calculation of damage costs through economic valuation uses the assumption that

natural resources and the environment provide services or services that are directly or

indirectly valued by humans. Meanwhile, damage valuation through rehabilitation costs also

involves humans and is determined by the rehabilitation method chosen to be implemented

(MOE, 2007).

According to Fauzi (2014), environmental damage assessment can help public policy in

determining the right price and use of fiscal mechanisms, such as environmental taxes, can

help decision making on public policy on the importance of goods and services produced

from natural resources and the environment, include depletion and degradation aspects of

natural resources and the environment in the context of development planning, and can help

public policy in determining compensation that occurs in natural resources and the

environment.

2.3.1 Concept of Change Productivity

Valuation of natural resources and the environment through the productivity change

approach is carried out using real market prices. By knowing the market price and quantity of

natural resources and the environment, the total value of these natural resources can be

determined (MOE, 2007).

In this method, the quantity of natural resources is considered as a factor of

production, so changes in the quality of the environment change productivity.

and production costs. Changes in productivity and production costs will inevitably change

prices and yield levels that can be observed and measured (MOE, 2007).

2.3.2 Cost Concept Prevention

If the value of environmental services cannot be estimated, then this approach, both

actual and potential expenditure, can be used. Through this concept, the value of the

environment is calculated based on the things that the community is prepared to do to prevent

environmental damage, such as making terraces to prevent erosion in the highlands, the cost

of maintaining national parks to improve water and or air quality, and others (MOE, 2007).

2.3.3 Cost Approach Health

The impact of changes in environmental quality can have a negative impact on health,

namely causing a group of people to become sick. The stages of implementing the medical

cost approach start from information explaining that there has been a health problem that

results in the need for medical expenses and or losses due to decreased work productivity, the

amount of medical expenses needed to recover, the amount of losses due to decreased work

productivity, the last is to calculate the total medical expenses and decreased work

productivity (KLH, 2007).

According to Dixon et al. (1996), the health cost approach can be used to measure the

value of health losses due to pollution, this approach is based on the linkage of damage

functions related to the level of pollution and its effect on physical health. The health cost

approach has been used to estimate the economic value of improving health. This method

estimates private and public expenditure on health and the value of lost income, in relation to

morbidity and mortality and pollution levels.

The health cost approach ignores the influence of individuals' preferences on health

and illness, for which they are willing to pay. This approach considers an individual's health

care as an expenditure and not accepting the likelihood of individuals taking preventive

measures against disease and providing for the costs of reducing health risks.

2.4 Previous Research

Research on Economic and Environmental Analysis of Nickel Mining Activities is a

research that aims to see the economic and environmental impacts that occur from nickel

mining activities as well as the identification of environmental impact management programs

in the research location. To conduct such research, it is necessary to know comprehensive

methods and analytical tools so that the research produces outputs that can then be used for

further similar research. To find out the pattern of thinking in research on economic and

environmental impact analysis, it is necessary to review relevant previous research.

Hermawati (2012) conducted research on the Economic, Social and Environmental

Impacts of Utilizing Dairy Cattle Waste: Case Study in Haurngombong Village, Pamulihan

Subdistrict, Sumedang Regency, West Java using quantitative methods and logistic

regression analysis. Quantitative methods were used to analyze livestock business income in

terms of revenue and costs and energy expenditure of respondents using the Microsoft Excel

2007 program. Logistic regression analysis was used to process factors influencing decision

making in managing dairy cattle livestock waste into biogas using the Statistics SPSS 17

program. This study also used qualitative methods with descriptive analysis used to analyze

perceptions and social and environmental impacts of utilizing dairy cattle livestock waste.

Economic analysis using qualitative methods provides results that the utilization of waste into

biogas has an economic impact on increasing farmers' income and saving community energy

expenditures. Both analyzed the economy and the environment, but the study used qualitative

methods and logistic regression analysis.

Haqq (2009) conducted research on Cost Effectiveness Analysis and Community

Assessment of Telogorejo Hospital Waste Management Semarang. This study uses the cost-

effectiveness analysis method to minimize the external costs incurred without reducing the

expected benefits of waste management so that the waste management system will be better.

From this method, the result of t he Large UDC obtained from the calculation is Rp 1

397.04. While the smallest cost-effectiveness ratio is in the COD parameter, which is Rp

0.016/mg. The cost-effectiveness ratios of TSS, BOD, NH3 and PO4 parameters are Rp

0.018/mg, Rp 0.044/mg, Rp 0.089/mg and Rp 0.471/mg. In this research using the cost-

effectiveness analysis method, the types of costs used are installation costs divided by the

economic life of the WWTP, operational costs and routine maintenance for three years, from

January 2005 to December 2007.

Hamzah (2009) conducted research on Water Quality Study of Pomalaa Nickel

Mining Site, Southeast Sulawesi. This study aims to evaluate water quality, determine the

amount of pollution load and analyze the assimilation capacity of coastal waters at the

Pomalaa nickel mining site. The research was conducted at 12 observation stations, namely,

Huko- Huko River, Pelambua River, Factory Outlet, Kumoro River, Pomalaa Pier, Shipyard,

Pomalaa Sea, Dawi-Dawi Slag Pier, Tambea Sea, Latumbi Sea, Sopura Sea, and Tanjung

Leppe Sea. Research using the STORET Index provides the results of the pollution status at

each research station. Kumoro River Station is classified as lightly polluted while other

stations are classified as moderately polluted. This research was also conducted in Pomalaa

District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, but this research was conducted to determine

the pollution load in Pomalaa waters as a result of nickel mining activities carried out by

various companies.

Zubayr (2009) conducted research on Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution Status in

Coastal Areas (Case Study of Liquid Waste Disposal and Solid Tailings/Slag of Pomalaa

Nickel Mining). The research was conducted in the coastal area of Kolaka Regency,

especially in the waste/tailings disposal area through a series of observations of waste/tailings

characteristics and measurement of physico-chemical properties of water in the coastal area.

The sampling locations consisted of 2 Four stations are located in the sea as waste inlets from

exploitation sites and factories, and eight stations are located in the sea as waste receivers.

T h e main data analysis conducted in this study is the determination of pollution load and

assimilation capacity. Determination of the water quality status of the study site was carried

out using the STORET method. Analysis of social data on community perceptions of liquid

waste and tailings (slag) at the research site is in the form of interviews and descriptive

questionnaires. The results of the STORET analysis of 8 measurement stations in the coastal

area where liquid waste and tailings (slag) are disposed of, all of them are in the medium

pollution category. There are 90% of people who do not know the coastal area of Pomalaa

has heavy metal content, this indicates the lack of government attention to mining activities,

especially monitoring of disposed waste / tailings (slag). This research is expected to be an

input as well as information in efforts to rehabilitate, preserve and utilize coastal areas. This

study was also conducted in Pomalaa District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, and this

study analyzed the status of heavy metal pollution caused by the disposal of liquid waste and

solid tailings/slag in Pomalaa nickel mining.

Wulandari (2013) conducted research on Estimating the Value of Community

Economic Losses Due to Situ Damage (Case of Settlements Around Situ Pladen, Beji

Village, Depok City). The research was conducted to estimate the value of community

economic losses due to damage to Situ Pladen. The research was conducted in Situ Pladen,

Beji Village, Beji Subdistrict, Depok City. The data used consisted of primary and secondary

data. The analysis methods used were descriptive analysis, Friedman test, and economic

valuation method. The result was that the total economic loss of the community due to

flooding in 2013 was Rp 92 956 229.23, the total cost of prevention within 10 years.

III FRAMEWORK THINKING

The mining sector plays an important role in building the country's economy.

Indonesia's mineral resources are spread from Sumatra Island to Irian Jaya Island. The

abundance of mineral resources and the great potential for the development of the mining

sector encourage mining companies both owned by the government and the private sector to

extract existing resources.

Nickel metal mineral production has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. One of

the companies that extracts nickel metal mineral resources is PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. The

company conducts mining activities and operations in Southeast Sulawesi and North Maluku

Provinces. Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Mining Business Unit (UBPN) in Pomalaa and

Tapunopaka and North Maluku UBPN in Buli.

It is necessary to consider sustainability aspects concerning the social and

environmental impacts of nickel mining activities. Mining activities carried out by PT

ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. provide economic and environmental impacts felt by the people of

Southeast Sulawesi Province. The economic impact is an increase in company income,

absorption of local labor, improvement of infrastructure in Southeast Sulawesi Province, and

multiplier effect. Environmental impacts arising from this mining activity include a decrease

in air quality around the mining site, and sedimentation that occurs on the coast of Kolaka

Regency adjacent to the mining site.

PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk has allocated environmental costs reaching Rp 105 656

915 249 for all operating units. Efforts to control environmental impacts due to the company's

operational activities and also post-mining follow the master plan for the implementation of

social and environmental responsibility in the mining phase.

PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk UBPN Sultra utilizes mining waste in the form of slag to

create an artificial beach. This beach is an alternative tourist location for the people of

Pomalaa who want to swim in the sea. Location This tour is visited by many tourists and

tourists who want to enjoy the facilities are not charged an entrance fee.

The first stage in this research is to determine the economic impact of nickel mining

production activities in UBPN Sultra. The second stage is to see the resulting environmental

impact, then analyzed using an assessment approach to damage or pollution of natural

resources and the environment. The third stage is to find out other benefits of nickel mining

activities in UBPN Sultra in the form of utilization of slag waste used to create tourist objects

in the form of artificial beaches.

The results of this study are expected to provide information on the value of economic

and environmental impacts of nickel mining activities for UBPN Sultra. And then it can be

used by the local government of Kolaka Regency in formulating policies in environmental

management for mining companies in the area. To facilitate the implementation of the

research, a flow of thinking framework is made which can be seen in Figure 1.

1.1

Retrieval Method Example

The sampling method for communities around UBPN Sultra who feel the

environmental impact of mining activities and visitors to Harapan Beach uses a non-

probability sampling method, where all research objects do not have the same opportunity to

be selected as respondents (Juanda, 2007). Respondents for environmental impacts were

taken using purposive sampling technique, which is a sampling technique by determining

specific criteria for the sample (Prasetyo and Jannah, 2005). Respondents were selected from

communities that live close to UBPN Sultra and were willing to be interviewed. The number

of respondents interviewed was 30 people from the Tambea Village community, Pomalaa

District.

Respondents who are visitors to tourist attractions are selected using the convenience

sampling method, where researchers take examples that are easily available, randomly or by

chance. This is relatively easier, faster and saves costs. The selected respondents were 40

visitors and met the criteria of being over 15 years old. Determination of the number of

samples in the study according to Roscoe (1975) in Sekaran et al (2006) is for most studies, a

sample size of more than 30 and less than 500 is appropriate.

1.2

Processing and Analysis Methods Data

Data collection is carried out to obtain the information needed in order to achieve the

research objectives. The data obtained will be processed descriptively, qualitatively and

quantitatively. This research uses the methods of business analysis, labor absorption analysis,

descriptive analysis of infrastructure improvement, multiplier effect analysis, cost of

sedimentation prevention and dust control as an impact of nickel mining activities, cost of

illness and descriptive analysis of the benefits of Harapan Beach Tourism Object. Data

processing is done with Microsoft Office Excel 2007 computer tools. Data analysis methods

that will be used to answer the objectives in the study can be seen in Table 4.

4.4.1 Environmental Impact Analysis

The environmental impact of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. nickel mining activities can

be seen from two indicators, namely air quality around the area of UBPN Sultra nickel

mining and processing activities and sedimentation of coastal areas. This can be analyzed

using the Health Cost and Prevention Cost method.

a. Health Costs

Nickel mining activities have a negative impact on the environment. The polluted

environment causes various diseases and incurs medical costs for people who contract the

disease. According to Dwight et al (2005) in Dewi (2011), the health cost approach can be

used to measure the value of health losses due to pollution, this approach is based on the

linkage of damage functions related to the level of pollution and its effect on health.

to physical health. This method is used to estimate the cost of morbidity due to changes that

cause people to become ill.

According to Dwight et al (2005) in Dewi (2011), health costs consist of Direct

Cost, Indirect Cost, Opportunity Cost, and Intangible Cost. This study estimates health costs

through Direct Cost and Opportunity Cost. Direct Cost is the direct cost incurred by sufferers

when contracting a disease. Opportunity Cost is the cost of lost productivity opportunities due

to illness. Direct Cost in this study is considered as the value of medical expenses to cure the

disease suffered by respondents. Opportunity Cost is the loss of income of respondents

because they c a n n o t work due to illness. The value of health costs can be seen in the

following equation:

C = P + MC

Description:

C= disease cost (Rp)

P= loss of income (Rp) MC= medical expenses (Rp)

1. Value of Revenue Lost

The value of respondents' income lost due to illness is calculated based on Cost of

Time. Cost of Time is the loss of respondents who do not go to work when they are sick. The

calculation of the Cost of Time value is different for respondents who work as employees and

non-employees. For respondents who work as employees, their current regular income is not

affected by the amount of time away from work due to illness. However, the loss of income

can be estimated through the Value of Sick Leave approach as a proxy for Cost of Time. Value

of Sick Leave explains how to estimate the actual value of sick leave that can be used to

reduce health insurance premiums in retirement. Cost of Time for non-employee respondents

is equal to the value of lost income per day. This value is obtained from the number of days

non-employee respondents did not work multiplied by the respondent's income level per day.

So, the value of respondents' lost income can be calculated with the following equation:

2. Medical Expenses

The medical expenses borne by respondents were calculated from the amount of money

spent on treatment, consisting of the cost of visiting a doctor or puskesmas and or the cost of

purchasing medicine. The respondent's medical expenses are the costs incurred by the

respondent to treat illness when the respondent is sick. The medical expenses incurred by

respondents can be seen in the following equation:

b. Cost of Prevention

According to MOE (2007), if the value of environmental services cannot be estimated,

then this approach, both actual and potential expenditure, can be used. Through this method,

the value of the environment is calculated based on what the community is prepared to do to

prevent environmental damage.

The stages of implementation of prevention cost calculation according to MOE (2007)

are:

1. Determine ways to prevent (minimize impact), both physical prevention and risk-averse

behavior.

2. Identify data and market prices for each data component required.

3. Add up all expenditure values to implement the prevention measures.

4.4.2 Identify the Benefits of Using Waste Slag

Identify the benefits of using slag waste to make artificial beaches using descriptive

analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to determine the characteristics of visitors to tourist

attractions in the form of artificial beaches from slag waste. Initial data in the form of

characteristics obtained will be tabulated into a t a b u l a r framework and then analyzed on

these characteristics. The variables analyzed include gender, age, education level, type of

work, income, number of dependents, area of origin, distance traveled, travel time, number of

visits, travel costs, mode of arrival, number of groups, means of transportation used, purpose

of visit, and length of time knowing the tourist location.

5.1 General Site Conditions Research

5.1.1 General Condition of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. Nickel Mining Business Unit (UBPN)

Southeast Sulawesi

ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. Nickel Mining Business Unit (UBPN) Southeast Sulawesi

(Sultra) is a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) engaged in nickel mining. This nickel mining

activity is administratively located in Pomalaa District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi

Province.

The area of the Mining Authorization (KP) of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN

Sultra is 7 251.3 Ha. According to the RKL RPL Report for the first quarter of 2012 of PT

ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra (2012d), nickel ore mining in the KP Pomalaa area is

divided into three mining areas, namely the North Area, Central Area, and South Area

including a group of islands in Mekongga Bay.

The northern area is bounded by the Kumoro River, which flows southeast towards

Mekongga Bay in the center of the northern area. This area extends northwards beyond the

western KP area near the coast, encircling the hills and flanking the Kumoro River.

The northern central region borders the southern northern region, separated by the

Kumoro River, the northern part is hilly and the southern part is coastal and the western part

consists of a very wide valley and the eastern part is the boundary of the KP area.

The southern area includes several areas including Sitado, Tanjung Pagar, Tanjung

Leppe and Batu Kilat. The mining area in Mekongga Bay forms a cluster separated by a

shallow sea with an average depth of 30 meters. These islands are Maniang Island,

Lambasani Island and Buaya Island.

Nickel production of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra consists of high-grade

laterite nickel ore or High Grade Saprolite Ore (HGSO), nickel ore, and nickel ore Low

Grade Saprolite Ore (LGSO), and Limonite. High grade laterite nickel ore (HGSO >1.80%

Ni) is depleting its reserves, therefore to extend the production period of PT ANTAM

(Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra, utilized the large reserves of low grade laterite nickel ore

(LGSO 1.50%-1.79% Ni). The HGSO nickel ore is then used as raw material to produce

Ferronickel (FeNi) metal.

To date, PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra has successfully built three FeNi

plant units, namely unit 1 plant with a capacity of 5 000 tons, unit 2 plant with a capacity of

5000 tons, and unit 3 plant with a capacity of 15 000 tons. In the area of PT ANTAM

(Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra in addition to the ferronickel plant, there are also other

supporting infrastructure such as power plants, seaports, hospitals, and employee housing

complexes. Until the end of 2012, the number of permanent employees of PT.ANTAM

(Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra has 1 136 employees, up from 1 125 employees in 2011. In

addition to permanent employees, there is another group of workers, namely outsourced

employees who are employed on a contract basis for certain jobs. The number of outsourced

employees in 2012 at PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk.UBPN Sultra reached 3 356 people.

PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. has a policy to involve local labor or local sons. Local

employees are defined as workers who were born around the Ring III area around the location

of the company's activities, which includes provincial coverage. The percentage of local

employees at PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra in 2012 reached 80% of the total

number of permanent employees, namely 909 people. Of the number of employees of local

sons, four people have served at the manager level, reaching 0.44%.

As a company that utilizes natural resources, PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN

Sultra conducts post-mining strategies which include environmental management. In 2012,

UBPN Sultra has conducted reclamation efforts on twenty hectares of ex-mining land. Nine

hectares were in Bukit R1 and eleven hectares were in Bukit R2.

5.1.2 General Condition of the Village Tambea

Tambea Village is located in Pomala District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi

Province, with an area of approximately 34.16 km². Geographical conditions in the form of

hilly land and on the coast with rainfall of 215 mm / year, the air temperature ranges from 29-

33 degrees Celsius. The distance of the research location from the district capital, Kolaka, is

approximately 32 km, from the sub-district town, Pomalaa Village, 3 km. The condition of

the district road facilities and infrastructure is quite good, partly paved and partly damaged

and rocky, while the village road facilities are still rocky and there are even dirt roads.

Tambea Village is a village located in the center of Pomalaa Sub-district,

The distance from one village to another is quite far. Geographically, Tambea Village borders

the following areas:

a. North : Pomalaa Village

b. South: Pesouha Village, Pomalaa District

c. West: Hakatutobu Village, Pomalaa Sub-district

d. East: Bone Bay

Based on village monographic data, it was found that the total population in 2012 was

983 or 250 households, spread across three sub-villages, namely Sanre Bulo sub-village (105

households), Mattiro Riaja sub-village (71 households), Mattiro Rilau sub-village (74

households). The average population of this village has a livelihood as a fisherman with a

percentage of 57.86% of the total working village population of 319 people, private

employees at 26.65%, self-employed at 10.97%, civil servants at 3.13%, retired civil servants

/ TNI / Polri at 0.94%, and village healers at 0.63%.

The number of Tambea Village residents who completed their education was 564

people. The highest percentage of residents who completed their education up to junior high

school level was 38.48% (217 people), followed by residents who completed their education

up to elementary school level (37.05%) (209 people). Those who completed their education

up to senior high school level amounted to 21.1% (119 people), up to a diploma level

amounted to 1.95% (11 people), and up to Bachelor's degree level amounted to 1.42% (8

people).

In general, the economic condition of the community is classified as lower middle

class, access to clean water, educational facilities, worship facilities, and health facilities is

quite difficult due to the limited number and difficult roads to the location. Educational

facilities available in Tambea Village consist of one Early Childhood Education (PAUD) and

one Elementary School (SD). The available worship facilities consist of one mosque. The

available health facilities consist of one Village Health Center (Puskesdes), one posyandu,

nine dug wells, and two drilled wells. The potential that comes from natural resources in the

form of bays and mining products is enough to provide hope for the people of Tambea

Village.

5.2 Characteristics of Respondents

5.2.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Communities

The socio-economic characteristics of the community are important to study in this

research. The socio-economic characteristics of the community living around UBPN Sultra

can affect the value of environmental impacts felt by the community. In addition, community

characteristics will also affect the community's answers regarding the perception of the

existence and environmental impacts caused by UBPN Sultra and its control efforts.

The socioeconomic characteristics of the Tambea Village community were obtained

based on a survey of 30 respondents representing 983 people in the village. The

characteristics of these respondents were viewed from several aspects including gender, age,

latest education, type of work, household income, status of residence, and length of stay. An

explanation of each respondent's characteristic criteria can be described in the discussion

below.

a. Gender

Most of the respondents interviewed in this study were male, which amounted to 90%

while female respondents amounted to 10% of the total 30 respondents. The dominance of

male respondents is because in general men play the role of head of the family who works for

the family and understands household income and expenses. This helped the research to

obtain information on health costs and days away from work due to illness. A comparison of

the ages of male and female respondents can be seen in Table 5.

b. Age

Age level is one of the criteria that reflects the level of maturity and mindset of a person

in taking an action or decision regarding matters related to him. The age of respondents is

quite varied with a distribution of ages 21-70 years. The largest number of respondents was in

the age distribution of 31-40 years, which amounted to 36.67% of the total number of

respondents.

c. Education Level

A person's level of education is also an influential factor in decision-making and the

mindset of that person in addition to age. The education level of respondents in this study

varies, ranging from elementary school to university level. The majority of respondents are

high school graduates.

d. Type of Work

The types of respondents' jobs consisted of private employees, laborers, and self-

employed. The main occupation of respondents in Tambea Village is private employees,

which is 60%, followed by laborers at 23.33% and self-employed at 16.67%. Respondents

who work as private employees work in private mining companies and heavy equipment

supply companies. A comparison of the percentage of respondents in each type of work can

be seen in Table 8.

e. Reception

The amount of respondents' income based on the results of the study varied

considerably. The respondent's income in this study is the sum of the main and side income

of the head of the household. The amount of income represents the level of household

welfare. The majority of the community respondents had ranged between Rp 1 500 001-Rp 2

000 000, amounting to 43.33% of the total number of respondents. Variations in the amount

of respondents' income can be seen in Table 9.

f. Status of Residence

Based on the survey results, the majority of respondents' home ownership is self-

owned, amounting to 60% of all respondents. Then, respondents who rent or rent a house are

40%. This shows that the environmental impacts that occur will generally affect respondents

who stay at the location and cannot move. A comparison of the distribution of respondents'

home ownership status can be seen in Table 10.

g. Length of Stay

The length of stay of respondents relates to the extent to which respondents feel the

environmental impact of UBPN Sultra's nickel mining activities and adapt to these

circumstances. The majority of respondents have lived around UBPN Sultra for 1-10 years,

as many as 60% of the total respondents. Although the distance of residence is close to the

UBPN

5.2.2 Community Perceptions of UBPN Sultra's Existence and Environmental Impacts

Nickel mining activities in UBPN Sultra have positive and negative impacts on the

surrounding community. These mining activities open more opportunities to work in the

mining sector and sectors that support mining for the surrounding community. It is also

undeniable that mining activities can cause negative impacts on the surrounding environment.

The existence of UBPN Sultra still has an environmental impact felt by the surrounding

community, especially the people of Tambea Village, Pomalaa District.

a. Public Perception of the Existence of UBPN Sultra

Nickel mining activities by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra has been carried

out since 1968. The company is a state-owned company, 65% of whose shares are owned by

the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. The existence of UBPN Sultra in Pomalaa

Sub-district, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi has caused an attitude that is shown from

the local community's approval of the company's nickel mining activities. Based on the

results of research on 30 respondents in Tambea Village, Pomalaa District, as many as 17

respondents (56.67%) stated that they agreed with the existence of the company's nickel

mining activities.

The majority of respondents stated that they agreed with the existence of UBPN Sultra.

The reason for this agreement is based on the role of UBPN Sultra for the economy of the

surrounding community, including providing added value to household income, the

opportunity to work at UBPN Sultra, UBPN Sultra cares about the community and helps

build village facilities / infrastructure, and also UBPN Sultra prioritizes local labor.

b. Community Perceptions of Environmental Impacts

Environmental impacts arising from nickel mining activities by UBPN Sultra, based on

the results of the study were felt by 20 respondents (66.67%) out of a total of 30 respondents

in Tambea Village, while 10 other respondents (33.33%) stated that they did not feel the

environmental impact of nickel mining activities. The proportion can be seen in Table 13.

This can be influenced by respondents' understanding of the definition of environmental

impact itself. Most people understand that the environmental impact of nickel mining

activities in this study is the effect of nickel mining activities UBPN Sultra on environmental

quality around the mining area. Changes in environmental quality, in this case air quality, are

the impact of nickel mining activities. The proportion of community perceptions regarding

changes in environmental quality can be seen in Table 14.

Based on the table, 21 respondents (70%) stated that there was a decrease in air quality

in their neighborhood as nickel mining developed in the area. Air quality was stated to be

constant by 3 respondents (10%) and 6 other respondents (20%) stated that they did not know

whether there was a change in air quality or not.

5.2.3 Characteristics of Beach Attraction Visitors Expectations

Visitor characteristics are important to study in this research. These visitor

characteristics can affect the benefits felt by the community. Visitor characteristics were

obtained based on a survey of 40 respondents representing visitors to Pantai Harapan tourist

attraction. These visitor characteristics are viewed from several aspects including gender, age,

education level, type of work, income, and number of dependents. An explanation of each

respondent's characteristic criteria can be described in the discussion below.

a. Gender

Most of the respondents interviewed in this study were male, which amounted to 62.5%

while respondents who were female amounted to 37.5% of the total 40 respondents. The

dominance of male respondents is because they generally understand household income and

expenses and have a role as head of the household who is the main source of family income.

This helps researchers in obtaining information on travel costs incurred to reach Pantai

Harapan tourist attraction. Comparison between male and female respondents can be seen in

Table 15.

b. Age

Age level is one of the criteria that reflects the level of maturity and mindset of a

person in taking an action or decision regarding matters related to him. The age of

respondents is quite varied with an age distribution between 17-52 years. The highest number

of respondents was in the age distribution of 23-28 years, which amounted to 42.5% of all

respondents.

c. Education Level

A person's level of education is also one of the factors that influence decision making

and people's mindset This is in addition to the age factor. The education level of respondents

in this study varied, ranging from elementary school to university level. The majority of

respondents are graduates of senior high school (SMA), as many as 62.5% of all respondents.

A comparison of the percentage of respondents' education levels can be seen in Table 17.

d. Type of Work

The main occupation of respondents visiting Pantai Harapan tourist attraction is private

employees at 67.5%, followed by housewives at 17.5%. Visitors who work and students have

routine activities at work, so they usually take advantage of holidays and free time to do

recreation. For housewives who do recreation usually to accompany their husbands and

children. A comparison of the percentage of the number of respondents in each type of work

can be seen in Table 18.

6.1 Economic Impact Analysis of Mining Activities

6.1.1 Revenue Analysis Business

a. Total Revenue

Business revenue is the result of multiplying the amount of production by the selling

price. The revenue obtained for one year came from the sale of ferronickel and nickel laterite

ore i n 2 0 1 2 . T h e business analysis in the study used 2012 data, because in the year the

study was conducted the company had not yet published the company's revenue data. The

company produces ferronickel as an advanced product from laterite nickel ore. Nickel ore

comes from three mines owned by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra in Pomalaa

District. Business revenue of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra is the result of

multiplying the amount of laterite nickel ore production and ferronickel exported by the

selling price. The amount of production of nickel laterite ore and ferronickel exported and the

selling price can be seen in table 21.

ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra in 2012 produced 18 372 tons of ferronickel or

40 503 329.94 pounds. The amount of ferronickel production is the largest compared to other

production products, such as LGSO of 1 349 970 wmt and limonite of 493 455 wmt. In 2012,

ferronickel exports were t h e largest, reaching 43 062 897 pounds with a selling price of

US$ 7.7/pound or when converted at the exchange rate in 2012 to Rp 73 150/pound. The total

business revenue of UBPN Sultra from the sale of nickel mining products in 2012 was Rp 3

564 712 224 720. In 2012 the exchange rate of the rupiah against the dollar was in the range

of Rp 9 500 and then converted to the current value by multiplying the value by the deposit

interest rate that has been added one and multiplied by the difference between the year of

receipt and the current year, namely in 2014 with Bank Indonesia deposit interest rate of

7.50% period April 2014. Business revenue of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra

from the sale of ferronickel amounted to Rp 3 640 277 589 282.47, revenue from the sale of

LGSO amounted to Rp 418 277 901 274.57, and revenue from Limonite sales amounted to

Rp 60 915 074 135.02. Based on these calculations, the company's revenue from export

product sales at the current value is Rp 4 119 470 564 692.05.

b. Total Cost

Total cost is an important component in a business that will manage inputs into outputs.

The total costs incurred by the company during one year include fixed costs and variable

costs. Fixed costs are costs that are fixed in amount, independent of changes in the level of

activity in producing products. Variable costs are costs that depend on the amount of

production produced.

Fixed costs in nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra

includes administrative and general expenses, as well as depreciation and amortization

expenses. The amount of fixed costs incurred by the company during 2012 amounted to Rp

450 790 084 535, this value is then converted to the current value by multiplying the value by

the deposit interest rate that has been added one and multiplied by the difference in the year

of expenditure with the current in 2014 with the Bank Indonesia deposit interest rate of

7.50% period April 2014, so that the fixed costs obtained is Rp 520 944 291 440.76

(Appendix 2). Details of fixed costs in nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk.

UBPN Sultra can be seen in Table 22.

Variable costs include material expenses, taxes and levies, employee expenses,

service expenses, other expenses, and marketing expenses. The amount of variable costs

incurred by the company during 2012 was Rp 2 920 447 000 000.00, this value was then

converted to the current value by multiplying this value by the deposit interest rate which has

been added one and raised by the difference between the year of expenditure and the present,

namely in 2014 with the Bank Indonesia deposit interest rate of 7.50% for the April 2014

period so that variable costs were obtained at Rp 3 374 941 564.

375.00 (Appendix 2). Details of variable costs in nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM

(Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra can be seen in Table 23.

c. Business Income Analysis

Revenue is the difference between total revenue and total costs. Nickel mining

activity revenue of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra is obtained from the difference

between the total revenue obtained and the total costs incurred. Revenue is determined by the

sales value of Ferronickel, LGSO and limonite exported, while the total cost is determined by

the production costs incurred.

Total revenue is the result of multiplying the amount of exported production by the

unit price of the product. The total revenue obtained by the company amounted to Rp 4 119

470 564 692.05. Total costs incurred

the company amounted to Rp 3 895 885 855 815.76. Based on the business analysis of nickel

mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra, the company obtained a

business profit of Rp 223 584 708 876.29. Analysis of the income of nickel mining activities

of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra can be seen in table 25.

6.1.2 Analysis of Labor Absorption

In this study, the analysis used is the analysis of local labor absorption by looking at the

number of workers absorbed in the nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk.

UBPN Southeast Sulawesi. Local workers are workers who are sons of the region from

Southeast Sulawesi Province. In its production activities, the workforce of PT ANTAM

(Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra is divided into permanent employees and outsourced employees.

Of the total 1136 permanent employees, 909 local workers came from Southeast

Sulawesi Province or 80.02% in 2012. Outsourced employees came from companies in

Southeast Sulawesi Province that partner with PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Southeast

Sulawesi. The number of outsourced employees in 2012 was 3356 people or 74.7% of the

total number of employees of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra as many as 4492

people. The list of companies and the number of workers for each company can be seen in

Appendix 3.

Southeast Sulawesi Province had 527 352 households in 2012 (Health Profile of

Southeast Sulawesi Province, 2012). T h e number of local workers absorbed by nickel

mining activities at PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Southeast Sulawesi as many as 4265

people. The percentage of labor absorption can be calculated by dividing the number of

working days by the number of households multiplied by the number of working days then

multiplied by one hundred percent. Labor Absorption = Number of local workers x Number

of working days x 100%

Number of households in Southeast Sulawesi x Number of working days Labor

Absorption = 4265x 300 x 100%

527 352 x 300

Labor Absorption = 0.809%

Employees of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra, both permanent and

outsourced, have the same working hours between men and women, so that in the calculation

of labor absorption is not differentiated between men and women. Therefore, the percentage

of labor absorption from the nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN

Sultra is 0.809%.

6.1.3 Descriptive Analysis of Improvements Infrastructure

In mining activities carried out by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Southeast

Sulawesi, the company's social responsibility towards the impacts caused is one of them in

the Community Development (BL) and Community Development (Comdev) programs. The

implementation of corporate social responsibility is part of an effort to improve the

company's performance, both in maintaining the sustainability of business operations,

building positive company values in the eyes of the public, and maintaining harmonious

relationships with stakeholders.

The implementation of BL and comdev program includes infrastructure improvement

in Southeast Sulawesi Province, especially in Kolaka Regency. BL and comdev program

funds are taken from the company's profit. In 2012, the realization of funds for basic

infrastructure improvement by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Southeast Sulawesi

reached Rp 22 491 478 209. Infrastructure improvements carried out by the company such as

support for the construction of mosques, road paving, community service vehicle assistance,

support for the construction of meeting halls, and support for the construction of government

buildings. This infrastructure improvement fund is then converted to the current value by

multiplying the value with the deposit interest rate that has been added one and multiplied by

the difference between the year of expenditure and the present, namely in 2014 with the Bank

Indonesia deposit interest rate of 7.50% for the April 2014 period, so that the cost of

infrastructure improvement is Rp 25 991 714 505.28. Details of basic infrastructure

improvements and costs incurred can be seen in Appendix 4.

6.1.4 Multiplier Effect Value

The value of the multiplier effect is used to measure how much economic impact on the

community around UBPN Sultra. The economic impact of UBPN Sultra on the community is

estimated using the income multiplier ratio type I, which is a value that shows how much

indirect impact on the local economy. The calculation of the type I income multiplier ratio

can be seen in Table 26.

The estimated value of the type I income multiplier ratio is obtained from the sum of

the value of the direct impact felt by the community from UBPN Sultra expenditures in the

form of tax and levy burdens (Table 23) and infrastructure improvement costs (Appendix 4)

with the value of the indirect impact felt by the community from UBPN Sultra expenditures

in the form of local labor wages, the results of this sum are then divided by the value of the

direct impact. Local labor wages are obtained from multiplying the number of local workers

of 4 265 people by the wages of outsourced labor in one year. Based on Table 26, the

estimated value of the type I income multiplier ratio is 1.34, meaning that every one rupiah

increase in UBPN Sultra expenditure will result in an increase of 1.34 rupiah to the income of

the community and local labor in UBPN Sultra.

6.2 Environmental Impact Analysis of Mining Activities of PT. ANTAM (Persero) Tbk.

UBPN Sultra

6.2.1 Prevention Cost Analysis Sedimentation

Sedimentation prevention efforts as a result of mining activities in the KP area of PT

ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra needs to be done to reduce the risk or impact of these

activities. However, these efforts require costs that must be incurred by the company.

Sedimentation prevention efforts that have been carried out include making mine drainage

channels according to land contours, making sediment traps, and making sedimentation

ponds.

Drainage channels are made in the mining area and on the mine road. The creation of

these channels is intended to concentrate runoff water through drainage ditches so that it is

very easy to control the course of surface flow and sediment load. Sediment traps are made

with the aim that the sediment load transported through the drainage ditches can be

accommodated in them. Sedimentation ponds are created at locations adjacent to the water.

With the creation of sedimentation ponds, water mixed with mud will be collected entirely in

these ponds. With the creation of sedimentation ponds, it is expected that the water released

into the waters will no longer contain mud. Currently, each sediment pond has a volume of

60,000m3 with 14 units at the north mine site, 6 units at the central mine site, and 3 units at

the south mine site. Then a drainage channel is made from the sediment pond to the sea so

that the water does not enter the residents' rice fields, reducing their productivity.

(Environmental Management Plan of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra, 2010).

Sedimentation prevention efforts can be carried out using heavy equipment. The

heavy equipment used by UBPN Sultra is the PC 200 type which is rented from a partner

company. PC 200 is a heavy equipment that has a long range that makes it easy to make

drainage, sediment traps, and sedimentation ponds. The use of heavy equipment uses a

contract system carried out with partner companies. Contracts are made every month by

calculating the time of use of heavy equipment.

The use of the PC 200 machine for sedimentation prevention is influenced by the

weather conditions at the mine site at the time and the work to be carried out. The type of

sedimentation prevention carried out is adjusted to the mine site, whether drainage channels,

sediment traps, and sedimentation ponds will be made or only maintenance in the form of

dredging silt against drainage channels, sediment traps, and sedimentation ponds.

It can be seen in Table 27, the use of PC 200 heavy equipment in September, October

and November used two heavy equipment. This is because in these months the company

made efforts to prevent sedimentation by maintaining drainage channels, sediment traps, and

sedimentation ponds before entering the rainy season. Heavy equipment cannot work at the

mine site when the weather is rainy, because the soil is unstable so it is feared that it can

injure heavy equipment users.

The calculation of sedimentation prevention costs is calculated by converting the

costs incurred by the company in a particular year to present value using the prevailing

interest rate. This method is known as compounding. In this study, all costs incurred by the

company in conducting sedimentation prevention efforts were converted into present value,

namely in 2014 with the Bank Indonesia deposit rate of 7.50% for the April 2014 period.

The prevention costs incurred by the company to reduce the impact of sedimentation

come from the rental of PC 200 heavy equipment and the wages of two outsourced workers

who operate the heavy equipment. The use of PC 200 heavy equipment in 2012 amounted to

Rp 1 617 100 000 and the wages of outsourced labor amounted to Rp 20 273 000, then

converted to the current value by multiplying the value with the deposit interest rate that has

been added one and raised by the difference between the year of cost expenditure and the

present. Based on these calculations, the cost of preventing sedimentation was obtained at Rp

1 892 189 173.13, which can be seen in the table below.

Appendix 5.

6.2.2 Control Cost Analysis Dust

Nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra has a negative

impact on the environment in the form of air pollution from dust generated by the operation

of the Diesel Power Plant (PLTD) generator, the production process, and the transportation of

raw materials. Based on the Environmental Management Plan of PT ANTAM UBPN Sultra

(2010), efforts to control the impact of air pollution due to increased dust and particles in the

air at the location of activities and settlements include watering the raw material

transportation route from the port site to the factory site that crosses residential areas.

This effort is carried out every day while UBPN Sultra is operating. Watering dust in

the dry season is done more often than in the rainy season, because the dust is thicker. The

source of water for dust watering comes from nearby rivers, namely Kumoro and Huko-Huko

rivers (Sustainability Report of PT.ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN, 2012a). The costs

incurred by the company to reduce the impact of air pollution in the form of dust come from

the rental of one unit of heavy equipment water truck and the wages of outsourced labor

totaling two people who operate the equipment. The cost of renting a water truck in 2012 was

Rp 2 400 000 and the wages of outsourced labor as heavy equipment operators amounted to

Rp 44 232 000.

The cost of dust control is obtained from the sum of the cost of renting water trucks and

outsourced labor wages, then the value is converted to the current value by multiplying the

value by the deposit interest rate which has been added one and raised by the difference

between the year of expenditure and the present, namely in 2014 with a Bank Indonesia

deposit interest rate of 7.50% for the period April 2014. Based on this calculation, the cost of

dust control is Rp 53 889 105, which can be seen in Appendix 6.

6.2.3 Health Costs Society

Environmental impacts that arise as a result of nickel mining activities by UBPN Sultra

have an impact on the health of people living around the location of these activities.

Environmental impacts in the form of dust pollution disrupt public health so that people have

to spend money to treat t h e i r illnesses. Besides In addition to the cost of medical

treatment, other losses experienced by the community include loss of income due to being

unable to work due to illness.

a. Medical Expenses

Based on the results of the study, 30% of the 30 respondents (9 respondents) suffered

from illness due to decreased air quality in the form of dust around UBPN Sultra. The illness

suffered by respondents related to decreased air quality is Acute Respiratory Tract Infection

(ARI). Of the 9 respondents who suffered from illness, 1 respondent (11.11%) went to the

hospital and 8 other respondents (88.89%) went to the nearest health center.

The results of the estimation of the total cost of community treatment can be seen in Table 1.

29. All respondents who suffered from illness incurred medical expenses to treat their illness.

The total medical expenses of the respondents amounted to Rp 1 230 000, which can be seen

in Appendix 7. The total medical expenses were divided by 9 respondents who incurred

medical expenses, resulting in an average medical expense of Rp 136 667 per person. This

average cost was then multiplied by 30% of the total population of 983 people, resulting in a

total medical cost incurred by the community due to decreased air quality in the form of dust

around UBPN Sultra in 2014 of Rp 40 303 000. The 30% of the village population in this

assumption represents the percentage of people who suffer from illness.

b. Loss of Income Due to Illness

Based on the results of the study, 26.67% of 30 respondents (8 respondents) did not

work due to illness in 2014. The loss of respondents' working time affects the income

received. Loss of income respondents were estimated from the number of days away from

work due to illness multiplied by the respondent's income per day. The average number of

days that respondents did not work due to illness was 6 days. The respondent's income per

day is obtained from dividing the monthly salary by the number of days worked during the

month using the assumption that the number of working days per month is 25 days.

The total income lost due to respondents not working due to illness was Rp 3 360 000

with a minimum income of Rp 40 000, as shown in Appendix 8. The average income lost due

to illness was obtained by dividing this amount by the number of respondents not working

due to illness, namely 8 people, resulting in an average value of Rp 420 000 per HH. This

average loss was then multiplied by 26.67% of the total population of 250 households. Table

30 shows that the total income lost due to illness as a result of air quality degradation in the

6.2.4 Cost of Prevention Society

In addition to medical expenses, the community incurs costs to avoid getting sick from

the decline in air quality due to dust around UBPN Sultra. The costs incurred by the

community are in the form of costs to buy masks. Based on the results of the study, 26.67%

of the 30 respondents (8 people) spent money to prevent illnesses such as coughing, and

asthma.

The total cost of preventing illness incurred by respondents was IDR 105 000, which

can be seen in Appendix 9. The average cost was obtained by dividing the total cost by the

number of respondents who incurred the cost, which was 8 people, resulting in a value of

IDR 13 125 per person. This value was then multiplied by 26.67% of the village population

which amounted to 983 people, the total value of community prevention costs is Rp 3 440

500, can be seen in Table 31.

Based on the data presented, the estimated environmental costs incurred by the

community and the company as a result of nickel mining activities in UBPN Sultra are

obtained from the total cost of sedimentation prevention, dust control costs, and public health

costs, and prevention costs incurred by the community. It can be assumed that the estimated

environmental impact felt by the community and the government is the sum of the

environmental costs incurred by the community and the company.

In Table 32, it can be seen that the largest environmental costs were incurred by UBPN

Sultra, which amounted to 93.77% of the total environmental impact value of Rp 2 017 821

778.13. The total expenditure of the UBPN Sultra company as an environmental impact of

UBPN Sultra nickel mining activities is Rp 1 946 078 278.13 (96.44%). This value is

obtained from the total sedimentation prevention costs and dust control costs in 2012 that

have been converted using the compounding method to current values. Total community

expenditure amounted to Rp 71 743 500.00 (3.56%) of the total environmental impact value.

From these results it can be seen that the largest environmental costs are incurred by UBPN

Sultra for sedimentation prevention and dust control costs.

The percentage of estimated environmental costs incurred by UBPN Sultra and the

community compared to UBPN Sultra's revenues and expenditures and the Gross Regional

Domestic Product (GRDP) of Southeast Sulawesi Province can be seen in Table 33.

The percentage can show the proportion of the magnitude of the environmental impact

of nickel mining activities on the company and the GRDP of Southeast Sulawesi Province.

The amount of company revenue obtained from the calculation in Appendix 1 and the amount

of company expenditure obtained from the calculation in Table 24. GRDP of Southeast

Sulawesi Province based on constant 2000 prices in 2013 was Rp 15 040 860 000 0006 .

ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra and the community incur environmental costs

every month. Based on data from the Pomalaa Community Health Center, the number of

people who underwent treatment at the health center due to ARI disease during 2012 was 108

people. With an average medical cost of Rp 48 889 per person for one visit to the health

center.

6.2.6 Benefits of Artificial Beach from Waste Slag

Nickel processing activities into ferronickel produce tailings rock waste (slag). This

slag waste is then utilized by UBPN Sultra to build a tourist attraction in the form of an

artificial beach generated from the slag. a mixture of slag fill and soil. This artificial beach

was built in 2004 and opened to the public in 2006 with the name Harapan B e a c h .

Harapan Beach Tourism Object is located in the complex of PT ANTAM (Persero)

Tbk.UBPN Sultra. Administratively, this tourist attraction is included in the area of Pomalaa

Village, Pomalaa District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The location of

this tourist attraction is adjacent to the port owned by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. and ports

owned by other private mining companies. This tourist attraction which is different from

other beach tourism in Kolaka Regency was deliberately built by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk.

UBPN Sultra as a recreational facility for the community. Harapan Beach Tourism Object

was built in the coastal area near the employee housing complex which was initially not

utilized for any activities. The community around UBPN Sultra before the construction of

Pantai Harapan could not enjoy the beauty of nature easily because it was covered by

employee housing and the absence of any activities access road to the beach.

The area of Pantai Harapan tourist attraction is 2 hectares with an entrance road along 1

kilometer that juts into the sea. The main attraction of this tourist attraction is the seawater

bathing pool which consists of two children's bathing pools and one adult bathing pool. The

children's bathing pool is up to one meter deep and the adult bathing pool is up to five meters

deep. In addition to these bathing pools, Harapan Beach has the attraction of natural scenery

in the form of sunset which can be seen at the west end of Harapan Beach. The uniqueness

that is not owned by other beaches is the expanse of slag waste which is one of the hoarding

materials so that Harapan Beach is formed.

Along the entrance to Harapan Beach, UBPN Southeast Sulawesi planted mangrove

trees to break the waves and prevent coastal abrasion. In the middle of the mangrove trees, a

colorful wooden bridge was built that visitors can use to walk around the mangrove trees. In

this tourist area there are also supporting facilities such as two toilets and three bathrooms,

one changing room, a tribune next to the adult bathing pool, one lodge, and a large pavilion

complete with a swimming pool sound devices. The management also always maintains the

security and cleanliness of tourist sites well, providing patrol officers and adequate trash bins

so that visitors always feel safe and the cleanliness of the tourist area is maintained.

UBPN Sultra does not set an entrance fee for visitors because the initial purpose of the

Harapan Beach development is for the benefit of the community and as a means of getting

closer between the company and the community. Access to this Pantai Harapan tourist

attraction can be said to be very easy because there are no other obstacles such as damaged

roads or road repairs, all types of vehicles can enter until the parking lot located in the

seawater bathing pool area. This easy access is thought to have an effect on people's desire to

recreate at this tourist attraction.

Based on this research, it can be seen that all visitor respondents come from Kolaka

Regency. Most of the visitor respondents came from Pomalaa Sub-district, where this tourist

attraction is located, which is 80% of the total 40 respondents (32 people), due to easy access

and close distance to Pantai Harapan tourist attraction. Other visitor respondents came from

Baula sub-district, Wundulako sub-district, and Mowewe sub-district.

The distance from each village to this tourist attraction varies. Most respondents

traveled less than one kilometer, as many as 35%. These respondents mostly came from

Pomalaa Village and Kumoro Village, which is a housing complex area for UBPN Sultra

employees.

The distance traveled by visitors to get to the location affects the travel time spent by

visitors. Respondents who took less than 5 minutes to get to the location were 37.5% of the

total 40 respondents. This is thought to be influenced by the close distance and also roads that

are free of obstacles, such as traffic jams or damaged roads. Respondents who visited

Harapan Beach mostly visited as many as

1 to 8 times in the year of the research due to the proximity of the tourist attraction and easy

to reach. Respondents who visited Harapan Beach 1 to 8 times a year amounted to 52.5% of

40 respondents (21 people). Even 35% of respondents (14 people) visit Harapan Beach more

than 25 times a year. The average visit from each visitor for one year is 27 visits.

The existence of this tourist attraction also attracts food vendors to sell in this area.

Based on the research, there are only 3 traders with their respective types of merchandise who

trade every day at Harapan Beach, namely skewered meatball traders, boiled corn traders, and

dumpling traders. Visitor respondents who incurred consumption costs at the tourist attraction

location amounted to 37.5% of the total 40 respondents (15 people). The cost of consumption

at the location of this respondent is a revenue for local traders. From the results of the study,

it was found that the respondents' consumption costs at tourist sites amounted to Rp 260 000

in one study period. The cost of consumption at this location was then divided by the number

of respondents who incurred consumption costs, namely 15 people, so that the amount of

consumption expenditure at the location averaged Rp 17 333.33 for one visitor per visit. The

assumption of merchant revenue from one visitor in a year can be seen in Table 35.

Visitor consumption costs at tourist sites are included in the travel costs incurred by

visitors to Pantai Harapan tourist attraction. Travel costs are all costs incurred during

recreation to tourist attractions, which consist of transportation costs and consumption costs,

both consumption costs at the location and consumption costs brought from home. Visitors to

Pantai Harapan tourist attraction are not charged other fees by the manager to use the

facilities that have been provided, except for the use of a large pavilion facility that is

complete with sound equipment and can be used for the public karaoke. To be able to use this

pavilion, visitors are charged a one-day rental rate of Rp 250 000.

Recreation costs incurred by respondents, including transportation costs, on-site

consumption costs and consumption costs brought from home, ranged from Rp 4 500 to Rp

59 500 per person with an average of Rp 22 763 per person per visit. The largest group of

respondents spent between Rp 25 500 and Rp 36 000, 35% of the total number of

respondents.

With adequate facilities, there are bathing pools for adults and children as well as

stands and pavilions to relax and enjoy the natural scenery, Harapan Beach is visited by

groups of families with small children and groups of people who spend time relaxing at

Harapan Beach. Respondents came mostly with groups of friends as much as 57.5%.

Respondents who came with a group mostly came with friends and family, as shown in

Table 38. The number of visitors in a group varied, most visited with a group of 1-4 people,

which amounted to 47.5% of the total 40 respondents. In general, recreational activities at

tourist attractions will be more fun when done together with other people, both friends and

family. The proportion of the number of groups of visitors to Pantai Harapan tourist attraction

can be seen in Table 41.

Visitors must use private vehicles to reach the location of the tourist attraction, because

there is no public transportation to Pantai Harapan. The type of vehicle used by visitors to

Pantai Harapan tourist attraction is closely related to the number of groups. Most visitors

come with groups that use private vehicles in the form of two-wheeled motorbikes, which is

65%. The type of two-wheeled motorized vehicle is widely used as a choice of transportation

for visitors because the location is close and the road is not too wide, and most respondents

do not have private vehicles in the form of cars.

Pantai Harapan tourist attraction has a tourist attraction in the form of a sea water

bathing pool, natural scenery in the form of sunsets and a unique experience when visiting it

because this beach was built using slag waste. The purpose of the respondents' visit was

mostly to relax and enjoy the atmosphere and scenery, which amounted to 42.5%. Apart from

weekends, Pantai Harapan tourist attraction is increasingly crowded with visitors in the

afternoon to enjoy the natural scenery.

The location of the tourist attraction is easily accessible and close, and there is no

entrance fee to make visitors from the surrounding area travel to Harapan Beach.

Respondents of visitors to this Pantai Harapan tourist attraction as much as 52.5% have

known the existence of this tourist attraction since 6 to 8 years ago. This shows that most

visitors have known the existence of Pantai Harapan tourist attraction since it was built 8

years ago, precisely in 2004.

The existence of Pantai Harapan tourist attraction provides a new alternative for people

who want to recreate, either alone or with a group, with easy access and adequate facilities.

The beautiful sunset view and the stretch of mangrove plants along the road provide natural

beauty at Harapan Beach. The existence of this tourist attraction also provides economic

benefits for traders who sell food for visitors at the location.

Harapan Beach tourism object can be developed into alternative tourism that can attract

more tourists from a wider area. The management of Pantai Harapan, which is currently held

by PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk, can be developed by involving the community and

community organizations such as youth organizations to participate in managing the tourist

attraction. Community participation in managing Pantai Harapan will increase community

awareness of the existence of this tourist attraction and can bring the community closer to the

company, as was the original purpose of the development of Pantai Harapan.

The community and UBPN Sultra can work together to create an entrance ticket system

that can then be used for tourism development purposes Ticket prices can be adjusted to other

tourist attractions in Kolaka Regency. Improving services and services for visitors to Pantai

Harapan can be done by providing a place to rent buoys or tires, providing a place to sell food

and drinks for visitor consumption, and providing parking guards so that visitors feel safer

leaving their vehicles while traveling. Good cooperation between UBPN Southeast Sulawesi

and the community for the management of Pantai Harapan tourist attraction can then make

this tourist attraction a more attractive tourist destination.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the results of the research and discussion, the following conclusions are

obtained:

1. Nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra has an economic impact

on the company and the community. Business income for UBPN Sultra is Rp 223 584 708

876.29. Local labor absorption from Southeast Sulawesi Province is 0.809%. Infrastructure

improvements made by UBPN Sultra for the benefit of the surrounding community amounted

to Rp 25 991 714 505.28. The value of the Type I Income Multiplier Ratio is 1.34, indicating

that every one rupiah increase in UBPN Sultra revenue will result in an increase of 1.34

rupiah to the income of the community and local labor in UBPN Sultra.

2. Nickel mining activities of PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. UBPN Sultra has an impact on the

environment in the form of sedimentation and air pollution through dust. The estimated total

loss experienced by the company from these environmental impacts with the prevention cost

approach is Rp 1 946 078 278.13. The estimated total loss experienced by the community

around UBPN Sultra from environmental impacts due to nickel mining activities with the

approach of health costs and prevention costs is Rp 71 743 500. The total estimated

environmental impact is Rp 2 017 821 778.13.

3. The use of slag waste to create an artificial beach named Pantai Harapan provides an

alternative tourism for the community around UBPN Sultra. The emergence of economic

activity from the presence of food vendors and travel costs incurred by tourists can provide

new economic benefits for the community.

ECN 212_ASU_ASSIGNMENT_2024_ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NICKEL MINING ACTIVITIES

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