• Purposes for Listening: Paramount for Significant Goal Achievement
Interpretation – to understand others by assigning meaning (Don McLean)
Identification – to foster
relational connections
Inspiration – to be impacted
and motivated
Evaluation – to assess perspectives and issues
Coordination – to organize and harmonize efforts
Education – to learn and grow in intelligence
• Listening and Learning: Achieving Higher Understanding Levels
Listening to remember – employing rote memorization that enables:
o(LL1) Recognition – identifying message elements with prompting
o(LL2) Recall – generating message elements without prompting
Listening to comprehend – employing attentive interpretation that enables:
o(LL3) Analysis – inferring meanings from various message details
o(LL4) Synthesis – summarizing distilled essence of the entire message
Listening to implement – employing contemplative reflection that enables:
o(LL5) Evaluation – critically assessing implications of the message
o(LL6) Application – creatively generating practical uses for the message
• Barriers to Listening: Common Causes of Communication Breakdown
Distractions – physiological, psychological, and environmental noise
Language – dialect, accent, vocabulary, jargon
Speaking rate – we speak at 125 wpm, but can listen to nearly 500 wpm
Perceptual heuristics – shortcuts for “jumping to a conclusion”
oStereotyping – based on group affiliation
oPrejudice – based on outward appearance
oPolarizing – exaggerating differences or similarities
oHalo effect – based on esteem
oAuthority – based on credentials
oPrimacy effect – based on first impressions
oSingle observation error – based on just one personal episode
THE CONSCIENTIOUS LISTENING
A Crucial Communication Skill (Sound Health)
• Understanding Each Other: A Model for Dialogic Listening
Sit: S-I-T down in attitude (it’s all about you, not about me)
oS – Serve: focus on others’ needs and goals rather than promote my own
oI – Identify: seek to grasp others’ perspectives rather than advance my own
oT – Temporarily suspend judgment: withhold conclusions until the subject has
been fully explored together (Don't judge too soon)
Listen: L-I-S-T-E-N actively (listening takes more work than talking)
oL – Look: make eye contact and observe nonverbal cues
oI – Interpret: mentally work at understanding others’ meaning
oS – Silence: resist filling voids and wait for him or her to speak
oT – Talk nonverbally: offer non-verbal feedback cues
oE – Evaluate: wrestle with issue agreement or disagreement
oN – Notes: write down thoughts for future reference or exploration
Ask: E-N-S-U-R-E fuller understanding by asking questions (pass the ball back)
oE – Explore: investigating queries
“What are your thoughts about [topic]?”
oN – iNterpret: paraphrasing queries
“By saying [quote], do you mean [paraphrase]?”
oS – Synthesize: summarizing queries
“It sounds like you are essentially saying [summary]. Is that right?”
oU – Uncover: inferential queries
“You said [quote]. I’m wondering if you feel [guess]. Is that right?”
oR – Reveal: self-disclosing queries
“When you said [quote], my reaction was [revealing disclosure]. What are
your thoughts about that?
oE – Evaluate: feedback queries
“With regard to [quote], I think [critique]. What do you think?”
(more Nash)
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